Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages

2022–2023 Academic Year B1 Wordlist

B1 Level Word List
Mentora English B1 Student’s Book Unit 1
UNIT 1 - CHAPTER 1

Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word Collocations/Sample sentences
forms
progress Noun / to improve or develop over a advance; progressive (adj) make progress
Verb period of time advancement  Technological progress has been very rapid in the
last few decades.
 I’m not making much progress with my speaking
skills. I need more practice.
 We need more progressive ideas to move the
company forward.
acquire Verb 1- to gain knowledge or learn a 1-learn acquisition (n)  The ability to acquire new skills is becoming
skill 2-get; buy increasingly important in the business
2- to get or buy something world.
 Facebook acquired Instagram in 2012 for $1
billion.
slang Noun very informal language that is  You shouldn’t use slang in your conversations
usually spoken rather than with your teachers as it is too informal and
written sometimes offensive.
accent Noun the way in which people in a  Many learners of English find the American
particular area, country or accent easier to understand than the British
social group pronounce words accent.
bilingual Adj able to speak two languages bilingualism (n)  Most members of our staff are bilingual. They
equally well speak English in addition to Turkish.
 There are many advantages of encouraging
bilingualism in children.
native Adj relating to or describing foreign native language/tongue/speaker
someone's country or place of  I speak two foreign languages as fluently as
birth my native tongue.
 My English teacher is a native speaker from the
US.
derive Verb to develop or come from derive from
something else  The English word “science” derives from the
Latin word “scientia”.
fluent Adj able to speak a language very fluently (adv)  My boss is fluent in three European languages.
well fluency (n)  I speak Turkish very fluently. People don’t
believe I am not from Turkey when I tell
them!
 Do you think fluency is more important than
accuracy (correctness) while speaking?

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Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages
2022–2023 Academic Year B1 Wordlist

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Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages
2022–2023 Academic Year B1 Wordlist
succeed Verb to achieve or produce the achieve fail success (n) succeed in
desired result successful (adj)  After several attempts, I have finally succeeded in
getting my driver’s license.
 My sister has finished her English course with
great success.
 Unfortunately, for many students, being
successful only means having good grades.
fail Verb not to achieve or produce the succeed failure (n)  Almost all my class passed the Proficiency exam.
desired result Only one student failed.
 Lack of motivation is often one of the main
reasons for failure at school.
explanation Noun information someone gives to explain (v)  This week’s grammar topic is very difficult. I
make something clearer or think my class will need a lot of explanation and
easier to understand examples.
 You don’t need to explain. I understand perfectly!
revise Verb to study again something you review revision (n)  It is a better idea to revise regularly than only
have already learned, in before an exam.
preparation for an exam  The last week of every module is generally
a revision week. No new topics are covered.
enroll Verb to officially register as a register enrollment (n)  I’m going to enroll in the Advanced Turkish
student on a course, school, course this semester.
etc.  We are unable to accept any more enrollments for
this school year.
significant Adj important, large, great or important unimportant significantly  The recent pandemic caused a significant change
noticeable (adv) in attitudes towards online education.
 My writing skills are significantly better than at
the beginning of this course.
translate Verb to change written text or translation (n)  As part of the grammar test, we had to translate
spoken words into a different some sentences into Turkish.
language  The subtitles for the show were full of translation
mistakes.
extensive Adj large in size, amount, or extensively  We need more extensive research before we can
degree (adv) reach any final conclusions.
 Reading extensively is a good way to learn
new vocabulary.
expand Verb to (make something) increase broaden; expansion (n)  There are many ways to expand your vocabulary
in size, number or importance increase in a foreign language.
 Expansion of vocabulary is an important part of
learning a new language.
pace Noun the speed with which speed  Your pace when reading in a foreign language is
something happens or changes often slower than in your mother tongue.

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Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages
2022–2023 Academic Year B1 Wordlist
pleasure Noun a feeling of enjoyment,  When I want to read for pleasure, I usually choose
happiness or satisfaction fantasy novels because they are interesting and
exciting.
improve Verb to (cause something to) get advance; improvement (n)  I feel like my listening skills have improved more
better develop than my speaking skills this module.
 Luckily, there has been great improvement in the
patient’s condition since the surgery.
involve Verb if a situation or an activity include  My favorite kind of in-class activity is one that
involves something, that thing involves speaking and writing at the same time.
is a part of it
additional Adj more than what extra addition (n)  This revision pack is more than enough before the
was agreed or expected EOM exam. You don’t need any additional
materials.
 The latest addition to our soccer team has caused
a lot of excitement among fans.
effective Adj successful or achieving the useful effectively (adv)  You need to find a more effective way to study
results you want ineffective (adj) and get better grades.
 I can study effectively only in a quiet place such
as a library.
 I still have a headache. Those painkillers were
really ineffective.
pay-off Noun an advantage or a reward from  Watching movies in English can help your
something you have done language skills but you shouldn’t expect an
immediate pay-off.
recognize Verb to know someone or recognizably  Seeing a new word once or twice doesn’t always
something because you have (adv) mean you will recognize it later.
seen, heard or experienced  Your pronunciation has improved recognizably
them before since we last spoke.
familiar Adj easy to recognize because familiarity (n)  New words become familiar after you hear and
previously seen, heard or unfamiliar (adj) see them many times in different contexts.
experienced several times  Familiarity with modern technology is a great
advantage when looking for work.
 It’s normal to be unfamiliar with complex
grammar subjects at lower levels.
context Noun parts of a text or speech  Many English words can have hugely different
around a word that help you meanings in different contexts.
understand its meaning
require Verb to need something or make requirement (n)  The course is very challenging and requires a lot
something necessary of time and effort.
 A university degree is a requirement for many
jobs nowadays.

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Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages
2022–2023 Academic Year B1 Wordlist
adequately Adv in a way that is enough or enough adequate (adj)  I haven't studied adequately for the test, so I think
satisfactory for a specific inadequately I will probably fail.
purpose (adv)  The number of participants was not adequate, so
the course had to be cancelled.
 You forgot many parts of your speech. Clearly,
you prepared inadequately.
proficient Adj skilled and experienced competent proficiency (n)  It takes a lot of time and practice to become
proficient at driving.
 The school uses standardized exams to test the
language proficiency of its students.
UNIT 1 - CHAPTER 2
Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word Collocations/Sample sentences
forms
overseas Adv connected with foreign abroad  The number of students who want to study
countries, especially those overseas is increasing.
separated from your country
by the sea or ocean
gain Verb to get something that is useful, achieve; lose gain experience
gives you an advantage, or is obtain  What do you hope to gain from this course?
in some way positive  You can gain a lot of valuable experience from
working abroad.
broaden Verb to increase something such as expand; broaden your perspective/horizon
your knowledge, experience, widen  Going to university will broaden your interests.
or range of activities  Travelling is the best way to broaden your
horizon because you meet new people and
cultures, and you experience new things.
eye-opening Adj surprising, and teaching you  Last week, we watched a really eye-opening
new facts about life, people, documentary in class about the environmental
etc. impact of the meat industry.
Contact Noun / communication with someone, eye contact
Verb especially by speaking or  A pilot needs to be in regular contact with air
writing to them regularly traffic controllers.
 You can contact me at my office during working
hours.
 Establishing eye contact with your audience is
very important when giving a presentation.
Border Noun a line separating two countries  The train crosses the border between Germany
and France.
Policy Noun a government’s official plans education/environmental policy/policies
or ideas about particular  The government’s education policies are
situations outdated.

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Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages
2022–2023 Academic Year B1 Wordlist
Peer Noun people who are the same age peer pressure
as you, or who have the same  You can learn a lot from your peers if you keep an
type of job, social class etc open mind.
 There is a lot of peer pressure on teenagers to act,
speak and even dress a certain way.
Distance Noun the amount of space between gap distance learning
places or people  In distance learning, teachers and students do not
meet in a classroom but they have their lessons
online.
Select Verb to choose a small number of choose selection (n)  We need to select one student to represent our
things, or to choose by making selective (adj) class in the student rep meeting.
careful decisions  All the candidates have perfect backgrounds. I
will need to make a selection based on interviews.
 Stanford and Harvard universities are very
selective. They accept only the best students with
the highest test scores.
find out Phr. to discover a fact or piece of learn  I found out about this study-abroad program
Verb information while chatting with an Erasmus student in my
class.
appropriate Adj. suitable or right for a particular suitable appropriately  You can show that movie in class because it's
situation, occasion, place or (adv) appropriate for the students' age.
person inappropriate  Are you sure you have dressed appropriately for a
(adj) hiking trip?
 You used some inappropriate words in your
presentation. They were too informal for an
academic task.
Consider Verb to think about something take into  Have you ever considered studying abroad?
carefully, especially in order to account;
make a decision think about
Cope Verb to deal successfully with a deal with cope with
difficult situation  Physical exercise is a great way to cope with
stress.
Estimate Verb / to guess or calculate the cost, guess estimated (adj)  It’s impossible to estimate the outcome of this
Noun size, value, etc. of something experiment with any certainty.
 According to some estimates, the project cost the
tax-payers 250 million liras.
 The estimated number of people who have ever
lived on Earth is about 115 billion.
efficiently Adv. in an organized, quick, and efficient (adj)  Studying for hours doesn’t always mean you studied
effective way inefficiently efficiently.
 Our city urgently needs a more efficient public
(adv) transport system.
 We wasted so much time on this project because some
team members worked very inefficiently.

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Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages
2022–2023 Academic Year B1 Wordlist
Isolation Noun the condition of being isolated (adj)  One of the biggest drawbacks of online education
separated from other people isolate (v) is that it leads to isolation.
 Working from home is making me feel extremely
isolated.
 As a child, I preferred playing alone to playing
with other children, so I often isolated myself
during break times at school.

Mentora English B1 Student’s Book Unit 2

UNIT 2 - CHAPTER 1

Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word Collocations/Sample sentences
forms
Addict Noun a person who is unable to stop addiction (n) a drug/heroin/gambling addict
using or doing something as a addicted (adj)  Some drug addicts turn to crime to support their
habit, especially something habit.
harmful addiction to something
 Some weight problems are caused by an addiction
to sugar and fat.
addicted to
 A lot of people nowadays have become addicted
to the internet.
Statement Noun something that someone says state (v) make a statement
or writes officially  The president is going to make an official
statement after the cabinet meeting.
 Please state your reasons for applying to this
program.
Threat Noun something unpleasant or threaten (v)  Climate change is a very real threat, and we
violent that will happen, threatening (adj) should take serious action against it.
especially if a particular action  My mother threatened to take my phone away if I
is not taken didn’t do my homework.
 He received several threatening messages
following his anti-government posts on Facebook.
satisfaction Noun a pleasant feeling that you get satisfy (v)  She looked at the finished painting with
when you receive something satisfying (adj) satisfaction.
you wanted, or when you have satisfied (adj)  They have 24 flavours of ice cream - enough to
done something you wanted to dissatisfied (adj) satisfy everyone!
 It is very satisfying to know that the project was a
do
success.
 Are you satisfied with the new arrangement?
 If you're dissatisfied with the service, why don't
you complain to the hotel manager?

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Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages
2022–2023 Academic Year B1 Wordlist
realistic Adj. accepting things as they are in unrealistic (adj)  It isn't realistic to expect people to work for so
fact and not making decisions realist (n) little money.
based on unlikely hopes for the  It's unrealistic to expect an answer before next
future week.
 I'm a realist - I knew there was no way I could
win, so I didn’t take part in the competition.
lasting Adj. continuing to exist for a long last (v)  The tablets make you feel better for a while but
time or for ever the effect isn't lasting.
 The meeting lasted two hours.
long-lasting
 Theirs is a long-lasting friendship. They have
been best friends for over 50 years!
activate Verb to cause something to start trigger activation (n)  I think the teacher forgot to activate the daily task.
I can’t see it!
We will send you an account activation email.
long-term Adj. continuing a long time into the short-term long-term relationship/effect
future  Many governments don’t seem worried about the
long-term effects of global warming.
 Ending a long-term relationship is a very difficult
thing to do.
idealise Verb to think of someone or ideal (adj) idealise somebody
something as better than they  Teenagers often idealise celebrities and want to be
really are like them.
 Sam is the ideal person (= exactly the right type
of person) for the job.
emotional Adj. related to emotions and emotion (n)  A child’s emotional development is as
feelings important as his/her physical development.
 He uses his art as a way to express his emotions.
attachment Noun 1- a feeling of love or strong attach (v)  Young learners often develop a strong attachment
connection to someone or to their teachers.
something  I need to attach a photo to my application form.

2- a document that you send to

somebody using email
attract Verb 1- If you are attracted to attraction (n) be/become attracted to somebody
someone, you like them, often attractive (adj)  I like him, but I'm not physically attracted to him.
finding them sexually  Sexual attraction is a large part of falling in love.
interesting.  For many people, it’s very important to look
attractive in their profile photos.
2- If something attracts you,
you like it and find it
interesting.

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Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages
2022–2023 Academic Year B1 Wordlist
go through Phr. to have something unpleasant experience  She is going through a very difficult time because
Verb or difficult happen to you of her father’s illness.
break up Phr. to end a romantic relationship break-up (n) break up with somebody
Verb or marriage  When my boyfriend said we had to talk, I thought
he was going to break up with me!
 He has been seriously depressed since the break-
up.
date Verb / 1- (to have) a planned social go on a date
Noun meeting with a boyfriend or  I am going on a date with Cathy tonight. I’m very
girlfriend or with somebody nervous!
who might become a boyfriend first date
 My grandparents still remember their first date in
or girlfriend
great detail.
 Are you bringing your date to the party tonight?
2- a person you have a We’d really like to meet him.
romantic meeting with  Murat and Hande are not dating anymore – they
broke up last week.
bother Verb to make someone feel worried  I don’t care what people think – other people’s
or upset opinions don’t bother me.
 I don’t know what’s bothering him but he seems
really irritated today.
cheat Verb / to secretly see someone else cheat on somebody
Noun while you’re in a relationship;  I can’t believe he cheated on his wife after 25
or a person who does this years of marriage. And with someone half his
age!
dramatic Adj. 1- talking or behaving in a way drama (n)  My daughter loves being dramatic about
that makes something seem everything. Dinner is only late by twenty minutes
much worse, more serious, and she’s acting like she’s starving!
more frightening, etc. than it  The 1910s and 20s were a period of dramatic
change in Turkey.
really is
 The media loved all the drama surrounding their
divorce.
2- sudden, very great and often  Maggie’s life is always full of drama.
surprising

unreasonable Adj. not based on or using good reasonable (adj)  Your demands are completely unreasonable. How
judgment; not fair or can you expect me to pay for your damages when
acceptable you caused the accident?
 I think we can find a solution to our problems if
everyone stops fighting and starts being
reasonable.

