CHAPTER gi Distribution System IMETHODS OF DISTRIBUTION Water is forced in the distribution system by following ways: @ Gravitational system )) Direct pumping Gi) Combined system Gravitational System In this system, water from hgih level source is distributed at lower levels by simple action of gravity without pumping. * This system works well where lakes are, available at the top of a hill. Direct Pumping + Inthe direct pumping system, the treated water, instead of pumping to the service or distribution reservoir, is directly pumped to the distribution mains. Since water demand vary, pumps are required to be run at variable speed to meet water requirement at different time periods. Due to variable speed, the pumps do not work at their maximum efficiency, hence, the system is not so economical. Combined System * In this system of water supply, pumping and gravity system is combined. The treated water is pumped and stored in an elevated distribution reservoir or tank and from the distribution tank, it is fed to the distribution system by the action of gravity. Pump works at constant and convenient schedule and the pressure can be maintained uniformly during the supply. System of Supply There are two system of supply of water: @ Continuous supply, (i) Intermittent supply - * Incontinuous supply water is supplied continuously to the consumers. tly at peak hours or if the shortage of water is, + In termittent supply, water is supplied most : there then ‘the whole distribution area is divided into different zones and water is supplied to the different zones at different fixed timings.VIRON| 60 EN MENT ‘OUTS OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ‘The distribution pipe system consists of mains, submains, branches, laterals and finally service connections. , . Pipes, except the service connections, are usually made of cast iron with some type of coating to avoid rusting where as for service connections galvanised iron pipes are used. , Distribution pipe are mostly laid along the road below the footpath. Depending upon local conditions and orientation of roads, any of the following pattern of layouts is adopted singly or in combination, @ Dead end or tree system (i) Grid system or reticular system. Gii) Ring or circular system. (jv) Radial system. Dead End System + The system is also known as tree system. The system has one main pipe from which a number of submains bifurcate and from each submains several branched pipes separate out which are known as laterals. From laterals house connections are given to different houses. M- Main pipe SM-Sub main B- Branch pipe CV- Cut oft valve ®BA® L@ | 2, [ss ae Such type of distribution system is followed for old towns wher: e the he unplanned way. e houses come up in a very System is easy'to design and is cheap and simple, there are some drawbacks, Water can reach ata particular point only through one route, hence, if some fault creep in, water supply gets disturbed in that area because water conveyance is uni-directional only : ‘There are many dead ends which prevent free circulation of water. Stagnant water has to be removed periodically b: idi eevee eaeane alee se 'y by providing scour valves at dead ends, and this Grid System The system is also known as reticular system, + In this system one main pipe runs through “ i centre ? sa ener eed and branches and laterals run in grid patter”JFTURIBUTION SYSTEM Since the mains, branches and laterals are inter- connected hence dead ends are eliminated and water reaching at different locations through more than one route. At the time of fire, water can be diverted to the affected area by closing cut-off valves of other areas, Since the pipe lines get water from different directions, design is a bit difficult, size of pipes are larger and more number of sluice valves are required. The system is most suited for a planned city where roads and streets are provided in planned rectangular and square grid patterns. + The system is also known as interlaced system. Disadvantage «This system requires more length of pipe lines, valves). © The design is difficult and costlier. 