CARMEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

AND TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to KTU)
Punnapra P.O., Alappuzha, Kerala

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

COURSE CODE: EE333

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB - II

LAB MANUAL
 INDEX

SL.
Experiment Page No.
No.

STUDY OF STARTERS OF 3 PHASE INDUCTION

1 -
MOTOR

2 LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR 3

NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON SINGLE

3 6
PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR BY DIRECT

4 10
LOADING

LOAD TEST ON 3-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE

5 14
INDUCTION MOTOR

LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE SLIP RING INDUCTION

6 18
MOTOR

NO-LOAD AND BLOCKED-ROTOR TESTS ON 3-PHASE

7 21
SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF POLE

8 27
CHANGING INDUCTION MOTOR

REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR BY EMF AND MMF

9 32
METHOD

SEPARATION OF HYSTERESIS LOSS IN A THREE

10 37
PHASE SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR

11 V CURVE OF A SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR 40

VARIATION OF STARTING TORQUE WITH ROTOR

12 43
RESISTANCE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Brake drum radius R=…………..m

TABULAR COLUMN

S.No VL IL Input Speed,N S1 S2 S Torque Output Slip pf %η

power, Pi power, Po
(V) (A) (rpm) (kg) (kg) (kg) (Nm) %
(W) (W)
Exp. No.:___________

Date:______________

LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM
To conduct the direct load test on the given single phase induction motor and to plot the following
plot the following performance characteristics.
(a) Efficiency Vs Output (b) Pf Vs Output (c) Speed Vs Output
(d) Torque Vs Output (e) %Slip Vs Output

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.No. Name of Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MI 1
2. Wattmeter 300V,10A UPF 1
3. Ammeter (0-10)A MI 1
4. Tachometer - Digital 1

MACHINE DETAILS
Rated Voltage :
Rated Current :
Rated Speed :
Rated Power :
Rated Frequency :

THEORY
Single phase Induction motor doesn’t produce rotating magnetic field but produce pulsating
torque. ∴It is not self-starting. To make itself-starting, a rotating magnetic field is necessary which can
be achieved by providing the stator with an auxiliary winding in addition to the main winding. The
required phase difference of 90o between 2 windings is obtained by connecting a capacitor in series
with the auxiliary winding thereby splitting the phase. The combined effect of the field set up by the 2
windings causes rotating field that provides a starting torque.

PRECAUTION

Before starting the motor, loosen the strap and then tighten it gradually when the motor has picked
up speed. While loading the induction motor by brakes, check whether cooling water is circulated in
the drum.
PROCEDURE
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The DPST switch is closed & the single phase supply is given using DOL starter by pressing
the green switch of the starter.
3. Corresponding to No load, values of speed, spring balance & meterreadings are noted down.
If the wattmeter reading shows negative deflection on no load switch off the supply &
interchange the terminals of current coil of the wattmeter. Now again start the motor (follow
the above procedure for starting). Take readings.
4. Apply the load to the motor and note down the readings at ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter.
5. Vary the load in suitable steps till rated current is reached and note down all the readings.
6. The motor is unloaded, the starter is turned off & the DPST switch is opened.
7. The radius of the brake drum is measured.

MODEL CALCULATIONS

READING NO -
Torque, T= 9.81 × (S1-S2) × R Nm, where R is the radius of the brake drum in meter.

Output power, Po= 2πNT/60 Watts

Input power,Pi= _____Watts
%Efficiency, %η = (output power/input power) ×100
% Slip =(Ns-N)/N ×100
Power factor,Cos φ= W/VI

N vs O/p
T vs O/p
%η, %slip, pf, Speed, Torque

%ηvs O/p
pfvs O/p

%slipvs O/p

Output power (W)

RESULT

5
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

No load test

Blocked rotor test

TABULAR COLUMN

No load test Blocked rotor test Stator resistance

Vo (V) Io (A) Wo (W) Vsc (V) Isc (A) Wsc (W) V (V) I (A) R (Ω)

6
Exp. No.:___________

Date:______________

NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION

MOTOR
AIM
To conduct no load and blocked rotor test on the given single phase induction motor and to find the
equivalent circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.No. Name of Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MI 1
2. Voltmeter (0-150)V MI 1
3. Ammeter (0-10)A MI 1
4. Ammeter (0-20)A MI 1
5. Wattmeter 150 V, 20 A upf 1
6. Wattmeter 250V,10A lpf 1

MACHINE DETAILS

THEORY

The double field revolving theory can be used to obtain the equivalent circuit of a single phase
induction motor. Imagine that the single phase induction motor is made up of one stator winding & 2
imaginary windings. One rotor is rotating in forward direction i.e. in the direction of rotating magnetic
field with slip s while other is rotating in backward direction i.e. in direction of oppositely directed
rotating magnetic field with slip (2-s). To develop the equivalent circuit no load and blocked rotor tests
are conducted.
No load test is performed by rotating the motor without load which is similar to the open circuit test
on transformer. It gives information regarding no-load losses such as core loss, friction loss and
windage loss. Rotor copper loss at no load is very less &∴ neglected. This test is used to evaluate the
resistance and reactance of the magnetizing path of induction motor.
Blocked rotor test is performed to estimate parameters that affect machine’s performance under
load such as its leakage impedance, similar to the short circuit test done for a transformer. Here the
machine shaft is locked or is prevented from rotating via external means.