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Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages
2022–2023 Academic Year B1 Wordlist
UNIT 2 - CHAPTER 2
Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word Collocations/Sample sentences
forms
impulse Noun a sudden strong wish to do urge impulsive (adj)  It’s a huge mistake to make big life decisions
something based on your impulses.
 He is a very impulsive buyer, so he has hundreds
of things in his house that he never uses.
proof Noun a fact or piece of information evidence prove (v)  The police let Neil go today because they couldn’t
showing that something exists find proof that he stole the money.
or is true I think this student got help with his homework,
but I can’t really prove it.
verdict Noun an official decision made in a reach a verdict
court at the end of a trial  The jury reached a verdict of not guilty after two
days of discussion.
guilty Adj responsible for breaking the guilt (n) guilty of
law  The court found him guilty of murder and sent
him to prison for life.
 The detectives have found his DNA in the house,
so it will be easy to prove his guilt.
clue Noun information that helps you to  Police are still looking for clues in their search for
find the answer to a problem, the missing girl.
question, or mystery
crime Noun an illegal act, or illegal criminal (n)  Sadly, hurting an animal is not a crime in many
activities in general criminal (adj) countries.
 The police has just caught the criminals who
robbed the jewelery store yesterday.
commit a crime
 He has committed several crimes, including the
kidnapping of two children.
crime scene
 The police found a knife at the crime scene.
criminal behaviour/activity/record
 Experts cannot agree on the causes of criminal
behaviour.
arrest Verb If the police arrest someone,  The police arrested the bank robbers after a long
they take that person to a car chase across the city.
police station because they
believe he or she has
committed a crime.
confess Verb to admit, especially to the admit confession (n)  First, he said he didn’t know anything about the
police, that you have done crime but in the end, he confessed.
something wrong or illegal

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Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages
2022–2023 Academic Year B1 Wordlist
make a confession
After hours of questioning by police, she made a
full confession.
murder Verb / (to commit) the crime of murderer (n)  The police believe that the woman murdered her
Noun intentionally killing a person colleague in cold blood.
commit a murder
 DNA evidence shows that he didn’t actually
commit the murder.
 There were three murders in my neighborhood
last year.
 The movie is about the life and crimes of a mass
murderer.
victim Noun a person who has suffered the  The police found the murder victim in his
effects of a crime backyard.
sentence Verb / to decide and say officially sentence someone to
Noun what a punishment will be; or  The judge sentenced him to death after the jury
the punishment itself found him guilty of murder.
prison sentence
 He received a 10-year prison sentence for the car
theft.
suspect Verb / 1- to think that someone has suspicion (n)  No one knows who killed her, but the police
Noun committed a crime; suspicious (adj) suspect her husband.
2- a person who is suspected  The main suspect in the murder of the boy is their
of a crime neighbor.
 I can’t prove who stole my laptop, but I have my
suspicions.
 Your behaviour is very suspicious. Are you
hiding something from me?!
joy Noun great happiness  I was filled with joy when I saw my family after
so many years abroad.
torture Verb / to cause great physical or  The man claims that police officers tortured him
Noun mental pain to someone for hours at the local police station.
intentionally  Her lawyer says the court shouldn’t accept her
confession because she gave it under torture.
urge Noun a strong wish, especially one impulse a sudden/strong urge
that is difficult or impossible  After dinner, I felt a strong urge to go to bed.
to control
interrupt Verb to say or do something that interruption (n)  It is really rude to interrupt someone while they’re
makes somebody stop what speaking – you should wait until they have
they are saying or doing finished.
 We continued with the listening test after a brief
interruption because of a power cut.

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Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages
2022–2023 Academic Year B1 Wordlist
self-destructive Adj doing things that are likely to destroy (v) self-destructive behavior
harm you or to make you fail  Alcoholism is a perfect example of self-
destructive behaviour.
 Using drugs destroys the health and lives of
millions of young people every year.
introvert Noun someone who is shy, quiet, and extrovert introverted (adj)  Introverts often find it very difficult to socialize
prefers to spend time alone and prefer being on their own.
rather than often being with  Jay and Mary are exact opposites: He is quiet and
other people introverted but she is very sociable and
extroverted.
depression Noun the state of feeling very depressed (adj)  He suffered from feelings of depression after
unhappy and without hope for depressing (adj) losing his job.
the future  She became deeply depressed when her husband
died.
 Looking for a job nowadays can be so depressing.
chronic/severe depression
 When a patient suffers from depression for two
years or more, doctors call it ‘chronic depression’.
anxiety Noun an uncomfortable feeling of worry anxious (adj)  It’s very normal to have some anxiety before a
nervousness or worry about major exam.
something that is happening or  My mother always gets a bit anxious if we don't
might happen in the future arrive home in time for dinner.
phobia Noun a strong unreasonable fear of a phobia of/about
something  My father never travels by plane because he has a
phobia about flying.
puberty Noun the stage in people's lives  George had an amazing singing voice when he
when they develop from a was a little kid but he lost it after puberty.
child into an adult
procrastination Noun the act of delaying something procrastinate (v)  This is no time for procrastination - we need to
that must be done, often procrastinator take action now!
because it is unpleasant or (n)  Whenever I have to work on my assignments, I
boring procrastinate by doing completely unnecessary
work around the house.
 Many procrastinators are perfectly aware of
their habit but find it difficult to change it.
consequence Noun a result of a particular action or result consequently negative consequence
situation effect (adv)  An unbalanced diet can have very negative
consequences on your health.
as a consequence of
 Crime is on the increase as a consequence of the
economic crisis.
 The guest speaker had a very thick accent;
consequently, no one understood her.

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Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages
2022–2023 Academic Year B1 Wordlist
overcome Verb to succeed in dealing with or beat  I need to overcome my shyness and speak more in
controlling a problem defeat my English class.
put off Phr. 1- to delay doing something, delay  I have a toothache but I keep putting off going to
Verb especially because you do not postpone the dentist.
want to do it  We decided to put off the writing exam by a week
2- cancel or postpone an to give students more time to prepare.
appointment with someone
pressure Noun a difficult situation that makes under pressure
you feel worried or unhappy  A professional athlete’s job can be very stressful
because they are always under pressure to
succeed.
suffer Verb to experience pain, or the bad suffer from
effects of something  Both my parents suffer from Alzheimer’s disease.
 You didn’t take your work seriously, and now
you’re suffering the consequences.
self-esteem Noun belief and confidence in your self- low / high self-esteem
own ability and value confidence She suffers from low self-esteem and it stops her
from showing her real potential in class.
struggle Verb/ to experience difficulty and struggle with
Noun make a very great effort in  At the beginning, our company struggled with
order to do something financial problems for several years.
 Street animals struggle to find food especially in
winter.
 Bringing up my children during the long war was
a real struggle.
insecure Adj. lacking confidence and unconfident secure (adj) feel insecure
doubting one’s own abilities insecurity (n)  My little brother felt very insecure when he
security (n) started at his new school.
 Employees do not feel secure about their future as
their company is having financial problems.
 My insecurity affected my
performance negatively.
 Parenting is mainly about giving your child
security and love.
deadline Noun a time or day by which meet / miss / set a deadline
something must be done  The pressure to meet a deadline can be very
stressful.
 I'm afraid you've missed the deadline - the
deadline for applications was yesterday.
 Our teacher set a deadline for the second drafts of
process writing - it is 5 o’clock tomorrow.

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Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages
2022–2023 Academic Year B1 Wordlist

Mentora English B1 Student’s Book Unit 3

UNIT 3 - CHAPTER 1

Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word Collocations/Sample sentences
forms
solution Noun a way to solve a problem or solve (v) a solution to/for sth
deal with a difficult situation  One possible solution to traffic congestion is to put
heavy taxes on car drivers.
find/have/offer/provide a solution
 Unfortunately, Jack’s plan does not offer a real
solution to the problem.
 Jennifer started looking for a second job to make
extra money and solve her financial problems.
particular Adj. of or belonging to a single or specific; general particularly  As he gets older, my grandson is developing a
specific person, thing, certain (adv) particular interest in history.
category, etc.  Is there any particular reason why you have decided
to change your workplace?
 The number of doctors in Somalia is very low,
particularly in rural areas.
mindset Noun a person's way of thinking and to have a different/the same mindset
their opinions  A positive mindset is commonly seen as the key to
personal and professional success.
 The mindset of Generation Z is quite different from
that of past generations.
logical Adj. (of an action, event, etc.) rational irrational illogical (adj)  If you do not give me a logical explanation for your
seeming natural, reasonable or logically (adv.) absence, I need to start the disciplinary procedure.
sensible  As I wanted to go to Italy for college, learning
Italian was the logical thing to do.
 My professional training has taught me to look
at things logically.
experiment Verb/ a test, especially a scientific test experiment on somebody/something
Noun one, that you do in order to  Many people feel that experimenting on animals is
learn something or discover if wrong.
something is true  As a young photographer, Brian likes to experiment
with different light filters on his camera.
do/carry out/ perform/conduct an experiment
 The team is carrying out an experiment to learn
more about the effectiveness of the new vaccine.
construct Verb build or make (something, build destroy construction (n)  The company is constructing 70 villas and a 130-
typically a building, road, or room hotel on the land.
machine)  The new shopping mall is currently under
construction and will be opened next year.

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Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages
2022–2023 Academic Year B1 Wordlist
visualize Verb to form a picture of imagine visual (adj)  It is really difficult to visualize how the city will
somebody/something in your look in 10 years.
mind  Visual aids are effective tools teachers
can use in the classroom to enhance comprehension.
identify Verb to recognize something or recognize identification (n)  We need to identify the real causes of this problem
discover exactly what it is, before we can reach a conclusion.
what its nature or origin is etc.  Our new project aims to identify ways to create a
positive work environment.
 Biometric identification methods include
fingerprints and facial recognition scanners.
connect Verb to join together two or more link connection (n) connect to / with
things; to be joined together disconnect (v)  Can I connect my printer to your computer?
 The bridge connects the East and the West part of
the city.
 A bad diet is closely connected with many common
illnesses.
 Scientists have established a connection between
cholesterol levels and heart disease.
 Make sure to disconnect the power source before
servicing or repairing electrical equipment.
analytical Adj. relating to or using analysis or analysis (n) analytical methods/approach/skills
(also analytic) logical reasoning. analyze (v)  Sandra always uses an analytical approach to
analytically problems, by looking at all the parts separately.
(adv)  At the meeting, the Minister of Finance presented a
detailed analysis of the current financial crisis.
 Artificial intelligence can analyze lots of data
without error.
 We should teach students to think analytically and
not simply memorise terms.
examine Verb to consider or study an idea, a analyze examination (n)  Dr. Brown’s latest study examines in detail the
subject, etc. very carefully possible effects of climate change.
close/detailed/full examination
 We will do a detailed examination before choosing
the most successful applicant for the position.
aspect Noun one part of a situation, idea, aspect of
plan, etc. that has many parts  The exhibition will focus on various aspects of life
and culture in the Middle East.
 "Sophia, which aspect of your job do you most
enjoy?"
rational Adj. (of behaviour, ideas, etc.) logical illogical rationally (adv) rational argument/decision/explanation
based on reason rather than irrational (adj)  “I am sorry, Ben, but there is no rational explanation
emotions for your actions.”
 When making a rational decision about college, we

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Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages
2022–2023 Academic Year B1 Wordlist
really need to think about the cost and quality of
education.
 We were too shocked so we couldn't think rationally
at that moment.
 Attempting the Everest for inexperienced climbers
is a completely irrational act.
accurately Adv. in a way that is correct and precisely accurate (adj)  A five-day forecast can accurately predict the
true in every detail accuracy (n) weather approximately 90 percent of the time.
inaccurate (adj) accurate information/description/data
inaccurately  “Mr, Smith, we need accurate numbers before we
can agree to support your project financially.”
(adv)
 She was able to give the police an accurate
description of her attacker.
 In the writing exam, students will receive points for
grammatical accuracy and organization.
 Your information is inaccurate – She was born in
1956, not 1965.
 The Prime Minister claimed his remarks were
reported inaccurately.
constantly Adv. continuously over a period of continually constant (adj)  From the age of 10 to 15 years old, your mind is
time; always. constantly changing and developing at a rapid pace.
 There is a constant need for software engineers.
judgement Noun the ability to make sensible judge (v) good/poor judgement
decisions after carefully  Landing a plane safely requires a lot of experience
considering the best thing to and a good judgement.
do make/reach a judgement
I did not read the report fully, so I can make no
judgment on that issue.
The firm’s success can be judged by its growing
sales.
 Schools should not be judged only on their exam
results.
objectively Adv. using facts and not influenced subjectively objective (adj)  In court, judges need to consider the evidence
by personal feelings or beliefs objectively.
 It is impossible to be completely objective when
you are talking about your own children.
proper Adj. suitable for the purpose or appropriate inappropriate improper (adj)  If you're going to walk long distances, you need
situation properly (adv) proper walking boots.
 The improper use of medicine may lead to serious
negative reactions.
 He was never properly trained, so he won’t do a
good job.