161 cut ott and a large number of sluice valve (Le. cut-offENVIRONMENT 162 Ring System «The system is also known as circular system The aystem consists of a main pipe all round the area: @— Main ire Submis @— Paes ol pene Radial System «Avery big area is divided in several zone and at the centre of each zone a distribution reservoir is kept. «This method gives higher service head and efficient water distribution. IDETE! (ON OF LEAKAGE IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM} ‘The following methods may be used for detectin: mains = g the leakage of water from the under ground water @ By direct observations. (i) By using sounding rod ii) By plotting hydraulic gradient line and Gv) By using waste detecting meters. By Using Sounding Rods «In this method, a sharp pointed metal rod is thrust into the ground along the pipe line and pulled up for inspection. «Its moist or muddy, point will preliminarily indicate the presence of leakage. ‘The sound of the escaping water can also be heard by placing the ear on the top of the inserted rod. ‘Such notices produced by leaks can also be magnified by a stethoscope type instrument called an aquaphone or a sonoscope; so as to facilitate better hearing of sounds. By Plotting the Hydraulic Gradient Line + In this method, the pressures at various points alo1 spected pipe line are measured and the points along a suspect iB ai ure ‘The appearance of any kink or change in the slope of the hydraulic gr: will indicate the the slope of tl ry gradient lime will inDISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 163 By using waste detection meters «The name given t ee or ane yaa Tees eae tlalonding because these meters donot measure the actually consumtption such as during Behe ‘OW passing through a water main during the period of low ¢ Deacon's waste w: i ri ater detection meters are widely used, as they are quite sensitive and accurate. PRESSURE IN THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Minimum residual pressures should be provided at the ferrule pointe Single storey buildings — Two storey buildings = — Three storey buildings = — 7m above ground level. 12 m above ground level. 17 m above ground level, ‘The distribution system is not designed for residual building booster pumps should be provided. Pressure more than 22 meters. Hence for high rise ANALYSIS OF NETWORK OF PIP! «Analysis of pipe network includes determination of,quantities of flow and head loss in various pipe lines and resulting residual water head. The Hazen-Williams is mostly used for computation of flow through pipes and following two methods are used for analysii @ Equivalent pipe method (i) Hardy cross method. Equivalent Pipe Method © In thie method different small loops are. replaced by an imaginary single equivalent pipes having same discharge capacities and causing dame head loss © The equivalent pipe method is used imsolving large network of pipes. Hardy-Cross Method In this eystem of analysis, a dist#ibution of flow in the network is assumed and resulting head losses are balanced. Formulae of the pipe flow are used to evaluate losses and successive corrections are made in the flow until the network is hydraulically balanced. In pipe network following two conditions are to be satisfied. 