7
PROCEDURE

No load test
Connections are made as per circuit diagram supply is switched on keeping the autotransformer in
minimum position. By varying the autotransformer apply rated voltage to stator side. Corresponding
ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings are noted.

Blocked Rotor Test

Connections are made as per circuit diagram. Block the rotor using load. Supply is switched on
keeping the autotransformer in minimum position. By varying the autotransformer apply rated
current to stator side. Note that the voltage has to be increased slowly as the rated current is reached
at a voltage much less than the rated voltage. Corresponding ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter
readings are noted.

Measurement of stator winding resistance

Apply dc voltage to the winding and note down the voltage and current values. Then find stator
winding resistance (R1).

CALCULATIONS

From no load test From blocked rotor test

Wo Vsc
cos o  Z 01 
Vo I o I sc
o  ...... Wsc
R01 
I w  I o cos o I sc 2
I m  I o sin o X 01  Z 012  R012
Vo V
Ro  , Xo  o R2 '  R01  R1
Iw Im
X 1  X 2 '  X 01 2
where
 X ' X 
 R ' X o   X1  2  m 
Ro   R1  2   2 2 
 4 
 X m  ....
 X ' X 
& X o   X1  2  m 
 2 2 

8
Equivalent circuit

Equivalent circuit on no load Equivalent circuit corresponding to blocked rotor

Equivalent circuit of single phase induction motor

RESULT

9
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULAR COLUMN

No load voltage Vo= _____V

Sl DC DC INPUT Field Alternator Load Output Percentage %

No Volts Amps POWER Current Load Voltage Power (%) Regulation
V1 A1 V1*I1 If Current VL W*3 Efficiency
IL

10
Exp.No. ___________

Date:______________

REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR BY DIRECT LOADING

AIM
1. To determine efficiency and regulation of the given alternator at various loads by direct
loading
2. Plot the regulation vs load curve

APPARATUS REQUIRED:-

S.No Name of apparatus Range Type Qty.

(0-10)A MI
1. Ammeter 1
(0-30)A MC
(0-300)V,
2. Voltmeter MI 1
(0-250)V MC

3. Wattmeter 250V,10A MC 2
1000 Ω, 1A
4. Rheostat 1
100Ω, 5A
5. Tachometer - Digital 1
6. 3 phase Loading rheostat 10kW

MACHINES DETAILS

1. DC MOTOR
HP :
AMP :
RPM :
VOLTAGE :
WINDING :

2. ALTERNATOR
KVA :
VOLTAGE :
RPM :
AMP :
CONNECTION :

11
THEORY

When an alternator is subjected to a varying load, the voltage at the armature terminals varies to a
certain extent, and the amount of this variation determines the regulation of the machine. When the
alternator is loaded the terminal voltage decreases as the drops in the machine starts increasing and
hence it will alwaysbe different than the induced emf.

Voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the change in terminal voltage from no load to full
load expressed as a percentage of rated voltage when the load at a given power factor is removed
without change in speed and excitation. Or the numerical value of the regulation is defined as the
percentage rise in voltage when full load at the specified power-factor is switched off with speed and
field current remaining unchanged expressed as a percentage of rated voltage.
Hence regulation can be expressed as

E0  Vt
% Regulation 
Vt
where E0 = No-load terminal voltage /phase, Vt = Rated terminal voltage/phase at load

PRECAUTIONS
1. Ensure the input supply to the machine is in OFF condition

2. Auto transformer should be in minimum position

3. Armature rheostat of DC motor should be in maximum and field rheostat in minimum
position, before starting the prime mover .

PROCEDURE
1. Do the connections as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Set the rheostat in the field winding of the motor to its minimum value and that of the alternator
to maximum value
3. Close the supply switch and using 3 point starter the motor is started.
4. Adjust the speed of the motor to its rated value by adjusting the field rheostat of the motor.
5. By adjusting the field rheostat of alternator its output voltage is made to rated value.
6. Note the No load readings (Vo).
7. Close the load switch and gradually increase the load. In all cases the terminal voltage decrease
with load.
8. Note the readings.