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Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages
2022–2023 Academic Year B1 Wordlist
willing Adj. ready, eager, or prepared to do unwilling be willing (to do sth)
something. (adj)  Many consumers are willing to pay more for organic
willingly (adv) food.
 We're ready and willing to do everything necessary
to solve the problem.
 Although we asked him many times, our landlord is
unwilling to lower the rent.
 Harry would willingly give up his spare time to help
you; he really cares about you.
qualification Noun a degree or a diploma that you qualify (v) get/ have/hold/obtain qualification
get when you successfully qualified (adj)  Only two of the applicants had the necessary
finish a course of study qualifications for the job.
 A postgraduate degree (MA or PhD) is an
important qualification for many academic
positions.
 As a former footballer, he is well qualified to talk
respond Verb to react to something by taking answer response (n) respond to
a particular course of action  How did she respond to the news?
 These patients didn't respond to drug treatment, so
they may have to get a surgery.
 I looked at her face for some response, but she just
stood there and said nothing.
assign Verb to give someone a particular assignment (n) assign a task/duty/job to someone
job or make them responsible  Jack will welcome the guests at the reception. We
for a particular person or thing assigned this task to him as he's very sociable.
 Robin had to spend two hours to complete his math
assignment.
coordinate Verb to organize the different parts coordination (n)  We employed a new manager to coordinate the
of a job or plan so that the work of the team.
people involved work together  Mike is responsible for the coordination of all the
effectively company’s training activities.
guide Verb / to show someone how to do lead  Teenagers need adults to guide them.
Noun something difficult  Professor Jenkins guided me in my research.
encourage Verb to give somebody support, encouragement encourage someone to do something
courage or hope (n)  Mia’s parents encouraged her to follow her dreams
encouraging and become a chef.
(adj)  My parents have always given me encouragement
and supported me in my career choices.
discourage (v)
 Leo’s condition after the surgery is encouraging, but
he needs some time to recover fully.
 Higher cigarette prices do not seem to discourage
people from smoking.

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Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages
2022–2023 Academic Year B1 Wordlist
collaborate Verb to work with someone else for cooperate collaboration (n) collaborate with
a special purpose collaborative  In 2020, Google collaborated with Apple, and
(adj) Amazon on a project called CHIP.
 Nike is planning a collaboration with the popular K-
pop group Seventeen.
 Universities and companies are conducting
collaborative research projects in the field of
biotechnology.
manage Verb 1- to control or organize 1- control manager (n)  Noah could not get the job because he did not have
someone or something, esp. a 2- succeed management (n) any experience of managing large projects.
business  Jack will start his new job as the
2- to succeed in doing "advertising manager" in an international
company.
something, especially
 The failure of many small businesses is caused by
something difficult bad management.
manage to do something
 It’s boiling hot here, how do you manage to work
candidate Noun someone who is being  Although there were many candidates for the post,
considered for a job or is Emre got the job thanks to his qualifications.
competing in an election
UNIT 3 - CHAPTER 2
Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word Collocations/Sample sentences
forms
large-scale Adj. using or involving a lot of small-scale  China is starting a large-scale project to improve the
effort, people, supplies etc. education system all over the country.
sacred Adj. relating to a god or religion holy  Certain animals are considered sacred such as the
cow for Indians and the eagle for Native
Americans.
practical Adj. useful or suitable useful impractical (adj)  Automakers are trying to develop a practical electric
car design.
 I love high heels but they're rather impractical.
expense Noun the money that you spend on expensive (adj) unnecessary expenses
something  Cutting unnecessary expenses from your budget will
help you increase savings.
 He was given $2000 to cover his travel expenses.

intend Verb to have a plan, result or intention (n)  She didn’t intend to hurt her brother; it was just an
purpose in your mind when intentional (adj) accident.
you do something  He left England with the intention of travelling in
Africa.
 I'm sorry I left you off the guest list—it wasn't
intentional.

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Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages
2022–2023 Academic Year B1 Wordlist
burden Noun a duty, responsibility, etc. that financial burden
causes worry, difficulty or  The long-term loan Nigel got from the bank put a
hard work financial burden on his shoulders.
 I don't want to be a burden to my children when I'm
old.
demonstrate Verb to show something clearly by show demonstration  New research demonstrates that we can prevent age-
giving proof or evidence (n) related memory loss.
 I will give a quick demonstration of some major
first-aid techniques.
waste Noun / 1- a situation in which time, save waste of energy/time/money/effort
Verb money, or energy is used  The meeting achieved absolutely nothing - it was a
without bringing any useful complete waste of time.
result  Why do you waste money on clothes you don't
really need?
2- to use more of something
than is necessary or useful
unlikely Adj. not likely to happen; not possible likely(adj)  It is unlikely that oil prices will go down in the
probable short-term.
 The project seems likely to succeed because we
have a high budget.

administrator Noun someone whose job involves administration  For 10 years, Emma worked as the administrator of
managing the work of a (n) client services at the local hospital.
company or organization  The company loses a lot of money because of poor
administration.
resident Noun someone who lives or stays in reside (v)  Residents of Bakewell, Derbyshire complain about
a particular place residential (adj) the town's bus system.
 Jo grew up in Dallas but now resides in Dubai.
 This is a quiet, residential neighborhood; I am sure
you will like it.
roughly Adv. not exactly approximately rough (adj)  Martin makes roughly $150,000 a year.
 Jill spends roughly four hours a day working on her
book.
 “Can you give us a rough idea of how much the
project will cost?”
decade Noun a period of ten years  The nineties were a decade of rapid developments in
technology.
occupy Verb to live or stay in a place  Penny occupies an office on the 12th floor of this
building, with a sea view.
migrant Noun a person who moves from one migrate (v)  The nineties were a decade of rapid developments in
place to another in order to migration (n) technology.
find work or better living  Many migrant workers are employed in dangerous
conditions sectors such as mining, and construction.

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Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages
2022–2023 Academic Year B1 Wordlist
 Thousands of people were forced to migrate from
rural to urban areas in search of work.
 Migration to Europe has increased dramatically
in recent years, mostly from the Middle East and
Africa.
notice Verb to see or hear realize noticeable (adj)  The first thing I noticed about the room was the
somebody/something; to breathtaking view.
become aware of  Do you notice anything different about my hair?
somebody/something  Two days after the operation, he felt a noticeable
improvement in his health.

fact Noun a piece of information that is fiction factual (adj)  The book presents a lot of facts about World War II.
known to be true  It's a well-known fact that cats depend on their sense
of smell for their survival.
 She gave a clear, factual account of the attack to the
police.

frame Noun the structure or main  We painted our table to match the window frame in
supporting parts of a piece of the bedroom.
furniture, vehicle, or other
object
carry out Phr. to do something that needs to do; to carry out a promise/a threat/a plan/an order
Verb be organized and planned perform  There are plans to carry out a project to prevent
forest fires this summer.
 After the extensive training, Jennifer was able to
carry out her duties easily.

trial Noun a process of testing to find out test; try (v) clinical trial
whether something works experiment  We first need to do clinical trials of the new drug to
effectively and is safe check its effectiveness.
lift Verb to move something from a  You shouldn’t lift anything heavy if you have a bad
lower to a higher position back.
disability Noun a physical or mental condition disabled (adj)  Because of his disability, he depended on his wife to
that makes it difficult for dress him, feed him and bathe him.
someone to use a part of their mental/physical disability
body properly, or to learn  She manages to lead a normal life in spite of her
physical disabilities.
normally
 The governor has guaranteed health care
for pregnant women, preschool children, and
the disabled.

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Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages
2022–2023 Academic Year B1 Wordlist
Mentora English B1 Student’s Book Unit 4
UNIT 4 - CHAPTER 1

Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word Collocations/Sample sentences
forms
productivity Noun the ability to do as much work productive (adj)  Research shows workplace stress is the main
as possible in a particular unproductive reason for low productivity.
period (adj)  I think the meeting was really productive; we
produce (v) solved a lot of problems.
 Our new company produces and exports computer
equipment.
 It was such an unproductive meeting - we didn't
make a single decision.
conditions Noun the situation in which people working/living/weather conditions
live or work, especially the  Poor working conditions can lead to a variety of
physical things that affect the health problems.
quality of their lives
benefit Noun extra money or other extra benefits
advantages that you get as part  Health and life insurance are two of the common
of your job extra benefits which companies offer to their
employees.
unemployment benefit
 Unemployment benefits provide you with
temporary income when you lose your job
through no fault of your own.
reward Verb/ to give a person money or reward sb for sth
Noun other advantages because s/he  The company rewarded Elizabeth for her efforts
has been successful with a cash bonus.
 The best project will receive a reward of £10,000.
bond Noun a close connection joining two social/emotional/family bonds
or more people  A strong parent-child bond is critical while
growing up.
 Many studies have shown that strong family
bonds improve academic performance.
value Verb/ to think that someone or valued (adj)  We trust and value her opinions because of her
Noun something is important knowledge and experience.
 Good leaders make their team members
feel valued and respected.
consultation Noun a meeting to discuss something consult (v)  A personal diet plan is prepared after a
or to get advice consultant (n) consultation with a nutritionist.
 You need to consult your doctor about how much
exercise you should attempt.

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Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages
2022–2023 Academic Year B1 Wordlist
 A team of political consultants helped the Prime
Minister during his election campaign.
in charge Phrase responsible for something or be in charge of something
someone  Who is in charge of preparing the guest list for the
party?
profit Noun money that you gain by doing loss profitable (adj) make a (huge/small) profit
business, after paying your  It's very hard for a new business to make a huge
cost profit in its first year.
 We don't sell children's clothes anymore - it
wasn't profitable enough.
share Noun/ a part of something that has have/get a share
Verb been divided between several a share of profits/responsibility
people  An Australian businessman has bought a
10 percent share in the project.
time off Noun a period of time when you do take/have time off
not work because of illness or  Have you ever had to take time off for health
holidays, or because your reasons?
employer has given you
permission to do something
else
income Noun the money that you earn from  Brandy's annual income is $20,000, so he is
your work or that you receive looking for a higher-paying job.
from investments, the a high/large income
government etc a low/small income
 Living on a low income is a big challenge for
many families.
staff Noun the people who work for an employees full-time/part-time staff
organization workers  The company has 105 full-time staff and 35 part-
workforce time staff.
personnel
interest Noun the advantage or benefit of a best interest / self-interest
person or group  “I don’t believe Jake is acting in the best interests
of the company, you know how selfish he is.”
win-win Adj. A win-win situation or result is a win-win situation
one that is good for everyone  When we complete this project successfully, you
who is involved will get the money and I will get the promotion.
This is a real win-win situation.
demand Noun/ 1- the need or desire that demanding (adj) meet the demand
Verb people have for particular  Current housing projects cannot meet the
goods and services demand because of population growth.
2- a strong desire  The demand for mobile phones is growing all the
time.

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Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages
2022–2023 Academic Year B1 Wordlist
 I have been promoted to a higher-paid but a more
demanding job which involves more stress and
anxiety.
cost Noun the amount of money that you cut costs
have to pay in order to buy, do,  During times of financial and economic crisis, we
or produce something need to cut costs and avoid unnecessary expenses.
case Noun a particular situation or (not/no longer) the case (= (not) true)
example of something  In the past, everyone worked in an office but
that’s no longer the case; with the help of
technology people can work wherever they want.
 Jobs are hard to find but in his case that's not the
problem because he has so much experience.
sophisticated Adj. a sophisticated machine, advanced  China has created a sophisticated facial
system, method etc. is very recognition technology that is able to follow
well designed and very people across entire cities.
advanced, and often works in a
complicated way
gradually Adv. slowly, over a long period of slowly suddenly gradual (adj)  Women have gradually become more involved
time the decision-making
 “Jack, losing weight is a slow, gradual process –
you need to be patient.”
decrease Verb to become less, or to make fall; increase;  The teacher agreed to decrease the number of
something become less reduce rise weekly assignments from 5 to 3.
fairly Adv. more than a little, but much quite  Jonathan speaks German fairly well.
less than very
shorten Verb to become shorter or to make lengthen short (adj)  You can improve your writing just by shortening
something shorter some of these long sentences.
remain Verb to stay in the same place or in  Please remain in your seats while the seatbelt light
the same condition is on.
UNIT 4 - CHAPTER 2
Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word Collocations/Sample sentences
forms
start-up Noun a small business that has just  Airbnb is one of the most successful startups with
been started a value of 113 billion U.S. dollars.
goods Noun things that are produced in consumer goods
order to be sold household/electronic goods
 Today's shoppers are spending more money on
mobile phones and electrical goods than on
clothing.
 Ted owns a small shop that is open for long hours
and sells a variety of goods.

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Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages
2022–2023 Academic Year B1 Wordlist
retail Noun the sale of goods in shops to wholesale retail store /price/industry
customers, for their own use  It is difficult for retail stores to compete with
and not for selling to anyone online shopping.
else
manufacture Verb to produce goods in large manufacturer manufacture goods
numbers, usually in a factory  Nike started as a small company manufacturing
using machines running shoes.
 Volkswagen, Toyota, and Daimler are the three
leading car manufacturers in the world.
purchase Verb/ to buy something buy purchase goods
Noun  You can purchase tickets for the festival online or
at the gate.
supply Verb/ to provide people with provide supplier (n) supply somebody with something
Noun something that they need or  The company supplied schools with sports
want, especially regularly over a equipment.
long period of time supply something to somebody
 The company supplies fish to local shops
and restaurants.
supply and demand
 According to the International Energy Agency,
global oil supply may not meet the rising demand
next year.
 Microsoft is the world’s largest supplier of PC
software.
deliver Verb to take goods, letters, packages delivery (n) deliver goods
etc to a particular place or delivery service
person  Domino's operates more than 14,000 pizza
restaurants in more than 85 countries, and
delivers more than 1.5 million pizzas each day.
 Turkey's most famous food delivery app is
Yemeksepeti.
co- Prefix together; with co-founder/co-worker/co-writer
 Pilots, co-pilots, and flight engineers
are all responsible for the successful and safe
operation of an aircraft.
 Steve Wozniak is the co-founder of Apple
Computer.
launch Verb to begin something such as a start launch a product
plan or introduce something  Fiat has launched a battery-electric city car with
new such as a product low fuel costs and cheap insurance.
commerce Noun The activity of buying and trade commercial e-commerce
selling, especially on a large (adj)  E-commerce or electronic commerce involves the
scale buying and selling of goods and services online.