7 g @) The algebraic Gum 6f thé pressure drops around a closed loop must be zero. (i) The flow entering stion must be equal to the flow leaving the same junction. i.e.In each lop loss of head due to flow in clockwise direction must be equal to Joss of head due to flow i Jockwise direction. Loss of head is h, = 7Q". Steps * Assume flow in each pipe satisfying continuity eq. * Take clockwise flow as (+) ve Anti clockwise flow as (-) ve164 ENVIRONMENT (Ee dime" | * Modification in discharge AQ = + AQis added algebrically. The following example illustrates the method Find the discharge through each pipe in the network of pipe shown below: (Taken n = 2) 20 —> 50 100 30 T=4 Bol. Loop ABC 15 20<—2 D>50 35 »35 70 100. A 30 Cc 80: Pipe | 1Q* |2rQ| B AB | 2x70* | 2x2x70 a BC | 1x35? | 2x1x35 70-13 = 57 CA | -4x30? | 2x4x30 i C 7425 590 ~43 = -(80+13) 1425, NO ear 2 590 8 Loop BCD | Bop | _x@? 2Q BD | 5x15? | 2x5x15 15 +5 = 20 DC | -1x36? | 1x2x35 CB | -1x35% | 1x2x81 Boa aaS | | 1325 _|~ 200 eeeDISTRIBUTION SYSTEM > aQ 20 17 57. 430 100 ——> 30 43 Modified network Modify till AQ = 0 The final discharges are as shown below. 17 20: 50 58 33 100 30 42 is shown in figure. Evaluate the distribution of flow in the pipe network shown in figure As the pipes are rough the flow may be assumed to be turbulent and head loss h,, may be taken as kQ®. The value of k for each pipe Sol. Assume n = 2 for Mesene ‘s formula for rough pipes and turbulent flow. = kQ? Considering loop ABD Pipe | Assumed | k(given) | hy, =kQ* [2kQ| flow Q AB 30 2 1800 120 BD 30 1 900 60 DA =30 2 =1800 120 y= (+)900 | Y= 300166 ENVIRONMENT Dh. 900 = (-)—S = (-) = (-)8.0 & (S99) "(500 Correct flow in different pipes AB = 80 - 8 = 27.0 BD = 80 - 3 = 27.0 -80 -— 3 = - 33.0 2nd Trial Pipe | Assumed flow Q K(given) | hy =kQ? | [2kQ| | 182 y= 204 9 Apropo second correction corrected flow are AB = 27 — 0,08 = 26.97 » 27.0 BD = 27 —8 = 26.97 = 27.0 DA = -38 — 0,08 = -38.08 « -33.0 Considering loop BCD Assumed | k(given) | hy, = kQ? flow Q $0 ee [180] [ss] [ 2= 634 | ql ara i | a | a] [TE = yer |S 54ENVIRONMENT 166 — Lh 900 =(-) = = (-) = = (-)3.0 mt OF Kal 500 . Correct flow in different pipes AB = 80 - 3 = 27.0 30 - 8 = 27.0 DA = -80 - 3 = - 83.0 2nd Trial 9 dy =(~)o =(-)0.08 second correction corrected flow are AB = 27 - 0.08 = 26.97 = 27.0 BD = 27 — 3 = 26.97 27.0 DA = -33 - 0.08 = -33,03 ~ -33.0 Considering loop BCD -729 54 [a= Gyee71 | y= 634ee eee 167 > hy A, (oe x >12kQ| +. Corrected flow BC = 50 - 10.36 = 39.64 CD = -30 ~ 10.36 = -40,36 DB = ~80 ~ 10.36 = ~40,36 2nd Trial Pipe | Assumed | k(given) | h, =kQ® | [2kQ] flow Q BC | 39.64 4 6285.32 | 158.56x2 cD | 40.36 3 =4886.79 | 121.08x2 DB [ -40.36 1 1628.93 | 40.36x2 D=-230.4 | y= 640 230.4 Ay = (= = 0.36 2 =(-) 340 Corrected flow. BC = 39.64 + 0.36 = 40.0 OD = -40.36 + 0,36 = -40.0 DB = ~40.36 + 0.36 = -40.0 Final Flow Pipe | AB| BC | CD | DA | BD Flow | 27 | 40 | -40 | -33 | 40 .PPURTENANCES IN PLUMBING SYSTEM| Appurtenanees used in plumbing system includes Ferrules, goose neck pipe, service pipe, water meters, stop cock, water taps, bib cocks, spouts, pipe fittings such as bends, crosses, tees, elbows, unions, CaPs, plugs, flanges etc. Ferrules * It is a right-angled sleeve made of non-ferrous metal mostly of brass or gun metal * _ Itis joined to the opening drilled in the water main with the plug. A tee branch connection off the main is used to connect the service pipe leading to domestic connection. * Its size usually varies between 10 to 50 mm diameter. Goose Neck * It isa small curved flexible pipe for making