12
SAMPLE CALCULATION
READING No:

DC Voltage V1 : 1. % Efficiency
DC Current I1 : % Efficiency = (Output/ Input ) *100 =
Input power = V1*I1
2. % Regulation
Load current :
Load voltage : ((V0-VL)*100)/VL =
Output power : W*3

RESULT:

13
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULAR COLUMN:-

Input Load Speed Output

VL IL W1 W2 Torque %
power S1 S2 N power %η pf
(V) (A) (W) (W) (Nm) slip
(W) (kg) (kg) (rpm) (W)

14
Exp. No.:___________

Date:______________

LOAD TEST ON 3-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM
To obtain following performance characteristics for a 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor

1. Line current, torque, power factor, efficiency, speed and slip Vs output.

2. Torque Vs slip.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1. Ammeter (0-10)A MI 1
2. Voltmeter (0-500)V MI 1
3. Wattmeter 500V, 10A UPF 2
4. Tachometer Digital 1

MACHINE DETAILS:

THEORY
The load test on induction motor is performed to compute its complete performance i.e. torque, slip,
efficiency, power factor etc. During this test, the motor is operated at rated voltage and frequency and
normally loaded mechanically by brake and pulley arrangement
Slip: The speed of rotor droops slightly as the load on the motor is increased. Normally, the range of
slip at full load is from 2 to 5 %.
Torque: Mechanical loading - A brake drum is coupled to the shaft of the motor and the load is applied
by tightening the belt, provided on the brake drum.
Output Power: The output power in watts developed by the motor is calculated using torque.
Input Power: Input power is measured by the 2 wattmeters, connected in the circuit
Power Factor: Pf of induction motor on no-load is very low (hardly 0.1 to 0.25 lagging) because of
the high value of magnetising current. One of the wattmeter will record a -ve reading, till the power
factor is less than 0.5, which may be measured by reversing the connection of either the current coil
or pressure coil of this wattmeter. With the increase in load the pf increases because the power
component of the current is increased. An induction motor draws heavy amount of magnetising
current due to presence of air gap between the stator and rotor.
Efficiency: A motor’s efficiency tends to decrease dramatically below about 50% load.
Speed: When the induction motor is on no-load, speed is slightly below the synchronous speed. As
the load is increased the rotor speed is slightly reduced.

15
 PRECAUTIONS
Before starting the motor, loosen the strap and then tighten it gradually when the motor has picked
up speed. While loading the induction motor by brakes, check whether cooling water is circulated in
the drum.

PROCEDURE
1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.
2. The rotor was made very much free to rotate.
3. Pour some water inside the brake drum so as to cool the rotor belt.
4. 3-Φinduction motor started using autotransformer
5. Adjust the load till current was made to rated value of motor.
6. Decrease the load step by step and note corresponding speed, load, current, voltage and wattmeter
readings.
7. At certain load, one wattmeter will show negative reading. Note down the line current at this
point.
8. After reducing the supply voltage using autotransformer, switch off the supply. Interchange the
connection of current coil of the wattmeter which was reading negative
9. Rotor was made free to rotate by removing the load completely.
10. 3-Φinduction motor started using autotransformer.
11. Adjust the line current to a value in step 7.
12. Note down corresponding speed, load, current, voltage, wattmeter readings. Take the reading of
the wattmeter whose connection was interchanged as negative.
13. Finally switch off supply.

SAMPLE CALCULATION

READING NO-
Radius of Brake drum R=……………m
Ns= Synchronous speed in rpm
N =Rotor speed in rpm
S1&S2= Load of brake drum in kg
VL=Line voltage in Volts
IL= Line current in Amps
1) % slip= [(Ns-N)/Ns]*100=……….%
2) Input Power(W )= (W1+W2)=…………. watts
3) Torque(T) = 9.81*(S1-S2)*R =…………….. N-m

16
 4) Output Power = 2πNT/60=……………… watts
5) % efficiency (η) =[ output/input]* 100=……………..%
6) Power Factor(PF) = Input Power/(√3VLIL)=………………

SAMPLE GRAPH:
Performance characteristics:
%η, %slip, pf, Line current, Speed, Torque

N vs O/p
T vs O/p
%ηvs O/p
I vs O/p

pfvs O/p

%slipvs O/p

Output (W)

Torque-slip characteristics:

T vs %Slip
Torque (Nm)

%Slip

RESULT

17
Exp.No. ___________

Date: ______________

LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:
To conduct load test on 3Ф slip ring induction motor and to plot the following characteristics

a) Efficiency Vs Output b) Pf Vs Output c) Line current Vs Output

d) Speed Vs Output e) Torque Vs Output f) %Slip Vs Output

g) Torque Vs %Slip

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl No Item Specification Quantity

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
The load test on induction motor is performed to compute its complete performance i.e. torque, slip,
efficiency, power factor etc. During this test, the motor is operated at rated voltage and frequency and

18
normally loaded mechanically by brake and pulley arrangement When the induction motor is on no-
load, speed is slightly below the synchronous speed. The speed of rotor droops slightly as the load on
the motor is increased. Pf of induction motor on no-load is very low (hardly 0.1 to 0.25 lagging)
because of the high value of magnetising current due to presence of air gap between the stator and
rotor.

PRECAUTIONS
Before starting the motor, loosen the strap and then tighten it gradually when the motor has picked
up speed. While loading the induction motor by brakes, check whether cooling water is circulated in
the drum.