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Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages
2022–2023 Academic Year B1 Wordlist
 Don’t forget this is a commercial business – we’re
here to make money.
growth Noun an increase in amount, number, decline grow (v) growth in/of
or size  There has been an enormous growth in the
number of online businesses.
 Turkey showed an economic growth of 7.3% in
the first quarter of 2022.
 Profits in online businesses grew by 38% to
a record $26.7 trillion.
complain Verb to say that you are annoyed, complaint (n) complain about something
not satisfied, or unhappy about  The students complain about the extra homework
something or someone they were given for the winter break.
 Jenny's always complaining that her boss gives
her too much work.
 Managing customer complaints in the right way is
one of the keys to business success.
deny Verb to say that something is not admit denial (n)  The robber continued to deny that he stole the
true accept money, but the police had proof that he was lying.
 When I asked if she cheated in the exam, she
answered with a strong denial.
alarming Adj making you feel worried or alarmingly (adv)  The world population is growing at an alarming
frightened rate.
 Memory loss increases alarmingly with age.
double Verb to become twice as much or as double (adj) double in size/number/value
many  Microsoft has doubled in size over the past
decade, from about 90,000 employees in 2011 to
180,000 in 2022.
double the size/number/amount (of something)
 Singapore is planning to double the number of
police cameras from 90,000 to at least 180,000 by
2030.
 Joe was having an extra painful headache, so he
took a double dose of painkillers instead of just
one.
self- Prefix by yourself or itself self-employed/ self-esteem/ self-confident/self-
educated
 If you work for yourself, you are self-employed.
 Teenagers need encouragement to develop their
self-esteem.
freelance Adj / working independently for freelancer (n)  Instead of working a conventional job, Jay works
Adv different companies rather than freelance, simply taking up different kinds of work
being employed by one from different people.
particular company  Barbara left her full-time job and became a
freelancer as a designer.

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Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages
2022–2023 Academic Year B1 Wordlist
contract Noun an official agreement between contractor (n) short-term contract
two or more people, stating  Justin Bieber has signed a five-year contract with
what each will do Universal Music Group.
 We’ll need to employ a building contractor to do
the work.
commitment Noun 1- the hard work and loyalty commit (v) show commitment
that someone gives to an committed (adj)  The coach was impressed by the energy
organization, activity etc. and commitment of the players.
2- a promise to do something  You should learn how to commit to a job and
have goals for yourself.
or to behave in a particular
 Both countries said they were fully committed to
way the peace process.
freedom Noun The power or right to act, free (adj) freedom to do something
speak, or think as one wants.  In our school, all teachers are given the freedom
to choose their own teaching methods.
freedom of speech
 As an ambitious journalist, Charlie defends
freedom of speech and opposes censorship.
hire Verb to employ someone to do a employ; fire;  The manager hired an extra worker to help
particular job recruit sack customers during the store’s busy Christmas
season.

workload Noun the amount of work that a heavy workload

person or organization has to  Oliver's workload is very heavy, so he feels tired
do all the time.
burn out Phr. to become too tired or unable get burned out
verb to work, because of working  After a year of twelve-hour workdays, Lily got
too hard burned out and quit her job.
disciplined Adj behaving in a very controlled discipline (n)  We are looking for a mature and disciplined
way discipline (v) nanny to look after our new-born baby.
 Contrary to popular belief, working from home
requires a lot of discipline.
 Different cultures have different ways of
disciplining their children.

26
Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages
2022–2023 Academic Year B1 Wordlist
Mentora English B1 Student’s Book Unit 5
UNIT 5 - CHAPTER 1

Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word Collocations/Sample sentences
forms
prejudice Noun an unreasonable dislike and bias prejudiced (adj) prejudice against sb/sth
distrust of people who are  There is still a lot of prejudice against women in
different from you in some positions of authority.
way, especially because of  The campaign is designed to make people less
prejudiced about AIDS.
their race, sex, religion etc.
tolerance Noun willingness to accept tolerate (v) tolerance of/towards/for
behaviour and beliefs that are tolerant (adj)  My writing teacher has no tolerance for spelling
different from your own, mistakes.
although you might not agree  It’s not always easy to tolerate different opinions,
but we have to try.
with or approve of them
 Living in a multicultural society makes you more
tolerant of other religions and races.
race Noun one of the main groups that racism (n)  In this office, we do not treat anyone differently
humans can be divided into racist (n) because of their race or nationality.
according to their physical  We do everything in our power to fight racism in
characteristics e.g. skin colour, our school. We treat students of all backgrounds
equally.
eye shape, etc.
 In my YouTube channel, I don’t allow racist
comments. I delete them immediately.
ethnicity Noun a particular ethnic group, or ethnic (adj)  Our students have many different nationalities,
the fact of belonging to a religions, and ethnicities.
particular ethnic group (= a  Kurds are the third largest ethnic group in Iran,
group of people with a shared making up about 10% of the total population.
culture, tradition, language,
history, etc.)
gender Noun either of the two sexes (male  They are excited because they are going to find
and female) out the gender of the baby today.
gender roles
 “Gender roles” basically means how we're
expected to act, speak, dress, etc. based on our
biological sex. (e.g. ‘Boys don’t cry’.)
gender bias/(in)equality/discrimination
 The Ministry of Labour is taking widespread
action to fight gender discrimination in the
workplace.

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Bahçeşehir University School of Foreign Languages
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sexism Noun prejudice, stereotyping, or sexist (adj)  The university has been accused of sexism
discrimination, typically sexist (n) because it has so few women professors.
against women, on the basis of  “Move Bitch” is a typical example of sexist lyrics
sex in rap music.
 He’s an old-fashioned sexist who believes that
women shouldn’t be too ambitious.
violence Noun behaviour that is intended to violent (adj.)  Does playing with toy guns lead to violence later
hurt other people physically violently (adv) on in life?
 Our neighbor yells a lot but he's never been
physically violent towards anyone.
 They attacked the boys violently with wooden
sticks.
domestic violence; violence against women
 The organization supports women who are
victims of domestic violence.
discrimination Noun treating a person or particular discriminate (v)  Laws alone aren’t enough to prevent
group of people differently, discrimination and inequality.
especially in an unfair way  It is illegal to discriminate on the basis of race,
because of their skin colour, sex, national origin, or age.
sex, sexuality, etc. discrimination against;
racial/sexual/religious discrimination
 Racial discrimination against immigrants is
becoming a problem in my country these
days.
positive discrimination
 Positive discrimination is the act of giving
advantage to those groups in society that are often
diversity Noun the fact of including many diverse (adj)  Our company is committed to diversity in the
different types of people or workplace.
things  New York is a very culturally diverse city.
cultural/ethnic/linguistic diversity
 Most universities celebrate cultural diversity by
hosting a cultural festival for their university
communities.
hostility Noun when someone shows or feels unfriendliness; hospitality hostile (adj)  There is a higher police presence at West Ham vs.
strong opposition or dislike opposition Millwall matches because of the hostility between
their fans.
 In our school, we have strict policies against
hostile behaviour among students and teachers.
hospitality Noun kindness and friendly hostility hospitable (adj) show (someone) hospitality
behaviour, esp. to guests and  Our hosts showed us great hospitality during our
strangers visit.

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 The villagers are very hospitable to anyone who
passes through.
sympathy Noun the feeling of being sorry for sympathy for
someone who is in a bad  I feel a lot of sympathy for him, it can't be easy
situation bringing up three children on your own.
abuse Verb to treat someone cruelly or abusive (adj)  There aren’t strict enough laws against parents
/Noun violently; or such treatment of emotionally abusing their children.
someone  Many violent criminals have histories of abuse in
their childhood.
 He becomes abusive when he is drunk.
sexually/physically/emotionally abused
 The institution aims to protect sexually,
physically and emotionally abused children.
human rights abuse
 Violence against women is a human rights abuse.
morality Noun beliefs or ideas about what is ethics moral (adj)  There is a continuing debate on the morality of
right and wrong and about how immoral (adj) animal experiments.
people should behave morally (adv)  Politicians are often criticized for their lack of
moral values.
 Discrimination on the basis of race is immoral.
 It’s not just morally wrong but also illegal for a
teacher to hit a student.
evil Adj / morally bad, cruel, or very immoral good  He was an evil dictator who murdered his own
Noun unpleasant people.
good and evil
 Good and evil are very common themes in many
folktales and children’s stories.
human Noun / a person person humanity (n)  Humans are doing great damage to the planet.
Adj humankind (n)  Wars are the biggest crime against humanity.
 Since earliest times, humankind has been
fascinated by fire.
human being
 We still need to test the new drug on human
beings.
the human race
 The human race has enough weapons to destroy
itself and the planet.
instinct Noun the way people or animals instinctive (adj) natural / animal / survival instinct
naturally react or behave, instinctively  It is animal instinct that tells birds when to begin
without having to think or (adv) their migration.
learn about it  My instinctive reaction was to walk away to avoid
an argument.
 She knew instinctively that he was dangerous.

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reject Verb 1- to refuse to accept, use, or refuse accept rejection (n)  The committee will decide whether to accept or
believe something or someone reject the offer.
2- to refuse to give someone  As a child, she often felt rejected by her father.
any love or attention  He can’t ask her for a date because of his fear of
rejection.
treat Verb to behave towards someone or treatment (n)  My parents treated us all the same when we were
something in a particular way mistreatment (n) kids.
mistreat (v)  I don't expect special treatment - I just want to be
treated fairly.
 She suffered years of mistreatment from her
violent husband.
 I think people who mistreat their pets should be
banned from keeping them.
abandon Verb to leave a place, thing, or leave  We had to abandon the car on the side of the road
person, usually for ever and walk the rest of the way.
creature Noun anything that is living, such as  Rainforests are filled with amazing creatures.
an animal, fish, or insect, but living creatures
not a plant  Don't all living creatures have certain rights?
revenge Noun something you do to punish  The police believe that today’s gang shootings
someone who hurt you were an act of revenge.
 Revenge is a dish best served cold!
take revenge
 He dreamed of taking revenge on his father’s
killers.
remind Verb cause someone to remember reminder (n) remind somebody about/of something
someone or something  I rely on Facebook to remind me about everyone’s
birthdays.
 You remind me of my own days as a student.
 I still keep her presents to me as a reminder of our
time together.
alien Adj / 1- belonging to another 1- foreign  When I first moved to Japan, the culture was
Noun country or race completely alien to me.
2- a creature from a different  Do you really believe that space aliens have
planet visited our planet?
alien culture
 They do not want to go to another country with a
different and alien culture.
minority Noun a small group of people or majority minority group
things within a much larger  We want to end discrimination against women
group and racial minority groups.
a small/large minority; minority of
 Only a small minority of customers have
complained about the changes.

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minority rights
 A truly democratic system is one that guarantees
minority rights.
dominant Adj having power and influence superior; dominate (v)  You can have a dominant personality without
over others controlling being a bully.
 The news story dominated the headlines this
week.
question Verb to have or express doubts believe question what/how/when/whether
about whether something is  Results from a study questioned whether
true, good, necessary etc. treatment with the drug really improved survival.
stereotype Noun a belief or idea of what a stereotypical racial/gender/cultural stereotype
particular type of person or (adj)  ‘Women aren’t good drivers’ is an example of
thing is like. Stereotypes are a gender stereotype.
often unfair or untrue. stereotype about
 One stereotype about men is that they are not
good at showing their feelings.
 The book I’m reading is boring because it’s full of
stereotypical characters.
UNIT 5 - CHAPTER 2
Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word Collocations/Sample sentences
forms
claim Verb to state that something is true, claim that
even though it has not been  The company claims that it is not responsible for
proved the pollution in the river.
pretend Verb to behave as if something is pretend that
true when in fact you know it  The children pretended that they were dinosaurs.
is not, in order to deceive
people or for fun
shape Verb/ to decide or influence the form form  School plays a role in shaping children’s
Noun of something, especially a character.
belief or idea, or someone's  The media has great influence in shaping public
character opinion.
 Kim's birthday cake was in the shape of a train.
imply Verb to suggest something without implication (n) imply that
saying it directly implicit (adj)  You always suggest eating out. Are you implying
that I can’t cook?
 From what she said, the implication was that they
were splitting up.
 If you refuse to believe my story, the implication
is clear: you say we’re lying.
 I take your silence as implicit agreement.

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ensure Verb to make certain that something make sure  The role of the police is to ensure that the law is
will happen properly obeyed.
identity Noun the qualities and attitudes that cultural / national / political / racial / sexual /
a person or group of people gender / regional identity
have, that make them different  The idea of a united Europe is based on shared
from other people cultural and political identities.
harassment Noun aggressive behaviour that harass (v) sexual harassment
threatens or upsets someone  Sexual harassment is any unwanted sexual
behaviour that is verbal (e.g., sexual jokes and
comments), non-verbal (sexual looks) or physical
(e.g., touching).
 He told her that if she continued to harass him, he
would call the police.
matter Noun a subject or situation that you issue; environmental / financial / political / personal
have to think about or deal concern / legal matter
with  Could I talk to you about a personal matter?
theory Noun an idea or set of ideas that is fact theoretical (adj) have / prove a theory
intended to explain something  He has a theory that the hole was caused by
about life or the world, a meteorite.
especially an idea that has not  Evidence supports the theory that the dinosaurs
were killed by an asteroid.
yet been proved to be true
 She has theoretical knowledge of teaching, but no
practical experience.
tackle Verb to try to deal with a difficult tackle a problem
problem  There are many ways of tackling this problem.
equal Adj 1- having the same rights, unequal (adj) equal opportunities / rights
opportunities etc as everyone equality (n)  We should provide equal opportunities for
else, whatever your race, inequality (n) students with disabilities.
religion, or sex  Government policies and economic markets are
the major causes of the unequal distribution of
2- being the same in quantity,
wealth.
size, degree, or value  Women fought for equality throughout the
twentieth century.
 Great inequality exists between the rich and the
poor.
obviously Adv in a way that is easy to clearly  Obviously, the school cannot function without
understand or see teachers.
femicide Noun the killing of a woman or girl,  The pressure to meet a deadline can be very
in particular by a man and on stressful.
account of her gender  Feminist organizations are putting pressure on the
government to take action against gender-based
violence and femicide.

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escape Verb to get free from something, or escape from
to avoid something  A lion has escaped from its cage.
 We must not allow the attackers to escape justice.
vicious cycle Noun a continuing bad situation vicious circle escape / break out of / break a vicious cycle
when one problem causes  It is not always easy to break the vicious cycle of
another problem, which then dieting and weight gain.
causes the first problem again
global Adj relating to the whole world worldwide local globe (n) global economy / problem
globally (adv)  Climate change is a global problem that cannot be
globalization (n) tackled by any single country.
 She is a superstar all around the globe.
 The company has to be able to compete globally.
 Globalization can often lead to the destruction
of local customs and cultures.
economic Adj relating to trade, industry, or financial economy (n) economic inequality; economic policy
money economist (n)  The government's economic policies have led us
economics (n) into the worst crisis in years.
 Tourism contributes millions of pounds to the
local economy.
 Many economists expect unemployment to rise
over the next couple of months.
 She's in her third year of studying economics at
York University.
childcare Noun the care of children, especially  Without affordable childcare, many mothers who
by a crèche, nursery, or child- wish to work are unable to do so.
carer while parents are
working
rate Noun the number of times something high/low rate of something
happens, or the number of  We have relatively high rates of unemployment
examples of something within these days.
a certain period birth/unemployment/crime/ inflation/ poverty
rate
 It is an area with high poverty and a high crime
rate.
deposit Noun 1- an amount of money that pay a deposit
you pay as the first part of the  We paid a deposit of £5,000 on the house, and
total payment for something paid the rest of the price four weeks later.
2- money that you pay when
you rent something such as an
apartment or car, which will be
given back if you do not
damage it

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borrow Verb to take money from a bank or lend borrow money
other financial organization  She used to borrow money and not bother to pay
and pay it back over a period it back.
of time
entire Adj whole or complete, with whole; entirely (adv)  It was the worst day in my entire life.
nothing missing complete  The company is run almost entirely by middle-
aged men.

