Digital System Design Lab
Experiment No.-1
Aim: To verify the truth tables of logic gates: AND, OR, NOT, NAND. NOR, EX-OR and
Ex-NOR
Apparatus/Component Required: IC tester, Digital trainer kit and Digital 1Cs
S.No. SPECIFICATION
COMPONENT
2 i/p AND IC 7408
GATE
2 i/p OR GATE IC 7432
NOT GATE IC 7404
3.
2 i/p XOR IC 7486
4.
GATE
2 i/p NAND IC 7400
5
GATE
IC 7402
6
2 i/p NOR
IC 7410
1. GATE IC 7411
8.
3 i/p NAND IC 7427
9.
GATE
3 i/p AND
GATE
3 i/p NOR
GATE
4 i/p NAND IC 7420
10.
GATE IC 7421
11.
4 i/p ANDD IC 7425
12.
GATE
4 i/p NOR
GATE
2 i/p Ex-NOR IC74266
13
GATE
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Lab
Digital System Design
Theory:
BASIC GATES:
TheDigital Logic "AND" Gate at logic
which is normally
type of digital logic gate that has output
an
A LOgie AND Gate is a
are at logic level
evel
o andonly goes "HIGH" to a logic level "1" when ALL of its inputs are
"LOw" again when ANY ofits inputs
The output of a Logic AND Gate only returns
AND gate is that for
at a logic level "0". The logic or Boolean expression given for a logic
Logical Multiplication which is denoted by a single dot or full stop symbol,
() giving us the
Boolean expression of A.B =Q.
Then we can define the operation of a 2-input logic AND gate as being:
"If both A and B are true, then Q is true"
2-input AND Gate
Symbol Truth Table
B A Q
0
AO-
& -oQ
0
BO
2-input AND Gate 0
Booleen Expression Q=A.B Read as A AND B gives Q
Figure 1.1: Logic symbol and truth table of AND gate
Commonly available digital logic AND gate 1C's included:
TTL Logic Types CMOS Logic Types
74LS08 Quad 2-input .CD4081 Quad 2-input
.74LSI1 Triple 3-input .CD4073 Triple 3-input
74LS21 Dual 4-inputt .CD4082 Dual 4-input
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Digital System Design
Quad 2-1Input AND Gate IC 7408
Vcc B4 Q4
14-1312-111410-9H
Figure 1.2: Pin diagram of IC 7408
Triple 3-input AND Gate IC 7411
13
12
11
GND
741 1
Triple 3-Input
ND Gate
7411
Figure 1.3: Pin diagram of IC
Dual 4-input AND Gate IC 7421
LOGIC SYMBOL
GND
74ALS21 Dual 4-Input AND Gate
Figure 1.4: Pin diagram of IC 7421
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Design Lab
Digital System
The Logic "OR" Gate hich
E I C O K Gate or Inclusive-OR gate is a type ofdigital logic gate that has an ouput
ANY of its
level "1" when
and only goes "HIGH" to a logic
level "o"
ogic returns
nputs are at logic level "1". The output ofa Logic OR Gate only TOr a
expression given 1o
AL
Or its inputs are at a
logic level "0"., The logic or Boolean us
which is denoted by plus sign, (+) gIVIng n
ORgate Is that for Logical Addition a
Boolean expression of: A+B =Q.