PROCEDURE:
Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. The rotor terminals need to be connected to the slip
terminals of the rotor resistance starter. Start switch of rotor resistance starter has to be in “start”
position so that maximum resistance is placed in the rotor circuit. Supply is switched on and press the
start push button of rotor resistance starter. The rotor resistance is cut out in by moving the switch to
“run” position in steps. The motor is loaded in steps, upto the rated value by means of the brake drum
and belt arrangement. For each step, readings are noted and tabulated.

OBSERVATION:
W1 W2 Load (kg)
Sl. V Pi N T Po
I (A) (W) (W) cos Φ %η %Slip
No. (V) (W) (rpm) S1 S2 (Nm) (W)

SAMPLE CALCULATION:
Input Voltage, V = ………….. V

Input current, I = ………….. A

Input power, Pi = …………. W

Speed, N = ………… rpm

S1 = ………… kg, S2 = …………. Kg

Radius of brake drum, r = ………. M

Torque, T = 9.81* (S1 - S2) *r = ………… Nm

2NT
Output Power, Po  = ………… W
60

Input Power
Power factor, cos  = …………..
3VI

19
 Output
%Efficiency, %   100 = ………….
Input

120 f Ns  N
Ns  %Slip =  100 = ………..
P Ns

SAMPLE GRAPH:
Performance characteristics:
%η, %slip, pf, Line current, Speed, Torque

N vs O/p
T vs O/p
%ηvs O/p
I vs O/p

pfvs O/p

%slipvs O/p

Output (W)

Torque-slip characteristics:

T vs %Slip
Torque (Nm)

%Slip

RESULT:

20
Exp. No.:___________
Date:______________
NO LOAD & BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON THREE PHASE SLIP RING
INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM:
a) To conduct no load test and blocked rotor test on the given three phase slip ring induction motor.
b) To obtain the parameters of the equivalent circuit of the motor and to draw the circle diagram.
c) From circle diagram obtain torque, pf, slip, efficiency, line current and output and also obtain
maximum torque, maximum output and maximum pf.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:

APPARATUS REQUIRED :
Sl No Item Specification Quantity

THEORY :
No Load Test
This test is similar to the open circuit or no load test on transformer. The motor is run on no load at rated
voltage and frequency. The applied voltage, current and power input to motor are measured. The power input
is measured by two wattmeter method. Since the power factor of the induction motor under no load condition
is less than 0.5, it is necessary to reverse the current coil or potential coil connections of the wattmeter. The no
load power input to the motor W0 is the difference of the wattmeter readings. No load power factor is given by

 W  W2   W1  W2 
cos 0  cos tan 1  3 1  ;  where tan 0  3 
 W1  W2   W1  W2 

The total power drawn by the stator supplies the following losses

(i) Copper loss in stator winding (ii) Stator loss in rotor winding (iii) Iron loss in stator core (due to supply
frequency) (iv) Iron loss in rotor core (due to slip frequency) (v) Friction and windage loss

Loss (ii) and (iv) are negligible.

Blocked Rotor Test on Slip Ring Induction Motor:

This is analogous to the short circuit test of the transformer. The rotor is held stationary and the rotor windings
are short circuited. A reduced voltage (up to 15 to 20 %of the rated voltage) is applied to the stator terminals
and is so adjusted that full load current flows in the stator. The voltage Vsc , current I sc and power Wsc are
measured.

Since the rotor is blocked, the voltage required to circulate the rated current is far less than the rated value and
hence the magnetizing current is negligible.

21
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
No load test

Blocked rotor test

DC resistance of stator:

22
PROCEDURE:
No load test on slip ring induction motor:
Make the connections as shown in the figure. Using the auto transformer adjust the voltage to the rated value.
Take the readings of all the meters. If one of the wattmeter reads negative interchange the connections of the
either side of the current coil or pressure coil.

Blocked rotor test on slip ring induction motor:

Connection as shown in the figure. Keeping the rotor blocked, slowly increase the applied voltage using
autotransformer until the stator current reaches the full load value. Take the readings of all the meters.

DC Resistance of Stator:
Connections are done as shown in the figure. DC supply is given keeping rheostat at the maximum position.
Voltmeter and ammeter readings are recorded.

OBSERVATION:
No load test on slip ring induction motor:

V0 I0 W1 W2 W0  W1  W2

Blocked rotor test on slip ring induction motor:

Vsc I sc W1 W2 Wsc  W1  W2

Stator resistance/ph:

V (V) I (A) Rdc  V

I

SAMPLE CALCULATION:
Calculation of Equivalent circuit parameters:

 W0 
0  cos1  
 3V0 I 0 

I w  I 0 cos 0 ; I   I 0 sin 0
V0 V
R0  ; X0  0
Iw I

Vsc
The total impedance per phase referred to stator Z 01 
I sc 3 

23
 Wsc 
3 Wsc
Total resistance per phase referred to stator R01  
I 
2
3 I sc 2
sc

Total leakage reactance per phase referred to stator X 01  Z 01 2  R01 2

AC stator winding resistance per phase, Rac  1.4  Rdc  r1


r2  R01  Rac (∵ R01=r1+r2’ )


X 01  x1  x2

 X 01
Assume x1  x2  2

I 2 
V0
 
r 

 s 

 r1  2   j x1  x2 

I1  I 0  I 2

Equivalent Circuit:

Circle Diagram:
Circle diagram can be drawn using the data obtained from no load test and blocked rotor test.