Mentora English B1 Student’s Book Unit 6

UNIT 6 - CHAPTER 1

Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word Collocations/Sample sentences
forms
resource Noun a supply of something that a natural/sustainable/(un)limited resources
country, an organization or a  Oil is one of the most valuable natural resources
person has and can use, in the world, and one of the most essential to our
especially to increase their modern way of life.
wealth
fossil fuel Noun fuels, such as gas, coal, and burning fossil fuels
oil, that were formed  Burning fossil fuels is a serious threat to human
underground from plant and health and the environment.
animal remains millions of  Coal, oil, and natural gas are examples of fossil
fuels.
years ago
greenhouse gas Noun a gas, especially carbon  Earth's greenhouse gases trap heat in the
dioxide or methane, that traps atmosphere and warm the planet.
heat above the Earth and greenhouse gas emissions
causes the greenhouse effect  Humans are responsible for climate change
largely due to our greenhouse gas emissions.
ice cap Noun an area of thick ice that glacier polar ice caps
permanently covers the North  Polar ice caps are melting as the Earth’s
and South Poles temperatures are rising.
disaster Noun a sudden event such as a flood, disastrous (adj) global/environmental/nuclear/ natural disaster
storm, or accident which  Hurricanes and tornadoes are some of the
causes great damage or deadliest natural disasters.
suffering  Globally, around 60,000 people die each year as a
result of disasters such as droughts, floods,
earthquakes and tsunamis.
 Half the city was destroyed by a disastrous fire.

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flood Noun/ a large amount of water  About 50,000 people had to leave their homes
Verb covering an area that is usually after floods hit Australia’s largest city.
dry heavy flood
 Southern China is experiencing its heaviest
rainfall since 1961, and it is causing heavy floods.
wildfire Noun a fire on an area of grass or  The wildfire near Laguna Beach destroyed 20
woodland that moves quickly homes and forced 900 residents to leave their
and cannot be controlled homes .
drought Noun a long period when there is  We are experiencing a drought right now, as we
little or no rain haven’t had any rain for over two years.
species Noun a group of animals or plants animal species
whose members are similar  Many species of plants and animals
and can breed together to are endangered due to pollution.
produce young animals or
plants
shortage Noun a situation in which there is not lack food shortage
enough of something  2022 saw a rapid increase in food prices and
shortages of food supplies around the world.
shortage of
 The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates
a global shortage of health workers by 2030.
famine Noun an extreme lack of food in a hunger  Four million people are facing famine after a
region, causing suffering and severe drought.
death
refugee Noun a person who has been forced  People become refugees for several reasons such
to leave their country because as war, local violence, human rights abuses, and
of political reasons, war, or environmental disasters.
natural disaster climate refugees
 It is estimated that at least 1.2 billion people could
become climate refugees due to weather-related
events by 2050.
die out Phr. to disappear or stop existing become  The researchers estimate that many animal and
Verb completely extinct plant species could die out because of human
activities such as deforestation, hunting, and
overfishing.

trap Verb to prevent something such as trap heat

gas or water from getting away  The gases in the Earth's atmosphere trap the
heat from the sun.
pattern Noun the regular way in which weather pattern
something happens, develops,  There is a strong link between the planet's
or is done warming and its changing weather patterns.

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extinction Noun when a particular type of extinct (adj) face extinction
animal or plant stops existing  Whales and sea turtles are facing extinction due to
the loss of their habitats.
 Koalas might become extinct in the next 100
years due to global warming.
sustainable Adj able to continue without sustainable energy resource
causing damage to the  Examples of sustainable energy resources include
environment wind, solar and water (hydropower).
release Verb to allow a chemical, gas, etc. release gas
to flow out  Factories release harmful gases into the
atmosphere.
carbon footprint Noun a way of measuring the  You can reduce your carbon footprint by cycling
amount of carbon dioxide instead of driving to work.
released into the atmosphere as
a result of our daily actions
contribute Verb to help to make something contribution (n) contribute to
happen contributor (n)  Chemicals and oils from factories contribute to
water pollution.
 Jake’s contribution to the project was so
important.
 Food production, transportation and waste are
major contributors to climate change.
dump Verb to get rid of rubbish, waste, or dump into
unwanted material, typically in  Some companies illegally dump toxic waste into
a careless way the sea.
plant-based Adj consisting or made completely plant-based diet
of plants, or mainly of plants  Following a plant-based diet can help you manage
your weight and may lead to weight loss.
pointless Adj having little or no sense, use, useless point (n)  It is pointless to talk to him; he never listens!!
or purpose  I want to text him, but what's the point? He won’t
write back anyway.
mass-production Noun the process of producing a lot mass-produced  Ford Motor Company was the first firm to start
of goods cheaply using (adj) with mass-production of cars.
machines in a factory  The IBM 650 was the first mass-produced
computer in the world.

toxic Adj containing poison poisonous  The toxic ingredients in beauty products may
have negative effects on health.
toxic waste
 Materials such as paints, batteries, and pesticides
create toxic waste during their production.

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UNIT 6 - CHAPTER 2

Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word Collocations/Sample sentences
forms
stray Adj (of an animal, such as a dog or stray cat/dog
cat) having no home, or lost  Many residents of Istanbul provide food and
shelter for stray cats and dogs.
uninhabited Adj an uninhabited place has no inhabit (v) uninhabited island
people living in it inhabitant (n)  Lord of the Flies takes place on an uninhabited
island in the Pacific Ocean.
 Several hundred species of birds inhabit the
island.
 İstanbul has more than 15 million inhabitants.
feed Verb to give food to a person, feed animals
group, or animal  You need to feed growing kittens up to six
months of age three times a day.
shelter Noun a building where people or homeless shelter
animals that have nowhere to  The organization provides food and shelter for
live or that are in danger can homeless people.
stay and receive help animal shelter
 Animal shelters should provide veterinary care,
good-quality food, and fresh water to the animals.
bill Noun a written proposal for a new draft/pass a bill
law, that is brought to a  The Parliament drafted a bill to provide stronger
parliament so that it can be protection of animal rights in the country.
discussed
urbanization Noun the process of making an area urban (adj) heavy urbanization
more urban  Pollution, high temperatures, floods and
biodiversity loss are some effects of heavy
urbanization.
 More people are moving from urban to rural
communities for simpler lifestyles.
roam Verb to walk or travel, usually for a wander  We roamed around town for a while before
long time, with no clear dinner.
purpose or direction roam the streets
 Our dog likes to roam the streets, but he always
returns home.
starve Verb to suffer or die because you do starvation (n)  “I haven’t eaten anything since breakfast mom, I
not have enough to eat am starving!”
starve to death
 The man was arrested after his dog starved to
death in extremely poor conditions.

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 Over 14 million people across Somalia, Ethiopia
and Kenya are already at risk of starvation.
pose Verb to cause something, especially pose a threat/risk/danger
a problem or difficulty  Scientists agree that climate change poses a very
serious threat to all living beings.
 Decreasing the unemployment rate poses a
serious challenge for the new government.
endangered Adj seriously at risk of extinction endangered species/animal
 Species become endangered when they lose their
habitat.
 Mountain gorillas and tigers are two examples of
endangered animals.
sterilize Verb to perform a medical operation sterilization (n) sterilize an animal
on a person or animal in order sterilized (adj)  Sterilizing your cat or dog will increase his/her
to make them unable to have chance of a longer and healthier life.
children  Sterilization of dogs and cats is a common
measure for population control in many countries.
 After having five children, Jennifer decided to be
sterilized.
guard Verb/ to protect a person, place, or  Throughout history, one of the main jobs of dogs
Noun object by staying near them has been to guard their owners against unwanted
and watching them people or animals.
 The building is protected by armed guards.
era Noun a long and distinct period of age  We live in an era of instant communication.
history Ottoman Era
 Stray cats and dogs have lived in Istanbul since
the Ottoman Era.
relocate Verb to move or move something or  The company relocated its head office to Ankara.
someone from one place to  We decided to relocate overseas for better job
another opportunities.
adoption Noun the act of legally taking a child adopt (v)  Jack can no longer take care of his dog, so he is
or taking an animal to take planning to give him for adoption.
 They were unable to have children of their own, so they
care of decided to adopt.
welfare Noun physical and mental health and well-being  In a developed country, the welfare of children must
happiness come first.
animal welfare
 FOUR PAWS is a global organization that focuses on
improving animal welfare.
measure Noun an official action that is done  The government is introducing stronger measures
in order to achieve a particular to fight domestic violence.
aim
take measures
 The Ministry of Finance has to take urgent

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measures to lower inflation.
exploitation Noun using someone or something exploit (v)  The company was fined for the exploitation of its
unfairly for your own immigrant workers.
advantage  Throughout history, humans have exploited other
living organisms for food, shelter, and survival.
liberation Noun the action of setting someone liberate (v)  Animal liberation implies setting animals free
or something free from exploitation and cruel treatment.
 On August 25, 1944, Paris was liberated after
more than four years of Nazi occupation.
controversial Adj causing a lot of angry public controversy (n) highly controversial
discussion and disagreement  Gun control is a highly controversial issue
in many parts of the U.S.
 Using animals in scientific testing has always
been a topic of controversy.
breed Verb to keep animals to make them  John’s main income comes from breeding horses
produce young ones and sheep.
MP Noun a Member of Parliament  Helen was elected as the Member of Parliament
for her hometown, Chelsea in 2015.
mammal Noun any animal that gives birth to  Whales are mammals that live in the sea.
live young, not eggs, and feeds
its young on milk; cows,
humans and whales are all
mammals.
fur Noun the thick soft hair that covers wear fur
the bodies of some animals  I never wear fur unless it is fake.
fur coat
 Katie was dressed in a long, white fur coat that
probably cost more than a small apartment.
the wild Noun a natural environment that is in the wild
not controlled by people  Wild animals such as lions and tigers belong in
the wild, not in cages and zoos.
demonstrator Noun a person who participates in a protestor demonstration peaceful/angry demonstrators
public protest meeting or (n) demonstrate  The police used tear gas to try and break up a
march (v) crowd of angry demonstrators.
 The students are holding a demonstration against
the high tuition fees.
 Thousands of people gathered in the city center to
demonstrate against the new laws.

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Mentora English B1 Student’s Book Unit 7
UNIT 7 - CHAPTER 2
Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word Collocations/Sample sentences
forms
downsize Verb to move to a smaller home  I am downsizing from a large five-bedroom house
to a two-bedroom flat.
simplify Verb to make something easier or simple (adj)  The teacher had to simplify the math question
less complicated by using easy terms.
 It is important for teachers to give simple
instructions for beginners.
keen Adj wanting to do something or eager be keen on
wanting something to happen  The team was very keen to start the project as
very much soon as possible.
 I wasn't keen on going to the party, but I couldn’t
say no to my friends.
maintenance Noun the repairs, painting etc that maintain (v)  Building maintenance includes cleaning common
are necessary to keep areas and removing trash regularly.
something in good condition  The Department for Transport is responsible for
maintaining the main roads in England.
possession Noun something that you own or belongings possess (v)  He sold all his possessions and left the country.
have with you at a particular  Most families in America possess at least one car,
time but many have two.
savings Noun money that you have saved, save (v)  Jack put all his savings into buying a new house.
especially in a bank, etc. savings account
 I opened a savings account at my local bank.
 Molly worked all summer at the animal shelter to
save money for college in the fall.
stuff Noun a person's belongings, things  On the last day of school, all of the students had
equipment, or baggage to get their stuff out of their lockers before going
home.
distinction Noun a clear difference between two difference distinct (adj) distinction between
similar things  Although they are identical twins, there is a
noticeable distinction between the colors of their
hair.
clear/sharp distinction
 There is a clear distinction between Picasso’s
early and later works.
 Antoni Gaudi’s works have a very distinct style:
he used very bright colors and unusual materials.
regulation Noun an official rule or law rule regulate (v) strict/tight regulations
 The government is going to introduce strict
regulations on the sale of guns.