Then we can define the operation of a 2-input logic OR gate as being
"If either A or B is true, then Q is true"
2-input OR Gate
Truth Table
Symbol
B Q
0 0
AO 0
-oQ
Bo- 0
2-input OR Gate
Boolean Expression Q= A+B Read as A OR B gives Q
awwwwwe wwwnaua o.swaa
Figure 1.5: Logic symbol and truth table of OR Gate
Commonly available OR gate IC's included:
TTL Logic Types CMOS Logic Typess
74LS32 Quad 2-input .CD4071 Quad 2-input
.CD4075 Triple 3-input
CD4072 Dual 4-input
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Digital System Design Iab
Quad 2-Input OR Gate IC 7432
Q4 A3 B33 O3
Vcc A4 B4
1413H12H11H10H9H
Figure 1.6: Pin diagram ofIC 7432
The Digital Logic "NOT" Gate Digital Inverter)
sometimes
NOT Gate is the most basic of
all the logical gates and is
The digita! Logic device
Inverter. It is a single input
or simply a Digital
referred to as an Inverting Buffer "LOW" to a logic level
at logic level "1" and goes
which has an output level that is normally its
it "inverts" (complements)
is at logic level "1", in other words
"0 when its single input NOT gate only returns "HIGH" again
when its input is at
from a
input signal. The output of: A Q. -
the Boolean expression
logic level "0" giving us NOT gate as being:
of a single input logic
Then we can define the operation
then Q is true"
"If A is NOT true,
Truth Table
Symbol
A
AO1
-0Q
0
Inverter or NOT Gate
Read as inverse of A gives Q
Boolean Expression Q= not
A or A
1.7: Logic symbol and
truth table of OR gate
Figure
and an input
at "A" HIGH, the output at "Q" will be LOW
Then, with an input voltage voltage at "Q" is HIGH producing
the complement
Resulting output
voltage at "A"LOWthe available logic NOT gate
and Inverter IC's
include
of the input signal. Commonly
CMOSLogic Types
TTL Logic Types CD4009 Hex Inverting NOT Gate
NOT Gate
74 LS04 Hex Inverting CD4069 Hex Inverting NOT Gate
Gate
74LS04 Hex Inverting NOT
74LS14 Hex
Schmitt Inverting NOT Gate
Drivers
74LS1004 Hex Inverting
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Digital System Design
Hex Inverter Gate IC 7404
Vcc AG Q6 A5 5
AJ Q3 GND
Figure 1.8: Pin diagram of IC 7404
UNIVERSAL GATESS:
The Logic "NAND" Gate
he Logic NAND Gate is a combination of the digital logic AND gate with that of an
nverter or NOT gate connected together in series. The NAND (Not AND) gate has an
output that is normally at logic level "1 " and only goes "LOW" to logic level "0" when ALL
otits inputs are at logic level "1". The Logic NAND Gate is the reverse or "Complementary"
form of the AND gate we have seen
previously.
Logic NAND Gate Equivalencee
AO
& -oQ= AB
Bo
2-input "AND" gate plus a "NOT" gate
Figure 1.9: Equivalent circuit of NAND gate using AND and NOT gate
The logic Boolean
or
expression given for a logic NAND gate is that for Logicai Addition,
which is the opposite to the AND
gate, and which it performs on the
inputs. The Boolean expression for a logic NAND gate is denoted a complements
of the
by single dot or full stop
symbol, () with a line or Overline, ( ) over the expression to
negation of the NAND gate giving us the Boolean expression of: signify the NOT or logical
define the operation A.B=Q. Then we can
of a 2-input logic NAND gate as being:
"If either A or B are NOT true, then Q is true'"
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Digital System Design Lab
Symbol Truth Table
B A Q
AO & -oQ
0
BO-
0
2-input NAND Gate
Boolean Expression Q= A.B Read as A AND B gives NOT Q
Figure 1.10: Logic symbol and truth table of NAND gate
Commonly available logic NAND gate IC's including:
TTL Logic Tvpes CMOS Logic Tynes
74LS00 Quad 2-input CD4011 Quad 2-input
74LS10 Triple 3-input .CD4023 Triple 3-input
o 74LS20 Dual 4-input CD4012 Dual 4-input
74 LS30 Single 8-input
Ouad 2-Input NAND Gate IC 7400
4 A3 B3 Q3
1110
Figure 1.11: Pin diagram of IC 7400
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Design Lab
Digital System
Iriple Input NAND Gate 1C 2410
Figure 1.12: Pin diagram of IC 7410
Dual4-Input NAND Gate IC 7420
2Y
LLN
D Y GND
7420
Figure 1.13: Pin diagram of IC 7420
The Logic "NOR" Gate
The Logic NOR Gate or Inclusive-NOR
gate is a combination of the digital logie OR
with that of an inverter or NOT gate
gate connected together in series. The NOR (Not
OR)
normally at logic level "1" and only goes "LOW" to logic level "0" gate
-
has an output that is
ANY of its inputs are at when
logic level "1", The Logic NOR Gate is the
reverse or
"Complementary" form of the OR gate we have seen previously.
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Digital System Design Lab
NOR Gate Equivalent
Ao-
21)A+B -00=AB
B0
2-input "OR" gate plus a"NOT gate
Figure 1.14: Equivalent circuit of NOR gate using OR and NOT gate
The logic or Boolean expression given for a logic NOR gate is that for Logical Multiplication
which it performs on the complements ofthe inputs. The Boolean expression for a logíc NOR
gate is denoted by a plus sign. (+) with a line or Over line, ( ) over the expression to signify
the NOT or logical negation ofthe NOR gate giving us the Boolean expression of: A+B Q.