 W0 
1. Phase angle for no load condition 0  cos 
1
 .Draw I 0 = OQ at an angle 0 from the
 3V0 I 0 
voltage axis. (Choose a proper scale to draw OQ, say 1 cm = 2A.) Draw a horizontal line at Q
to obtain QR.

24
2. In blocked rotor test, the applied voltage Vsc is only a fraction of the rated applied per phase voltage (
V0 ). The blocked rotor test data is converted to values that would have been obtained with rated applied
per phase voltage.
2
V  V 
I SN  I sc  0 ; WSN  Wsc  0 
 Vsc   Vsc 

 Wsc 
3. sc  cos 
1
 . Draw I SN = OD at an angle  sc from the voltage axis using the same current
 3Vsc I sc 
scale. Join QD. This is the output line.
4. Draw perpendicular bisector of QD which meets QR at C. With C as centre and CQ as radius, the circle
is drawn. (The circle passes through Q and D).
5. Now draw a vertical line at D to get DE. For getting power scale, take DE (in cm)= W SN (in W) and
therefore 1cm = _ _.
6. Divide DF at point G so that DG: GF = equivalent rotor resistance (r 2’): stator resistance (r1). (If data
for separating stator copper loss and rotor copper loss is not available then assume that stator copper
loss is equal to rotor copper loss. So divide DF at point G so that DG = GF.)
7. In order to obtain an operating point P corresponding to rated output given in the name plate details, it
is converted to cm using power scale. This length is drawn by extending FD to get DD’. Now draw D’P
parallel to the output line QD. Join P with O.

8. For any operating point P on the circle diagram, the entire performance can be obtained by drawing a
perpendicular dP on the line OX. Thus for the operating point P

25
 input current = OP x current scale power output = aP x power scale
rotor ohmic loss = ab x power scale stator ohmic loss = bc x power scale
friction windage and core loss = cd x power power input = dP x power scale
scale
torque = bPx power scale aP
efficiency =
dP
dP Starting torque = DGx power scale
power factor =
OP
ba Rotor Cu loss
slip = x power scale (since slip  )
bP Rotor input

To determine Maximum Power, maximum torque and maximum power factor from circle diagram:
To obtain the operating point corresponding to maximum torque (Tm). A perpendicular bisector is drawn to
the torque line QG. It meets the circle diagram at a point B. Draw a vertical line BB’. Then, maximum torque
fB
= BB’ x power scale. Slip at which maximum torque occurs = .
BB

To obtain the operating point corresponding to the maximum output (Pm). Draw CA by extending the already
drawn perpendicular bisector to the output line QD. From A draw a vertical line AA . Then maximum power
output = AA x power scale.
For maximum power input, draw CC perpendicular to QR. Then, maximum power input = CC + Friction-
windage and core losses (i.e cd).

To fix the operating point corresponding to maximum power factor, a line is drawn from the origin O,
tangential to the circle diagram; the meeting point of this tangent with the circle is the operating point
corresponding to maximum power factor.

RESULT:
No load and blocked rotor tests are conducted on 3Ф induction motor and the equivalent circuit is drawn.
Circle diagram is drawn and the following quantities are determined.

%efficiency = ………………., %slip = ……………….

Line current = ………………. A, pf = ……………….

Output power = ………………. W, Torque = …………….Nm

Maximum power output = ……………….. W, Max. Torque = ………………. Nm

Maximum power factor = …………….

26
Exp.No. ___________

Date: ______________

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF POLE CHANGING INDUCTION

MOTOR
AIM:
(i) To run the motor in two different pole combinations.

(ii) Determine the performance in the two cases and compare

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Note the name plate details of the machine

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl No Item Specification Quantity

THEORY:
Pole changing Induction motor has stator winding for different number of poles. The speed of an
Induction motor depends on the number of poles by equation

Ns=120*f/P

Where Ns=synchronous speed

f=supply frequency

P=no of poles

Speed of an Induction motor depends upon the number of poles for which stator is wound. Since speed
of an Induction motor can be changed by pole changing method, instead of one stator winding 2
independent windings are wound for different number of poles for getting two different speeds. There
is only one winding in stator but end connections of coil with line supply is changed to get different
number of poles.

27
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

No load test
500V, 10A, lpf
0-10A

0-500V

500V, 10A, lpf

Blocked Rotor test

125V, 10A, upf
0-10A

0-150V

125V, 10A, upf

28
PROCEDURE:
No load test:
Connections are made as per circuit diagram. Supply is switched on by keeping auto transformer in minimum
position. By varying auto transformer start the motor and apply rated voltage to stator side. Corresponding
ammeter, Voltmeter and wattmeter readings are noted.