connection between ferrule and service pipe. * They are usually of about 75 cm length and made of lead to provide flexibility. * This flexible pipe is provided to take care in the settlement of the service pipe due to overburden load in due course. It provides ease in connecting service pipe with the ferrule. Service Pipe * It is a galvanised iron pipe of nominal size (internal diameter) less than 50 mm. + Itis laid below ground level making a trench. It supplies water to individual buildings through the municipal main * It is connected to the main through ferrule and goose neck.ENVIRONMENT 168 oe aire it is conne aa is provided before the water meter (if the water meter is provided). Crseerelt a eta a the end of the service pipe and close to the boundary wall of the premises i er opening the watee * Itis housed in a small masonry chamber with a removable cover for stooping or op > supply to the premises, ; ; och . When water meter is provided, both the water meter and stop cock is housed in the same chamber, Water supply ‘to premises ‘Water main tS sash Water Meter , , * Water meters are connected after the stop cock to measure the quantity of water supplied to a premises, * They are classified according to the method of measuring flow. mainly there are two types of meters: @ Velocity or inferential meters () Positive or displacement meters Velocity or Inferential Meters * Such types of meters measure the horizontal velocity of water flowing through them. They measure large flow and are often used by industries for measuring large supply. Positive or Displacement Meters ts * They work by the flow of water causing a piston to recij the movement finally tor@ system of dials, which rej iprocate within a cylinder and communicating gister the quantity of flow. eDOCS eM Stra rete Balancing reservoir is‘pfo capacity of balancing or service reservoirs is worked out wi outflow by mass curve method or by analytical tabular solu Mass Curve Method * A mass diagram is the plot of accum First hourly demand for all 24 hour: Cumulative demand is plotted against time, wht cumulative supply against time is plotted, which is a stecion itn i supply ' ight line if the ou he storage required is calculated as the sum of the t Supply is constant. T supply lines,DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM From (2-4) From (4-5-1-2) From (4-5) From (1-2) From (2-3) From (8-4) (ili Total storay Teta storage required Cumulative demand or supply in 10° litres Demand curve o ‘Time in hours (Continuous supply) ‘Total storage required SA+B ‘Cumulative demand or supply in 10" litres We Water Water” © Water getting getting got Stored depleted ‘Stored Demand rate > supply rate water getting depleted Demand rate < supply rate water getting stored accumulation = B accumulation = A depletion depletion = B => Max, water that would be stored = A + B (ie, From 4-2) Max. water that would be depleted = A + B (i.e. From 2-4) 169ENVIRONMENT 170 Analytical Method , ‘ In this method cumulative hourly demand and cumulative hourly supply are Eaeaea a ag hours, The hourly excess demand and hourly excess supply are worked out. The sunlit) ttm of the excess of demand and the maximum of excess of supply gives the require g y. i i te of 200 litres per person i Jation of 1.5 lakhs and it has to be supplied water at the rat 3 per pers ae rhe hourly variation in demand is given in the table. Find out the eapacity of the distribution rerermnit to be provided for balancing the variable demand against a constant rate of pumping: @ when the pumping is done for all the 24 hours, @ when pumping is done from 6 -11 am. and then 2-9 p.m. Period of