Then define the operation
we can
ofa 2-input logic NOR gate as being:
"If both A and B are NOT true, then Q is true"
Symbol Truth Tatie
B A Q
A
Bo- -o 1
2-input NOR Gate 1 0
Boolean Expression Q=A+B Read as A OR B gives NOT Q
Figure 1.15: Logic symbol and truth table of NOR gate
Commonly available NOR gate IC's include:
TTL Logic Types CMOS Logie Types
74LS02 Quad 2-input .CD4001 Quad 2-input
.741.S27 Triple 3-input CD4025 Triple 3-input
74L$260 Dual 4-input . CD4002 Dual 4-input
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Lab
Design
System
Digital
Quad 2-Input NOR Gate 7402
4B 4A 4Y 3B 3A 3Y
Vcc
1413 12 11 109
L
1A 1B 1Y 2A 2B 2Y GND
Figure 1.16: Pin diagram of IC 7402
Triple 3-Input NOR Gate IC 7427
7427
Figure 1.17: Pin diagram of IC 7427
Dual 4-Input NOR Gate IC 7425
L
7425
Figure 1.18: Pin diagram of IC 7425
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Digital System Design Lab
The Exclusive-OR Gate (Ex-OR Gate)
The output of an Exclusive-OR gate ONLY goes "HIGH" when its two input terminals are at
"DIFFERENT" logic levels with respect to each other and they can both be at logic level "1"
or both at logic level "0" giving us the Boolean expression of. Q= A'B+ AB'. The
Exclusive-OR Gate function is achieved is achieved by combining standard gates together to
form more complex gate functions. An example of a 2-input Exclusive-OR gate is given
below.
2-inputEx-OR Gate
Truth Table
Symbol
B
A O- o o
BO =1
2-input Ex-OR Gate
Boolean Expression Read as A OR B but NOT BOTH gives Q
Q-A DB
TTL Logic Types CMOS Logic Types
74LS86 Quad 2-input CD4030 Quad 2-input
Figure 1.19: Logic symbol and truth table of XOR gate
Quad 2-1nput Ex-OR Gate IC 7486
Vcc A4
14-13-12-1-10H9H
A1 02 GND
Figure 1.20: Pin diagram of IC 7486
The Exclusive-NOR Gate
The output of an Exclusive-NOR gate ONLY goes "HIGH" when its two input terminals, A
and B are at the "SAME" logic level which can be either at a logic level "1" or at a logic level
"0". Then this type of gate gives and output "1" when its inputs are "logically equal" or
"equivalent" to each other, which is why an Exclusive-NOR gate is sometimes called an
Equivalence Gate.
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Lab
Digital System Design
Ex-NOR Gate Equivalent
Ao-
Bo- -1 A 0 Q AeB
2-input "Ex-OR" gate plus a "NOT" gate
Figure 1.21: Equivalent circuit of XNOR gate using XOR - NOT gate
Symbol Truth Table
B A Q
AO- 0
-oQ
Bo-
2-input Ex-NOR Gate 0 0
Boolean Expression Q= A XNOR B Read if A AND B the SAME gives Q
Figure 1.22: Logic symbol and truth table of XNOR gate
In general, an Exclusive-NOR gate will give an output value of logic "1" ONLY when there
are anEVEN number of l's on the inputs to the
gate (the inverse of the Ex-OR gate) except
when all its inputs are "LOW".
Commonly available Exclusive-NOR gate lIC's include:
TTL Logie Types CMOS
74LS266 Quad 2-input Logic Types
CD4077 Quad
2-input
Quad 2-Input Ex-NOR Gate IC 74267
NG
Figure 1.23: Pin diagram of IC 74267
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Digital System Design iab
Procedurc
. Test the digital 1Cs with the help of IC tester.
Make the connections on the breadboard as per the pin diagram. Connect the inputs of
logic gate to the logic sources and its output to the logic indicator.
any
Apply various input combinations and observe output for each one.
.Verify the truth table for each input/ output combination.
Repeat the process for all other logic gates.
Ex-OR and Ex-NOR
Output: The truth tables of logic gates: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR
are verified using their 1Cs.
which is proved during this
Result: In conclusion, each basic gate works in unique way, is
the operation of the basic logic gate. It
experiment. We used the truth table to examine OR
in basis of Boolean Algebra. AND Gate,
proved from experiment that logic gates work made of these
the basic gates. All the combinational logic gates
are
Gate and NOT Gate are
to
be used as input for another logic gate
three basic gates. Output from one logic gate can
studied how logic gates work on the
basis of
form combinational logic gate. So, we have
Boolean algebra.
Discussions:
Q1. Define the term digital and analog.
Q2. What is IC?
Q3. Define the Basic and universal gates. possibilities will
possibilities, how many of those
Q4. If a 3-input NOR gate has eight input
Result in a HIGH output?
by the + sign in Boolean algebra?
Q5. Which of the logical operations represented
is
variables can a NOT Gate have?
Q5. How many no. of input
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