Blocked rotor test:

Connections are made as per circuit diagram .Block the motor using load. Supply is switched on by keeping
auto transformer in minimum position. Auto transformer is adjusted till ammeter reads rated current.
Corresponding ammeter, Voltmeter and wattmeter readings are noted.

Repeat the same procedure of no load test and blocked rotor test for second pole setting.

OBSERVATIONS:
No load test:
V0(V) I0(A) W1(W) W2(W) W0
2 pole
4 pole
Blocked rotor test:
Vsc(V) Isc(A) W1(W) W2(W) Wsc
2 pole
4 pole
CIRCLE DIAGRAM:
Circle diagram for both 2 pole and 4 pole can be drawn using the data obtained from no load test and blocked
rotor test.

 W0 
1. Phase angle for no load condition 0  cos 
1
 .Draw I 0 = OQ at an angle 0 from the
 3V0 I 0 
voltage axis. (Choose a proper scale to draw OQ, say 1 cm = 2A.) Draw a horizontal line at Q
to obtain QR.
2. In blocked rotor test, the applied voltage Vsc is only a fraction of the rated applied per phase voltage (
V0 ). The blocked rotor test data is converted to values that would have been obtained with rated applied
per phase voltage.

29
 2
V  V 
I SN  I sc  0 ; WSN  Wsc  0 
 Vsc   Vsc 

 Wsc 
3. sc  cos 
1
 . Draw I SN = OD at an angle  sc from the voltage axis using the same current
 3Vsc I sc 
scale. Join QD. This is the output line.
4. Draw perpendicular bisector of QD which meets QR at C. With C as centre and CQ as radius, the circle
is drawn. (The circle passes through Q and D).
5. Now draw a vertical line at D to get DE. For getting power scale, take DE (in cm)= W SN (in W) and
therefore 1cm = _ _.
6. Divide DF at point G so that DG: GF = equivalent rotor resistance (r 2’): stator resistance (r1). (If data
for separating stator copper loss and rotor copper loss is not available then assume that stator copper
loss is equal to rotor copper loss. So divide DF at point G so that DG = GF.)
7. In order to obtain an operating point P corresponding to rated output given in the name plate details, it
is converted to cm using power scale. This length is drawn by extending FD to get DD’. Now draw D’P
parallel to the output line QD. Join P with O.
8. For any operating point P on the circle diagram, the entire performance can be obtained by drawing a
perpendicular dP on the line OX. Thus for the operating point P

input current = OP x current scale power output = aP x power scale

rotor ohmic loss = ab x power scale stator ohmic loss = bc x power scale
friction windage and core loss = cd x power power input = dP x power scale
scale
torque = bPx power scale aP
efficiency =
dP

30
 dP Starting torque = DGx power scale
power factor =
OP
ba Rotor Cu loss
slip = x power scale (since slip  )
bP Rotor input

RESULT:

31
Exp.No. ___________

Date: ______________

REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR BY EMF AND MMF METHOD

AIM:
1. To plot the open circuit and short circuit characteristics of the given three phase alternator.

2. To predetermine the full load regulation of an alternator at different power factors (upf, 0.8 pf lag, 0.8 pf lead)
using

a) EMF (Synchronous Impedance) method

b) MMF (Ampere Turn) method.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl No Item Specification Quantity

THEORY:
In the case of large machines, the cost of finding the regulation by direct loading becomes prohibitive. Hence
Synchronous Impedance or EMF method and Ampere Turn or MMF method are two indirect methods used to
determine voltage regulation.

Both the methods require (1) Armature (or stator) resistance Ra (2) Open circuit or no load characteristics and
(3) Short circuit characteristics. The regulation obtained by these methods is based on the total synchronous
reactance (sum of reactance due to armature leakage flux and due to armature reaction effect).

EMF method:
This procedure can be applied to cylindrical rotor synchronous machines only, because the resultant air gap flux
is not affected by the angular position of the rotor. In this method the armature reaction is treated as an additional
voltage drop by introduction of the fictitious armature reaction reactance Xa. The synchronous impedance, Zs is
determined by conducting OC and SC test. The value of regulation using this method is always higher than that
obtained from actual loading conditions. Hence this method is known as pessimistic method.

MMF method:
In this method, the leakage reactance is treated as an additional armature reaction. The mmf required to
overcome the demagnetizing effect of armature reaction on full load, is obtained from SC test. The field ampere
turns required to produce full load current on SC balances the armature reaction and impedance drop. The
regulation calculated by this method is less than that in practice. Hence it is known as optimistic method.