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 Janice takes medicine to help regulate her blood
pressure.
 By introducing laws to regulate social media, we
can keep people away from false information.
space Noun an amount of an area or of a room spacious (adj)  There isn’t much space in our tiny house, but it’s
place that is empty or that is nice and cozy.
available for use  Mary’s parents rented a spacious holiday house
with 5 bedrooms for the summer.

restriction Noun a rule or law that limits or limit restrict (v) restriction on something
controls what people can do  Airlines make travelling difficult nowadays as
they placed a weight restriction on luggage.
 Parents can now restrict internet access to certain
websites through their parental controls.

simulation Noun imitation of a situation or imitation simulate (v)  Video games such as Minecraft and The Sims are
process simulation games that let players build their own
worlds.
 Many homeowners use apps that simulate the
sound of a barking dog to protect their home from
burglars.

narrative Noun a story or a description of a story;  A good video game needs to have a good
series of events tale narrative that keeps the player entertained at all
times.
mechanics Noun the particular way something operation  Mr. Cooper knows a lot about the mechanics of
works or happens running a school.
fantasy Noun 1 a story, film etc that is based  Mike had a fantasy about living on a South
on imagination and not facts Pacific Island.
2 the act of imagining things; a  Steve wrote a series of fantasy novels filled with
person’s imagination wizards, witches and dragons.
obstacle Noun something that makes it  The biggest obstacle to achieving our goal is
difficult to achieve something money, unfortunately.
combination Noun two or more things joined or mixture combine (v) combination of
mixed together to form a  This is my favourite pizza because of the
single unit delicious combination of herbs and spices.
 Gaudí combined Gothic and Art Nouveau
architecture for his design of the Sagrada Familia
church.
overall Adj including all the things or general  Good visual effects in a video game improve the
people that are involved in a player’s overall experience.
particular situation; general

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frustrated Adj feeling annoyed, upset, and frustrating (adj)  He is frustrated because he can’t find a job even
impatient, because you cannot frustrate (v) though he is highly qualified.
control or change a situation, frustration (n)  It's so frustrating to miss a flight because of heavy
or achieve something traffic.
 I agree that we are achieving nothing at the
moment, and I share your frustration.
 What frustrates me most about myself is getting
emotional easily.
interactive Adj an interactive computer interaction (n)  We produce interactive games for kids that keep
program, television system etc interact (v) them engaged and entertained.
allows you to communicate  We select employees who will be good at face-to-
directly with it, and does face interaction with customers.
 Mr Daniels, wants her students to interact with
things in reaction to your
each other and gives them many group
actions assignments.
distraction Noun A thing that prevents someone distract (v)  I study in the library as there are too
from concentrating on distracting (adj) many distractions at home.
something else.  Sorry, what were you saying? Something outside
the window distracted me.
 Cell phones are far more distracting for drivers
than radios.
intense Adj having a very strong effect or intensely (adv)  The intense heat in the country negatively affects
felt very strongly daily life.
 Although Drew disliked his job intensely, she had
to continue working.
passive Adj not reacting to what happens,  Anna is far from passive and will pick a fight with
or not acting or taking part anyone at her school
element Noun one part or feature of a whole part essential/key element
system, plan, piece of work  Trust is a key element in any relationship.
etc, especially one that is basic
or important
unique Adj 1- being the only one of its uncommon unique opportunity
kind  In order for a movie to interest me, it must have a
2- very special or unusual unique plot and tell a story I have never heard.
 The exhibition provided a unique opportunity to
see all of the artist's work.

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Language Leader Intermediate / Unit 6 Education

Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word Collocations/Sample Sentences
forms
compulsory adj. something which must be done obligatory voluntary Wearing seat belts in cars is compulsory by law.
because of a law or a rule mandatory optional It is compulsory for all Turkish men to do military service.
required
drop out of verb to stop doing or planning something, discontinue enrol/enroll drop out of school/a course
especially in education register Too many students drop out of college after only one year.
pick up
hand in phr. v to give something to someone in a submit Please hand in your application by 30 September.
position of authority Have you handed in your history essay yet?
curriculum noun the subjects studied in a school, The national curriculum is prepared by a group of teachers
college, etc. and what each subject working for public schools.
includes Languages are an essential part of the school curriculum.
Is German on your school’s curriculum?
truancy noun staying away from school without truant (n) combat, tackle truancy
permission Some measures should be taken to combat persistent
truancy in our schools.
There are many reasons why children become truant.
bully v/n to frighten or hurt a weaker person; to terrorize bullying (n) The older boys bullied him so much that he was afraid to
use your strength or power to make walk home alone.
somebody do something (v) A recent survey indicates that bullying is very common in
a person who teases, threatens, or American schools.
hurts smaller or weaker persons (n)
pick on phr. v to keep treating someone badly or Bullies are often cowards because they usually pick on
unfairly someone smaller and weaker than themselves.
not having the things that are deprivation deprive of
deprived adj. necessary for a pleasant life, such as (n) deprive (v) You can't function properly when you're deprived of sleep.
enough money, food, or good living Millions of people were imprisoned and deprived of their
conditions basic rights during the First World War.
Sleep deprivation is a common problem among teenagers.
There is no need to deprive yourself of food on this diet.
pace noun the speed at which something speed at a rapid/slow/steady pace
happens or is done pace of change/reform/growth
The pace of change in our lives is becoming faster and
faster.
Children learn best by studying at their own pace.
restrict verb to limit or control the size, amount, or limit restriction (n) Having children restricts people’s social life.
range of something restricted (adj) There are parking restrictions in the area.

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Speed is restricted to 70 km per hour in the city in
Turkey. The management has restricted access to certain
files due to safety reasons.
observe verb to watch somebody/something watch observation (n) John spent a year in the jungle to observe the effects of
carefully, especially to learn more monitor observer (n) deforestation on animals.
about them The police are keeping him under observation.
She is a good observer.
experiment n/v a scientific test that is done in order (scientific) test experimental (adj) to do/perform/conduct an experiment
to study what happens and to gain Many people believe that experiments on animals should
new knowledge be banned.
Various experiments have been conducted on the effects of
TV on small children.
The drug is still at the experimental stage.
CHAPTER
6.3

equality noun a situation in which people have the inequality achieve | demand, fight for, strive for | promote |
same rights, advantages etc. (n) equal establish | ensure, guarantee equality
(adj) equally People from these minority groups must have equality of
(adv) opportunity.
1 kilometre is equal to 0.6214 miles.
Teachers should treat all students equally.

tuition noun the money you pay for being taught tuition fee
Some schools charge higher tuition fees to overseas
students.
take out phr. v to get something officially, especially When you take out an insurance policy, read the details
from an insurance company, bank, or carefully.
law court
loan noun a sum of money which is borrowed, credit bank loan
often from a bank, and has to be paid Kate's trying to get a $50 000 loan to start her own
back business.
We could apply for/take out a loan to buy a car.

pay back phr. v to give someone the same amount of repay I’ll be able to pay you back next week.
money that you borrowed from them
debt noun a sum of money that a person or She used her lottery winnings to pay off her debts.
organization owes
treat verb to behave towards someone or treatment (n) Parents still tend to treat boys differently from girls.
something in a particular way He gets special treatment because he knows the bank
manager.

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welfare noun the money that is paid by the benefit The number of families on welfare is increasing all over
government to people who are very the world.
poor or unemployed
put off phr. v to make someone not want to do Attitudes of some employers towards women really put
something, or to prevent them from them off in business.
doing something
available adj. something that is available is able to availability (n) be | become | make sth available
be used or can easily be found or There are wind-surfers and kayaks available for rent at the
bought lake.
Let’s check the availability of this medicine before going
to the pharmacy.

talent noun a natural ability to do something well talented (adj) The company is always looking out for new talent.
She is a very talented singer.

enormous adj. very big in size or amount huge tiny enormity (n) It takes enormous effort to become fluent in a language.
enormously (adv) We must understand the enormity of the problem.
Unemployment has enormously increased in the city.

adequate adj satisfactory or acceptable in enough insufficient (in)adequate (adj) This office is perfectly adequate for my needs; it has
quality or quantity adequately (adv) everything that I require for my job.
Have you studied for your test adequately?

outstanding adj extremely good, beautiful etc., and excellent ordinary Due to his outstanding performance in the last
much better than others basketball match, the school decided to give John a
immediate adj. happening or done at once and immediately (adv) The government promised immediate action to help the
without delay victims of the earthquake.
Come here immediately!
masterpiece noun a work of art, a piece of writing or The Mona Lisa is the most well-known painting in the
music etc. that is of very high quality world, and people think that it is Leonardo da Vinci's
or that is the best that a particular masterpiece.
artist, writer etc. has produced
refuse verb to say firmly that you will not do reject accept refusal (n) They made me an offer I couldn't refuse.
something that someone has asked The reason for her visa refusal is not clear.
you to do
single out phr. v to choose one person or thing from Who would you single out as the most promising student
among a group because they are of the year?
better, worse or different etc.

Academic Word List 6

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2022-2023 MODULE 1 B2 Proficiency Word List
Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word Collocations/Sample Sentence
forms
labour/labor noun work, especially physical work labourer/laborer Women make up two-fifths of the Turkish labour force.
(n) He is a farm labourer.
formula noun a plan or method that is used to There's no magic formula for success.
achieve something The two countries’ governments are still searching for a peace
formula.
outcome noun the final result of an activity or result It's too early to predict the outcome of the meeting.
process product Extreme weather is a predicted outcome of climate change.
objective noun something that you are trying to aim the main/primary/principal objective
achieve goal to set/have accomplish /meet/achieve one’s objectives
My main objective is to pass the proficiency exam.
Improving the living condition of rural residents has been an
important objective for governments in developing countries.
devote verb to give most of your time, energy, commit devotion (n) devote to
attention, etc. to dedicate devoted (adj) She has devoted all her energies/life to the care of homeless
somebody/something people.
We will remember him for his devotion to charity.
She is a devoted doctor.
duration noun the length of time something period The school was used as a hospital for the duration of the war.
continues or exists length You must stay in your seats for the duration of the test.

overlap v/n to cover part of the same area of The study of sociology overlaps with the study of economics.
interest, responsibility, etc. There is a lot of overlap between the study of sociology and
the study of economics.
appreciate verb to recognize the good qualities of value criticize appreciation (n) appreciate the significance/importance/value of something
somebody/something I don't think you appreciate how much time I spent preparing
this meal.
She doesn’t show much appreciation for what she has.

intense adj. very great; very strong deep intensive (adj) intense cold/heat/interest/pleasure/desire/anger
extreme intensely (adv) Young people today are under intense pressure to succeed.
great This is an intensive course, make sure you have enough time
for it.
My mom looked at me intensely for a moment.
cite verb to speak or write words taken from a quote citation (n) The passage Frank cited in his article is from a very famous
particular writer or written work author.
th
There are many citations in my essay from 20 century
novelists.
ignorant adj. 1. lacking knowledge or information 1. unaware, 1. aware ignorance (n) 1. Many people are surprisingly ignorant about current
about something without 2. educated, politics.

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2. not educated knowledge well-read 2. They may be poor, ignorant farmers, but they are not
2. uneducated stupid.
Her ignorance is annoying.

lecture n/v 1. a long talk on a particular subject (academic) lecturer (n) lecture on/give a lecture on
that someone gives to a group of speech My brother regularly gives lectures on modern French
people, especially to students in a literature.
university My brother is a lecturer and he regularly lectures on modern
2. to give a formal talk to a group of French literature.
people, often at a university
dynamic adj. full of energy and new ideas, and lively dull Amy is young and dynamic and she will be a great addition to
determined to succeed energetic our team.
The presentation was so dynamic that all of the teachers gave
the student a 100%.

fundamental adj relating to the most basic and basic fundamentally Jack and Tom decided to end their business partnership
important parts of something essential (adv) because there was a fundamental difference in their opinion
about the management of the company.
The two cities are fundamentally different.

restore verb to return something or someone to an reconstruct restoration (n) Most of the old buildings in the city have been restored
earlier good condition or position renew and opened to the public.
This mosque is closed for restoration.

neutral adj not supporting any of the people or objective subjective neutrally (adv) Journalists should be neutral because their job is to inform the
groups involved in an argument or unbiased biased public, not to express their political views.
disagreement Journalists should report on everything neutrally.

presume verb to think that something is true, assume presumably (adv) I presume that Tim and Dave are not coming to the wedding
although you are not certain because they haven't replied to the invitation.
Presumably, he just forgot to send the e-mail.
They can presumably afford to buy a bigger flat.

expert noun a person with a high level of expertise (n) Professor Cameron is an expert on/in / child psychology.
knowledge or skill; a specialist I have no expertise in psychology.
abandon verb to leave someone or a place without leave abandoned (adj) Because of the heavy snow, the drivers had to abandon their
the intention to return cars, and walk to work.
We found an abandoned cat on our way home.

Language Leader Intermediate / Unit 7 DESIGN

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2022-2023 MODULE 1 B2 Proficiency Word List
Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence

elegant adj graceful and attractive in appearance stylish tasteless elegance (n) She will look elegant in a black dress.
or manner graceful unfashionable elegantly Her natural elegance impressed me.
tasteful (adv) She was walking elegantly in her black dress.
functional adj practical and useful with little or no function (v/n) Office furniture is purely functional – it's just there to
decoration provide a service.
This shelf also functions as a table.
The function of the heart is to pump blood.
futuristic adj extremely modern and unusual in old-fashioned future (n) Her latest novel is a futuristic thriller, set some time in
appearance, as if belonging to a the late twenty-second century.
future time We need to plan for the future.
handmade adj made by a person using their hands manufactured Yesterday, I bought a pair of expensive handmade
rather than by machines mass-produced shoes.
mass-produced adj produced in large quantities using handcrafted mass-production (n) A lot of cheap, mass-produced goods are coming from
machinery handmade China.
th
Mass-production of toys began by the end of the 18
century.
retro adj using styles or fashions from the modern retro clothes/music /style
recent past Gina is a wonderful designer who can apply a cool
retro style to modern designs.
streamlined adj. designed or made with a smooth aerodynamic streamline (v) Streamlined cars have shapes that allow air to pass by
shape in curved lines.
Engineers can reduce a vehicle’s fuel consumption by
reducing its size and weight and by streamlining its
body.
traditional adj ideas or ways of living carried on customary modern tradition (n) The school uses a combination of modern and
from the past traditionally (adv) traditional methods for teaching reading.
It is a tradition in Turkey to visit the elderly on special
days.
The number 13 is traditionally considered unlucky.
up-to-date adj having or including the most recent the latest to be/to keep up-to-date
information modern up-to-date information/data/figures/news
Our staff has access to up-to-date information through
a computer database.
The Internet allows everyone to keep up-to-date on the
economic developments.
combine verb to have two or more different separate combination She successfully combines her career with family life.
features or qualities at the same time (n) combined The room was decorated in a combination of greens
(adj) and blues.