32
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
0-30 A

1000Ω
R1 1A
0-600V
0-10 A Ia
0-250 V

200 Ω, 5A
0-5A
R2
If

Measurement of stator resistance per phase

PROCEDURE:
OC test
Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. Keep R1 in minimum position, R2 in maximum position and
switch S is open. Close the supply switch and using 3 point starter the dc motor is started. Adjust the speed of
the motor to its rated value by adjusting the field rheostat of the motor (R1). Gradually increase the excitation
of the alternator by adjusting rheostat R2. Observe the readings of If and V of the alternator until 1.25 times the
rated voltage is reached. From this Open Circuit Characteristics (E0 vs If) can be plotted. E0 = V/√3.
SC test
Bring R2 to maximum position so that alternator output voltage reduces to zero. Then close switch S. Gradually
increase the excitation of the alternator by adjusting rheostat R2 and observe the corresponding values of
armature current, Ia. Note down the field current for which armature current becomes rated value (i.e short
circuit current, Isc ). From this Short Circuit Characteristics (Isc vs If) can be plotted.

33
To measure the stator resistance per phase:
Keeping the rheostat in maximum position, the DC supply is switched on. The voltmeter and ammeter readings
are noted for various positions of rheostat. Armature resistance, Rdc  V in each case. Take the average. AC
I
armature resistance, Ra  1.4  Rdc

EMF method
Calculate E o for different power factor and find regulation by the formula

Eo  V
% regulation =  100%
V
MMF method
From graph, find the corresponding value for E o for the field current at .8 pf lag, 0.8 pf lead and upf. Then
find the voltage regulation using the above formula.

OBSERVATION:

OCC: SCC:
E o (V) If I sc (A) I f (A)
(A)

Stator resistance per phase:

V (V) I (A) Rdc  V

I

SAMPLE CALCULATION:
Rated Phase voltage on OC, V = ……….. V

SC current corresponding to field current producing rated voltage, Isc | rated V = ……….. A

Armature resistance/ ph, Ra = 1.4 Rdc = ……….. A

V
Synchronous Impedance/ph, Z s  = ………… Ω
I sc| rated V

Synchronous Reactance/ph, X s  Z s  Ra = ………… Ω

2 2

34
At upf E0
E0  V  I sc Ra 2  I sc X s 2 IZs IXs

E0  V V IRa
% regulation =  100 I
V
At 0.8 pf lag E0

E0  V cos  I sc Ra 2  V sin   I sc X s 2 IZs

IXs
Φ V
E V
% regulation = 0  100 I
IRa
V
At 0.8 pf lead
E0
E0  V cos  I sc Ra 2  V sin   I sc X s 2 IXs
IZs
I
E0  V
% regulation =  100 Φ IRa
V V
MMF method
Let the alternator supply full load current at a pf of cos . Draw I f 1 to give full load rated voltage V or
more exactly V  IRa cos . Then draw I f 2 at an angle 90   to give full load current on short circuit. +ve
sign for lagging pf and –ve sign for leading pf. Now find I f which will give OC voltage E0 which can be
determined from OCC.
E  V  IRa cos

Exciting Field current corresponding to rated phase voltage from OCC ( I f 1 ) = ……. A

Exciting Field current corresponding to full load current I from SCC ( I f 2 ) = ……. A

 
I f  I f1  I f 2

At unity pf

I f  I 2f 1  I 2f 2

E 0 from graph = ………….

E0  V
% regulation =  100
V

35
At 0.8 pf lag

I f  I 2f 1  I 2f 2  2I f 1 I f 2 cos(180  (90   ))

E 0 from graph = ………….

E0  V
% regulation =  100
V
At 0.8 pf lead

I f  I 2f 1  I 2f 2  2I f 1 I f 2 cos(180  (90   ))

E 0 from graph = ………….

E0  V
% regulation =  100
V
SAMPLE GRAPH:
OCC
OC Voltage/ph

SC Current
SCC

Field current (A)

RESULT:
The open circuit and short circuit characteristics of the given three phase alternator are plotted and the
regulation of the alternator is pre-determined for various pf by EMF method and MMF method.

pf upf 0.8 pf lag 0.8 pf lead

Method
EMF
MMF

36
Exp. No.:___________
Date:______________

SEPARATION OF HYSTERESIS LOSS IN A THREE PHASE SLIP RING

INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM
To determine hysteresis loss in a slip ring induction motor

APPARATIUS REQUIRED

S.No Apparatus Range Type Qty

1. Voltmeter (0-500)V MI 1
2. Ammeter (0-5)A MI 1
3. Wattmeter (250V,5A) LPF 1

MACHINE DETAILS

THEORY

For a 3-phase induction motor, the no load losses are the constant losses which include
core loss & friction & windage loss. The separation between the two can be carried out by the no
load test conducted from variable voltage, rated frequency supply. When the voltage is decreased
below the rated value, the core loss reduces as nearly square of voltage. The graph showing no
load losses vs (V2/1000) when extrapolated to V=0 gives friction & windage loss as iron loss is
zero at zero voltage.

37
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Wo

OBSERVATION:

Sl.no Vo (V) Io (A) 3*WO Vo2 Power factor

Vo2 3  W0
(W) 1000 cos  
3Vo I o

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as shown in the diagram.