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Crime figures are dropping due to a combined effort by
local people and the police.
fulfil verb to do or provide what is necessary or fulfilment (n) Turkey is a market that has never quite fulfilled its
needed fulfilling (adj) potential.
fulfilled (adj) I can’t find fulfilment in my job.
This is a fulfilling job.
I feel fulfilled in this job.
misconception noun a wrong belief or opinion as a result fallacy have | give rise to, lead to | break down,
of not understanding something correct misconceptions
It is a common misconception that a landlord can
charge what he wants.
steel noun a strong metal that can be shaped Using steel and aluminium makes structures both
easily, consisting of iron and carbon strong and light.
smooth adj. completely even with no rough areas rough smoothly (adv) The baby’s skin is soft and smooth.
or lumps She says everything is going smoothly.
curved adj. having a shape that is like a curve straight curve (n) The new trend in architecture is to use curved walls
and not straight curve (v) inside the buildings to create a cosy atmosphere.
curvy (adj) I like the curves of this car.
The road curves round to the left.
Street was curvy and long.
leather noun a strong material made from animal I'm planning to buy a pair of boots in dark
skin brown leather for the winter.
rough adj. having an uneven surface smooth The rough surface of the floor made it difficult for
players to dribble.
wooden adj made of wood wood (n) Vandals damaged all the wooden benches in the park.
The bench is made of wood.
polished adj. shiny because of being rubbed, polish I slipped and fell on the polished floor.
usually with polish (n) This house smells polish.
polish I polished my shoes.
square noun a shape with four straight equal We cut the sandwiches into neat squares before serving
o
sides with 90 angles at the corners them to the guests.
circular adj. shaped like a circle circle (n) The island was originally circular in shape.
We sat in a circle in the class today.
optimism noun a tendency to believe that hopefulness pessimism optimistic (adj) The Prime Minister of Canada speaks with a tone of
good things will always optimist (n) optimism for future environmental and social progress.
happen I am optimistic about my future.
I am an optimist; I always think positively.
industrialize verb if a country industrializes, it industry (n) The industrialization of this poor, West African
develops industries or makes them industrialization country is finally working.
more modern (n) industrial (adj) The industry is facing problems nowadays.
The industrialization of Asian countries was quick.

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The Industrial Revolution brought many changes.

CHAPTER
7.3
transform verb to completely change the transformation (n) The place was transformed from a quiet farming
appearance, form, or character of village into a busy port.
something or someone He is trying to make the transformation from a single
man to a responsible husband.

pioneering adj. introducing new and better methods pioneer (v) She played a pioneering role in opening higher
or ideas for the first time pioneer (n) education to women.
She pioneered the use of this technique.
She is a pioneer in computer animation.

icon noun someone or something that is known iconic (adj) national | cultural | fashion, pop, sporting, style icon
and admired by many people and is She is a national icon.
thought to represent an important Her style is iconic.
idea
flop noun (complete) failure hit complete | expensive flop
success The show was the biggest flop in TV history.
reputation noun the opinion that people have about acquire, build (up), earn, establish, gain, make
how good or how bad someone or reputation
something is He has the reputation of being a hard worker.

mould/mold v/n 1- to give something a particular The famous sculptor first moulded the head from clay
shape or form before creating the other parts.
2- a container which soft or liquid Pour the clay into the mould.
substances are poured
incorporate verb to include something as part of a incorporation (n) Our new marketing strategy will incorporate both the
group, system, or plan etc. internet and e-mail advertising.
The incorporation of these new features into the new
design is possible.
commission verb to formally ask someone to produce commission (n) accept, get, receive commission
a work of art or to write an official Queen Elizabeth II commissioned an artist to paint her
report for you portrait.
I have received a private commission to paint the
prince's family.
confer verb to give something such as authority, An honorary degree was conferred on him by
a legal right, or an honour to the university.
someone
reasonable adj. (of a price or product) not too high fair reasonably (adv) Lots of nice, old objects can be bought at reasonable

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prices at flea markets.
The car is reasonably in good condition.
breath-taking/ adj very impressive, exciting, or magnificent boring My bedroom overlooks the sea, and the view is breath-
breathtaking surprising astonishing taking.

Academic Word List 7

Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence
concept noun an idea or a principle that is idea conceptual (adj) It is very difficult to define the concept of beauty.
connected with something abstract notion There are many conceptual problems in this agreement.

contribute verb to give something, especially money donate contribution (n) contribute to/towards
or goods, to help contributor (n) The company contributed £50,000 to the earthquake
somebody/something fund.
She made a considerable contribution to the discussion.
She is an important contributor to this project.
dimension(s) noun the length, height, width, depth, or measurement(s) dimensional (adj) 3-D
diameter of something I’ve found a computer design program that works in
three dimensions.
We are making three-dimensional figures in this room.
draft noun a piece of writing or a plan that is not rough sketch Jane asked me to check the first draft of her
yet in final form outline essay. The document is still in draft form.

modify verb to make changes to something in alter modification (n) We found it cheaper to modify existing equipment
order to improve it change rather than buy something new.
The feedback we received from students will be used
for the modification of the course for next year.

distort verb to change something from its usual, deform distortion (n) My original statement has been completely distorted by
original, natural or intended meaning, distorted (adj) the media.
condition or shape The distortion of truth is unethical.
There are many distorted images on the internet.
format noun the general arrangement, plan, layout formatted (adj) All the students liked the new format of the quiz show.
design, etc. of something When a text is saved from a web page, it is often very
badly formatted.
manual adj involving or using the hands or automatic manually (adv) manual labour/jobs/skills
physical strength Computer-controlled robots are taking over manual
jobs in many industries.
I entered all the data manually.
rigid adj very strict and difficult to change inflexible flexible rigidly (adv) rigid rules /person

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strict The rules regarding attendance and homework are very
rigid in my brother’s school.
She grew more rigid as she got older.
I follow all the rules rigidly.
exhibit v/n to show something publicly display exhibition (n) His paintings are regularly exhibited in local
show art galleries.
There is an art exhibition in the gallery.
infrastructure noun the basic systems and services, such The government is working on a $65 billion investment
as transport and power supplies, that package in education, health care and infrastructure.
a country or organization uses in
order to work effectively
abstract adj existing as an idea, feeling or quality, conceptual concrete abstraction (n) abstract knowledge/principles
not as a material object Truth and beauty are abstract concepts.
The research shows that pre-school children are
capable of thinking in abstract terms.
Morality is an abstraction with no physical form or
presence, existing only in the hearts and minds of
people.
enhance verb to increase or further improve the improve enhancement (n) A healthy diet and enough sleep are things that can
good quality, value or status of significantly enhance the quality of your life.
somebody/something Our school is working on curriculum enhancement.

flexible adj able to change or be changed easily adaptable inflexible flexibility (n) My schedule is quite flexible - I could arrange to meet
according to the situation adjustable rigid flexibly (adv) you any day next week.
strict Employees expect flexibility in the workplace.
We organized the schedule flexibly.

utilize verb to use something for a particular use utilization (n) Sound engineers utilize a range of techniques to
purpose make use of utility (n) enhance the quality of the recordings.
Vitamin C helps the utilization of the iron present in
your body.
I am not sure about the utility of his work.

identical adj exactly the same, or very similar exactly alike different identically (adv) The sisters were identical in appearance and character.
The two sisters were dressed identically.

priority noun sth that is very important and must be prioritize (v) a high/low/first/top priority
dealt with before other things prior (adj) Education should be the top priority for every
developing country.
You should learn to prioritize your work.
This course requires prior knowledge of Spanish.

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st
submit verb to give a document, proposal, etc. to present submission (n) All applications must be submitted before January 1 .
st
somebody in authority so that they hand in The submission deadline is January 1 .
can study or consider it
publication noun a book, magazine, newspaper or publish (v) Several of Julia’s articles have already been accepted
document in which information publisher (n) for publication by a leading publisher.
or stories are published This magazine publishes articles about geography.
Pearson is the publisher of Language Leader books.

Language Leader Intermediate / Unit 8 Business

Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence

wage noun a regular amount of money that you salary an hourly/daily/weekly/annual wage
earn, usually every week, for work or Brian lives on a basic wage of £100 a week plus tips.
services The company gave workers a seventeen percent wage
increase last year.
charge verb to ask an amount of money for goods ask in payment The restaurant charged £20 for a three-course meal and
or a service wine.
Wedding planners may charge an hourly fee of up to
£150.
entrepreneur noun someone who starts a new business or good, great, successful | creative, innovative |
arranges business deals in order to ambitious, dynamic entrepreneur
make money She is an innovative entrepreneur in cosmetics.
retailer noun a person, shop or business that sells retail (n) Media Markt is one of Europe’s largest electronics
products to the final customer for a retailers.
specified price The job is open to applicants with over two years’
experience in retail.
wholesaler noun someone who buys and sells goods in wholesale (n) It is cheaper to buy the products from the wholesaler,
large amounts to shops and but it means that you must sometimes buy more than
businesses you need.
We only sell wholesale, not to the public.
quantity noun an amount of something that can be We consumed a large quantity of soft drinks last night.

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counted or measured
goods noun things that are produced in order to products make, manufacture, produce goods
be sold buy, purchase | export, import | sell, supply | deliver
goods
The supermarket's own-label goods are cheaper than
branded goods.
deserve verb to have earned something by good or deserved (adj) It's true she made a mistake, but she hardly deserves to
bad actions or behaviour lose her job.
I got a well-deserved rest.
After all that hard work, you deserve a holiday.
notice verb to become conscious of someone or become aware noticeable (adj) He noticed at once that something was wrong.
something by seeing, hearing, or of noticeably (adv) Her scar is noticeable.
feeling them There has been a noticeable improvement in her
cooking.
The prices have gone up noticeably.
comment verb to express an opinion about remark comment (n) decline to, refuse to comment
someone or something comment on sth
People were commenting about her abilities.
People were making comments about her abilities.
Everyone will have the opportunity to comment on the
issue after I finish explaining.
make up for phr. v to make a bad situation better, or He was stealing supplies from the office to make up for
replace something that has been lost wages he wasn’t paid.
reduce verb to make something smaller or less cut reduction (n) aim to, attempt to, seek to, try to reduce
in size, amount, or price We need to reduce the speed slightly.
A reduction in expenses is necessary.
cut back on phr. v to start doing or using less of If you cut back on fat and sugar, you’ll definitely lose
something weight.
In times of economic crisis, firms cut back on training.
bankrupt adj without enough money to pay what bankruptcy (n) go bankrupt
you owe Many small businesses are going bankrupt because of
the economic crisis.
His father went bankrupt and the family had to sell
their home.
The company will soon go bankrupt because of its poor
management.
Bankruptcy is a real possibility if sales don’t improve.
poison noun a substance that can cause death or poison (verb) The farmer put down some poison to keep rats away
serious illness if you eat it, drink it poisonous (adj) from his crop.
etc. poisoning (n) She hated her husband so much that she poisoned him.
Someone poisoned her coffee.

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This plant is poisonous.
He died of alcohol poisoning.
Food poisoning can cause death.
quality noun how good or bad something is quality (adj) top, high, low quality
All our cakes are made with top quality ingredients.
This is a quality product.
Environmental problems directly affect the quality of
people’s lives.
launch v/n 1. to start something, usually introduce discontinue to launch an appeal/an inquiry/an investigation/a
something big or important start campaign /an attack/invasion/product
2. to make a new product, book etc 1. The organization has launched a campaign to raise
available for sale for the first time: $150,000 for endangered animals in South Africa.
2. The company hopes to launch the new drug by
next October.
account noun an exact record of the money that a accountant (n) Businesses should try to keep accurate accounts so as
company has received and the money accounting (n) not to have problems in the future.
it has spent A company’s accounting records must be open
for inspection at all times.

firm noun a business or company, especially a company establish, found, set up, start (up)
small one Most employees of the firm are happy with the
working conditions.
Our firm is no longer competitive in world markets.
struggle with phr. v to try hard to do something that you struggle (n) The airline is struggling with high costs.
find difficult We won’t give up our struggle for independence.

store noun a place where goods are sold to the shop big, large, major | small | retail | department store
public There are small stores in this street.
order noun a request by a customer for a order (v) place, put in order
company to supply goods or service cancel | receive, win order
The company cancelled their order for the new
products.
Let’s order some pizza.
brand noun a type of product made by a brand (v) Supermarkets make a lot of profit on their own brand
particular company with a products.
particular name and design When the product is not branded, it sells for a lower
price.
corporation noun a big company, or a group of big, giant, large, major | powerful | foreign | global,
companies acting together as a single international, multinational corporation
organization I want to work for an international corporation.
rumour/ v/n information or a story that is passed gossip spread | hear | believe | deny | confirm, start | fuel

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rumor from one person to another and which rumours
may or may not be true The actor confirmed rumours that he will leave the
series.
People rumoured that he will leave the series.
insist verb to say firmly and often that insistence (n) to insist on sth
something is true, especially when insistent (adj) Life is really simple, but we insist on making it
other people think it may not be true insistently (adv) complicated.
The school insists on good behavior from its students.
Stay and have lunch with us. I insist.
Insistence on being treated as individuals is
understandable.
Although it was raining, he was insistent on going out.
He insistently denied that he cheated on his wife.
integrity noun the quality of being honest and strong dishonesty maintain, defend, destroy integrity
about what you believe to be right He has a reputation for integrity in his business
dealings.
occasional adj. happening sometimes but not often or frequent occasionally (adv) He made occasional visits to his hometown.
regularly
dispatch noun a report sent to a newspaper from one In her latest dispatch, our war correspondent reported
of its writers who is in another town an increase in fighting.
or country
tough adj. difficult to do or deal with hard Things were pretty tough at first but then they got
better.
convey verb to communicate ideas, messages, or transmit clearly, vividly | accurately, adequately |
feelings with or without using words transfer effectively, successfully convey
The novel vividly conveys the experience of growing
up during the war.
I can’t convey my feelings in words.

Academic Word List 8

Word Form Meaning Synonym Antonym other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence

legislate verb if a government legislates, it makes a pass laws legislation (n) legislate for/against/on something
new law Turkey has just legislated against smoking indoors.
There is new legislation to protect the environment.
respond verb to give a spoken or written answer to react response (n) How quickly did the police respond to the call?
somebody/something reply I asked his name but he didn’t respond.
I’ve sent Dave 20 messages, but I didn’t get a response.
establish verb to start a company or organization set up establishment (n) UNICEF was established in order to protect children's

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that will continue for a long time found established (adj) rights and their survival.
This is an educational establishment.
We need established procedures for emergencies.
maximize verb 1. to make something as great in minimize 1. Some airlines have cancelled less popular routes in
amount, size or importance as an effort to maximize profits.
possible 2. Click on the square icon to maximize the window to
2. to make something larger on a full screen.
computer screen
constrain verb to control and limit something restrict constraint (n) Women's employment opportunities are often severely
constrained by family commitments.
Due to time constraints, we couldn’t finish the project.
correspond verb 1) to write, keep in touch keep in contact correspondence (n) 1. Helen and Diana usually correspond by e-mail.
2) to match or be similar or equal correspondent (n) 2. The American FBI corresponds to the British MI5.
His actions do not correspond with his actions.
His correspondence with Anne lasted many years.
Who is the correspondent of this letter?

domestic adj 1) of or inside a particular country; local non-native domestic violence/ affairs / politics / flights /chores
not foreign or international national 1. China has placed more emphasis on domestic oil
2) used in the home; connected with production.
the home or family 2. This women's support centre provides legal advice to
victims of domestic violence.
A housewife has many domestic duties.
integrate verb 1. to combine two or more things so merge separate integration (n) 1. The car's design successfully integrates art and/with
that they work together; to combine unite integrated (adj) technology.
with something else in this way disintegrate (v) 2. It's very difficult to integrate yourself into a society
2. to bring (people or groups with whose culture is so different from your own.
particular characteristics or needs) He didn’t integrate successfully into the Italian way of
into equal participation in or life.
membership of a social group or The integration of jazz and rock is noticeable in her
institution music.
She is now fully integrated into the German culture.
The Ottoman Empire disintegrated into small states.
overall adj/ 1. with everyone or everything inclusively 1. The overall winner, after ten games, will receive
adv included in general $250 000.
2. as a whole: in general The overall length of the new freeway is 2387 km.
2. Overall, the sale was a success.
decline verb 1) to become less in quantity, 1. decrease 1. increase 1. The number of tourists to Turkey declined by 10%
importance or strength 2. refuse 2. accept last year.
2) to politely refuse 2. Kate declined a second glass of wine and called for a
taxi.