2. Apply voltage in the stator with the help of autotransformer under no load condition.
3. At about 20% of rated voltage, rotor will start rotating and will pick up speed nearer to its rated
speed. Wait for few moments and take ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings.

38
 4. Increase the voltage in steps and record the above reading for each case.
5. Plot cos  vs Vo and Io vs Vo

Vo2
6. Plot input power vs
1000

SAMPLE CALCULATION

No load power = 3VL I L cos 

3W0
 cos   
3Vo I o

SAMPLE GRAPH

RESULT:
Hysteresis loss in a slip ring induction motor is determined.

Friction & windage loss (Pm) = ____ W

Iron loss at rated voltage = ____ W

39
Exp. No.:___________
Date:______________

V CURVE OF A SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

AIM
To start the machine as an induction motor and run it as synchronous motor. Also to determine the V
curve at no load and a loaded condition as a synchronous motor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.No Apparatus Range Type Qty

1. Voltmeter (0-500)V MI 1

2. Ammeter (0-10)A MI 1

3. Wattmeter 500V, 10 A upf 2

4. Ammeter (0-3)A MC 1

5. Rheostat 1000 ohm, 1 A 1

MACHINE DETAILS

THEORY
It is possible to make a normal slip ring induction motor to run at synchronous speed when its
secondary winding is fed from a dc source. Such motors are then called synchronous induction
motor. The synchronous motor has no self starting torque due to its pulsating nature, so external
means has to be provided to make the torque unidirectional. The change in field excitation affects the
power factor and consequently armature current for constant supply voltage and constant input
power.

The power drawn by 3 phase synchronous motor is given by P = 3VL I L cos  where VL is the line
voltage, I L is armature current and cos  is the power factor. Variation in excitation or in field
current causes variation in armature current and curves drawn between armature current and field
current for different constant loads are known as V Curves, due to their shape similar to English
letter V.

40
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
Connections are done as shown in figure. Start the machine from ac side as an induction motor using
an auto-transformer; gradually apply rated voltage to stator. Switch on the dc supply for field
excitation so that the machine finally runs as a synchronous motor. To plot the V-curves at no load,
vary the field current and note down the different values of I a . To plot the V-curves at constant
output, adjust the spring balance readings so as to get the required output. Again vary the field
current and note down the different values of I a .

Required output  60
S1  S2  =
2 Ngr

Where, N = Speed in rpm, r = radius of brake drum in m, g = 9.81m/s2.

OBSERVATION:
At no load:
Field
Voltage, V Armature Wattmeter reading, W (W)
Sl. No current,
(V) current, I a (A)
I f (A) W1 W2

41
At constant output:
Considering 1/4th full load, S1-S2 = _ _ _

Field Wattmeter reading, W (W)

Voltage, V Armature
Sl. No current,
(V) current, I a (A)
I f (A) W1 W2

SAMPLE GRAPH:

RESULT:
The given machine is started as an induction motor and run as a synchronous motor and the V-curves
at no load and constant output are plotted.

42
Exp. No.:___________
Date:______________

VARIATION OF STARTING TORQUE WITH ROTOR RESISTANCE

AIM

To predetermine the variation of starting torque with rotor resistance of given 3 phase slip ring
induction motor

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1. Ammeter 0-15A MI 1

2. Ammeter 0-10A MI 3

3. Voltmeter 0-250V MI 1
4. Voltmeter 0-500V MI 1

MACHINE DETAILS

THEORY

In slip ring induction motor

externally resistance can be
added in the rotor. As rotor
resistance increases starting
torque increases as shown in
figure.

43
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

DC resistance of stator:

OBSERVATION

Sl Stator Stator Rotor Rotor Spring S1-S2 Torque Torque External Total
No Voltage Current Voltage Current Balance Kg T= at rotor rotor
V1 I1 V2 I2 Reading (S1-S2)Rg Rated resistance resistance
Volts amps Volts amps S1 S2 voltage Ra R
Kg Kg T′

44
PROCEDURE
Keeping autotransformer in the minimum position and the rotor resistance in the maximum position
supply is given by closing TPST switch. Rotor is blocked by applying load. Adjust the autotransformer
such that rated voltage is applied. Then load on the motor is released at a point where it shows a
tendency to rotate. Note all meter readings.
Now reduce rotor resistance. Keep the stator voltage at rated value by adjusting autotransformer. Then
adjust the load again so that the motor shows a tendency to rotate. Readings are taken. Repeat the
procedure by varying the rotor resistance.
Then per phase resistance of stator winding is determined. Plot T vs R.

MODEL CALCULATION SAMPLE GRAPH

Stator voltage = V1 volts

Stator current = I1 amps
Rotor voltage = V2 volts
Rotor current = I2 amps
Spring balance reading S1 = …………Kg
S2 = …………Kg
Torque T = (S1-S2)*R*g
2
where g = 9.81m/s , R=Radius of brake drum
V2
External rotor resistance, Ra =
3I 2
Ac resistance rotor winding Rb = 1.4 x Rdc
Total resistance, R = Ra+Rb

RESULT

45