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revenue noun the income that a government or earnings Taxes provide most of the government's revenue.
company receives regularly
achieve verb to succeed in finishing something or accomplish fail achievement (n) She finally achieved her ambition to visit South
reaching an aim, especially after a lot succeed achievable (adj) America.
of work or effort reach (a Teamwork is required in order to achieve these aims.
goal/aim) Jane’s project turned out to be a great achievement.
You should have achievable goals.
currency noun the money that is used in a particular The currency of European countries is the Euro.
country Having a single world currency has always been a
controversial issue.
fluctuate verb to change frequently in size, amount, rise and fall stabilize fluctuation (n) During the crisis, oil prices fluctuated between $20 and
quality, etc., especially from one vary be stable fluctuating (adj) $40 a barrel.
extreme to another Fluctuations in the temperature affected the farms.
There is a fluctuating demand for the product.

fee noun an amount of money that you pay for university fee, entrance fee, charge a fee
professional advice or services Does the bank charge a fee for setting up the account?
My dentist's fees seem to increase with every visit.
The health club charges an annual membership fee.

innovate verb to make changes in something innovation (n) Companies must constantly adapt and innovate to
established, especially by innovative (adj) ensure success in a growing market.
introducing new methods, ideas, or innovator (n) The latest innovations in technology are amazing.
products He is an innovative person.
She is a leading innovator in the industry.

eventual adj happening or existing at a later time final eventually (adv) We thought the project would cost $1 billion, however,
or at the end, especially after a lot of when it finished, the eventual cost was 50% higher.
effort, problems, etc. Eventually, we won the competition.

ambiguous adj. something that is ambiguous is vague clear ambiguity (n) I am not sure what Frank is doing tonight because when
unclear, confusing, or not certain, definite ambiguously (adv) I asked him he gave me an ambiguous answer.
especially because it can be I hate ambiguity.
understood in more than one way The novel ends ambiguously.

acknowledge verb to accept that something is true or admit deny acknowledgement acknowledge + V-ing/acknowledge + that + S + V/
that a situation exists recognize (n) After all of the public protests, the government
acknowledged that the tax was unfair.
She began to acknowledge her feelings of jealousy
towards him.
A hardworking employee can expect an

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acknowledgement of their success.

Language Leader Intermediate / Unit 12 Crime

Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence
charge verb to state officially that someone may accuse charge smo with smt/V-ing;
be guilty of a crime be charged with smt/V-ing
David was charged with stealing money from his
customers’ bank accounts.
The police charged the man with murder.
rob verb to steal money or property from a steal (from) robbery (n) The terrorists financed themselves by robbing banks.
person, bank etc. robber (n) Yesterday, there was a robbery at the bank.
He is a robber!
arrest verb if the police arrest someone, they take release A policeman has the authority to arrest lawbreakers.
that person to a police station because set free The young man was arrested for possession of illegal
they believe that he or she has drugs.
committed a crime
vandalise/ verb to damage or destroy things vandal (n) The park was vandalized during the night.
vandalize deliberately, especially public vandalism (n) A vandal attacked our shop.
property Vandalism is a serious crime.
track down phr. v to find someone or something after a find The police finally managed to track the robbers down in
(long) search the suburbs.

prove verb to show that something is true by proof (n) He tried to prove his theory to his friends.
providing facts, information etc. proven (adj) There is no proof that this gun belongs to me.
We use proven methods to treat this illness.
court noun the place where a trial is held, or the go to, take sb/sth to court
people there, especially the judge and We are prepared to go to court to get our compensation.
the jury who examine the evidence You can take them to court if they don’t pay the money
and decide whether someone is guilty they owe you.
or not
convict verb to prove or officially announce that convict (n) He was convicted of murder and sentenced to life
someone is guilty of a crime after a conviction (n) imprisonment.

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trial in a court The convict escaped from prison last night.
This is not his first conviction for stealing.
theft noun the crime of stealing stealing thief (n) petty | attempted | car, cattle, etc. theft
They are accused of theft from a newsagent's shop.
He is not a thief; those two women are thieves.
guilty adj. having done something that is a crime innocent guilt (n) deem sb, find sb, hold sb, prove sb guilty
guiltily (adv) The accused man was found guilty and sent to prison.
I felt a sense of guilt after the accident.
The kid looked up guiltily when his mom came in.
hold-up noun an attempt to rob a place or person hold up (phr. v) He was shot during an armed hold-up.
The bank was held up by four men.
chase verb to quickly follow someone or pursue chase (n) The police chased the suspect all the way to the mall.
something in order to catch them My favourite scene in the movie is the car chase scene.

jail noun a place where criminals are kept as jail (v) With good behaviour, she could be out of jail in two
part of their punishment years.
I was jailed for three months.

judge noun the official in control of a court who judge (v) The judge admitted the notes of the interview as
decides how criminals should be judgment (n) evidence.
punished Don’t judge a book by its cover.
It’s difficult to make a judgment about his behaviour.
demand verb to say in a very firm way that you demand (n) He demanded money from her when she inherited a
want something demanding (adj) large amount of money.
I demand that you leave immediately.
The workers said they wouldn’t end the strike until their
demands were met.
The demand for fish is high in this season.
Teaching is a demanding job but I like it.

blackmail n/v when someone tries to get money Jason was arrested for blackmail after threatening his
from you or make you do what they director to give him $250,000.
want by threatening to tell other Jason tried to blackmail his boss by threatening to
people your secrets talk to the media about the company’s financial
cyber-stalking noun the crime of following and watching stalk (v) It cannot be argued that the police is fully equipped to
someone in a threatening way using stalker (n) fight against cyber-stalking.
computers and the internet People stalk each other on Instagram.
John Lennon was murdered by a stalker.
bribery noun the crime of giving someone, bribe (v) The famous businessman has been arrested for bribery.
especially a public official, money or bribe (n) He tried to bribe the police, but the police didn’t accept
gift in order to persuade them to do it.

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something for you You mustn’t accept any bribes, it’s illegal.
smuggling noun the crime of taking something smuggle (v) arms, cocaine, drug, heroin, gold, ivory, etc.
illegally from one country to another smuggler (n) smuggling
The woman was accused of heroin smuggling.
Some people smuggle cigarettes across the border.
She was a drug smuggler.

pickpocketing noun the crime of stealing things from pickpocket (n) The number of pickpocketing incidents is on the rise as
people’s pockets the city attracts more tourists every year.
I didn’t know that girl was a pickpocket.
mugging noun an act of attacking someone and mug (v) A lot of people don’t go out at night because they are
stealing their money mugger (n) afraid of being mugged.
Mugging and other violent street crimes are on the rise
in big cities.
Muggers should be punished severely.
intention noun a plan or desire to do something aim intentional (adj) His intention in inviting us to dinner was to persuade us
purpose intentionally to back his project.
(adv) intend (v) If I hurt your feelings, it was not intentional.
I would never hurt anyone intentionally.
I intend to finish my thesis by June.
link verb to make a connection between two or connect link (n) closely, intimately | firmly, strongly, tightly | loosely |
more things or people directly, explicitly linked
Poverty and crime are directly linked.
There is a link between poverty and crime.
state verb to express something in speech or express statement (n) It is often stated that humans use only 10 percent of
writing, especially in a formal way declare their brains.
The doctors stated that her death was caused by lack of
food.
He refused to give a statement to the police.
Her statement has errors.
surroundings noun all the things that are present in a environment surround (v) adapt to, be in harmony with, blend into, blend (in)
place and that form the experience of with, fit into/in with surroundings
being there When people move to a new place, it takes them some
time to adapt to their surroundings.
Many high mountains surround this city.
vicious circle phr. a situation in which one problem Many people get caught in a vicious circle of dieting
causes another problem, that then and weight gain.
causes the first problem again, so that
the whole process continues to repeat
gain verb to obtain or achieve something that get It takes years to gain a mastery of Japanese.
you want or need Consumers have certainly gained from the increased

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competition in the telecommunications industry.
raid noun an attack by police, criminals etc. on raid (v) Five civilians died in the raid.
a building raider (n) The police raided the terrorist camp.
Armed raiders attacked the civilians.
witness n/v 1) (n). someone who sees a crime or eyewitness; be a witness to smt;
an accident and can describe what One witness of the accident said that the driver seemed
happened to be drunk.
2) (v) to see something happen, The police are looking for eyewitnesses.
especially a crime or accident
involve in verb to take part actively in a involvement (n) I didn't mean to involve you in all this.
particular activity I didn’t have any involvement in that robbery.
make off with phr. v to escape with something, especially Burglars made off with our television, stereo and some
something that you have stolen other valuables.
set off phr. v to make something explode detonate Terrorists set off a bomb in the city center last week.
obsess verb to think or worry about something all obsession (n) to be obsessed with
the time obsessive (adj) He is obsessed with computer games.
obsessively Playing computer games is an obsession for him.
(adv) I am obsessive about punctuality.
My sister worries obsessively about her appearance.
rebellious adj. deliberately not obeying people in dutiful rebellion (n) The streets were crowded with rebellious protesters
authority or rules of behaviour obedient rebel (v) against the war.
rebel (n) The army put down the rebellion.
rebelliously (adv) The students rebelled against the price rise in the
canteen.
He rejected his mom rebelliously.
suspense noun a feeling of excitement or anxiety build (up), create | break suspense
when you do not know what will Don't look at the end of the book yet; you'll break the
happen next suspense.

Academic Word List 12

Word Form English Meaning Synonym Antonym Other word forms Collocations/Sample Sentence
justify verb to give or to be a good reason for rationalize justification (n) justify doing sth
explain justification for doing sth
defend The owner of the company decided to cut the pay of
the employees, but it was very hard for him to justify
his decision.
Do you have any justification for telling me this lie?
potential adj likely to develop into a particular possible potentially (adv) With the help of Internet advertising, companies are
type of person or thing in the future likely trying to attract potential customers.
A lot of these chemicals are potentially very harmful.

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commit verb to do something wrong or illegal commit crime
Jack was sent to prison for committing murder.
enforce verb to make people obey a rule or law impose enforcement (n) The new speed limit is 60 km per hour, and the police
will enforce this limit by stopping drivers and fining
them.
Enforcement of the law is the police’s duty.
undergo verb to experience something which is experience undergo a change
unpleasant or which involves a The business world has undergone massive changes
change due to technological developments.
He underwent a life-saving brain operation.
confine verb to keep someone or something within limit free confinement (n) The study will not include the whole country; it will be
the limits of a particular activity or restrict confined to big cities.
subject Please confine your use of the phone to business calls.
The animals are kept in close confinement and I think
it is very cruel.
suspend verb to officially stop something from freeze suspension (n) The drug company announced that sales of their new
continuing, especially for a short time postpone drug will be suspended until more tests are completed.
discontinue The footballer got a three-match suspension after last
night’s match.
trigger verb to make something happen very activate trigger (n) Studies have shown that an allergy to certain types of
quickly, especially a series of events food can trigger serious illnesses.
Stress is a trigger for many diseases.
detect verb to notice or discover something, discover miss detective (n) Thanks to developments in medicine and technology,
especially something that is not easy find many forms of cancer can now be cured if they are
to see, hear etc. notice detected early.
The store detective was keeping a close eye on a
suspected shoplifter.
inspect verb to examine something carefully in examine inspection (n) After the accident, the police inspected the scene and
order to find out more about it or to inspector (n) interviewed all the witnesses.
find out what is wrong with it Please have your tickets ready for inspection.
The building inspector is visiting the new housing
project.
An inspection was carried out at school.
An inspector came to school.
reinforce verb to give support to an opinion, idea, or strengthen reinforcement (n) Most women’s magazines reinforce the idea that
feeling, and make it stronger women should always be slim.
This meeting will contribute to the reinforcement of
peace and security in the country.
discriminate verb to treat a person or group differently discrimination (n) It is illegal to discriminate against women in the
from another in an unfair way workplace.
There is still a lot of discrimination against black

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people around the world.
exceed verb to be more than a particular number surpass Under the law, working hours must not exceed 42
or amount hours a week.
Production costs have exceeded $50.000
incident noun an event, especially one that is There was a shooting incident in the neighbourhood
unusual, important, or violent last night. The police are now investigating it.
crime noun illegal activities in general offence criminal (adj) commit a crime, crime rate, organized crime
criminal (n) crime scene
According to research, people are more likely to
commit crimes when they are unemployed.
The causes of criminal behaviour are still unclear.
The criminals were caught on security cameras.
trace verb to find someone or something that track Because she was seen at the crime scene, the police are
has disappeared by searching for tracing young’s woman’s movements.
them carefully
deny verb to say that something is not true, or admit denial (n) deny one's guilt
that you do not believe something acknowledge Although the police have found evidence, the man still
denies that he has committed the murder.
Her denial of my advice hurts me.
eliminate verb to completely remove, get rid of or exclude elimination (n) If you want to lose weight, you should eliminate junk
take away food from your diet.
Their elimination from the competition was a great
surprise.
isolate verb to separate one person, group, or combine isolated (adj) Tom was isolated from the other prisoners because he
thing from other people or things connect isolation (n) had committed very serious crimes.
Jack’s farm is isolated; the nearest house is 30
kilometres away.
Danny retired last year and now he lives in complete
isolation.

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