days) 9 4 | 4.g | 12/1216 | 16-20 | 20-24 in hours %of average | 14 | 79 | 190| 88 | 166 | 70 hourly flow Sol. ‘Average daily eupply = 200 x 15,000 = 80 X 106 litres = 30 million litres ‘Average hourly demand = 30/24 = 1.25 million litres, [Period] Demand] Cum | Cum. | Const | um. | Excessof [Excess of| inhrs |inunitsof |demand in|demand in| pumping |pumping| demandi0 | supply in Avghrly,| termsof | million | ratein | inML |ML-Col(4)| ML=Col. demand | Avghrly. | Itre(Col3 | ML/hr Col(6) | 6-Col4 x1.25ML) l(vevalues)| +ve values) T z 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 | 016 | 016 | 020 | 126 | 1.26 = 1.05 2 | 016 | 082 | 040 | 125 | 260 = 2.10 3 [016 | 048 | 060 | 125 | 876 3.15 4 [016 | 064 | 0.80 | 125 | 600 = 420 3 | 070 | 184 | 167 [135 | 626 4.575 @ | 070 | 204 | 265 | 125 | 760 = 4.95 7 [070 | 274 | $425 | 126" | 876 s 5.525 S| 070 | 34a | 4.90 | 1.25 | 10.00 = 7a 9 | 100 | 6a | 0076 | 1.98 | 1196 = 676 qo [190 | 724 | 905 | 1.28 | 13.60 = RG | 100 | eid | i426 135) 1876 = eae iz [100] 1104 | 1380 | 1.38 | 16.00 2 a is | 088 | i192 | 1490 [1.25 | i025 = is 14 |_088 | 1200 | 1600 | 1.26 | 17.50 = 150 16 [088 [1868 | 17.10 | 135 | tas a 160 16 | 0.88 | 1456 | 1820 | ~1.28 | 90-00 2 ; i7_|166 [162220275 | a.98 | aa = zm 18 [166 | 1788 | 22.95 | 1281 ga80 = ar 19_| 1.68 [10.66 | 24406 | 1.98} a6] a 20 166 21.20 | 2650 125 26.00 1,500 = 2i_| 0.70 27378 | 136 F = 2628 | 1.125 = | ~070 x 3625 | 196 | 97.80] O76 070” |" 28.80 |“a9.195| 4.267] “gate coaTe = 070 [24.00 | 80.00 [4.25 | ~s000 = =DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM From above table, it is observed that @ the maximum excess of demand = 1.5 million litres @) the maximum excess of supply = 5,70 million litres Hence, total storage required = sere (a) + (b) = 1.5 + 5.7 = 7.2 million litres Case Gi) when pumping is done for limited period. When pumping is done from 6 a.m. to 11 ayia = Ze wilin ecg P.m. and 2 p.m. to 9 pm. ie., 12 hrs, ie., Rate of supply om the above table, the rhe maximum excess of supply = :. Total storage requ (EE eee 2.625 million litres maximum excess of demand = 3.50 mill jred = 3.5 + 2.625 = 6.126 million litres (Ans.) Period] Demand] "Cum, [Cats] Const. |” Gum. xcesof [Excesof lemandin|demandin|pumping| pumping| demand10 | supplyin Avghhrly.| termsof | million | ratein | inML |ML=Col.(4)|ML=Col. demand | Avghrly. |Itrs(Col3| ML/hr ~Col,(6) | 6-Col | x1.25ML) \G-vevalues)| +ve values) z a 8 4 5 6 7: 3 1 | 016 | 016 0.20 Supa 700 = 2 | 016 | 032 | 040 Ses 0.40 = 3 [016 | 048 | 0.60 Bee 0.60 = 4 [ 070] 06a | 0.80 See nae 0.80 = 5 | 070 | 184 _| 1675 E S 1675 S 6 | 070 | 204 | 265 = 2 2.55 = 7 [oom | ara | sams | 26 | 26 | 0996 = 3 | 070 | sa | 400 | 26 | 60 E 070 o [100 | 5a | ees | 26 | 15 = 0.825 10 | 190 | 724 905 | 25 | 100 = 0.850) Tf 90 | ead | 495 [26 | 12.50 eS L076 72] 190 | 104 [18.80 =) 1980 | _180 z 7s] oss fee | 1490 | ‘| 1280 [240 = iz-}—o8s | 1280] 1600 [| - | 1260 | 3.60 = e108 | ise8 | 70 | 25 [1600 | 210 = se7[ nose | ase | te20 | 28 | 1780 [0.70 = 7-168] 16.22 | 20275 | 25 | 2000 | 0276 = je} ies | irs | 22.96 | 25 | 22.60 = 0.160 jo} 108 | ntoea | pean | 25 | 2500 zs 0575 ree] enzo 2600 | a8 | 27.50 5 700. sr] 070] 200 | 27.875 | 26 | 9000 = 2.625 arom | anon) seas | =| 8000 = 176 a eee A = 0875 070 | 2400 | 90.00 =| 80.00 z E ion litres 17112 Calculate the storage required to supply the demand shown in the following table ifthe inflow of water to the reservoir is maintained at a uniform rate throughout 24 hours. ‘Time 00-04 | 04-08 | 08-12 | 12-16 | 16-20 | 20-24 Demand in | 048 | 087 | 1.93 | 1.00 | 0.82 | 0.64 million litres Sol. ).48 + 0.87 + 1.33 + 1.0 + 0.82 + 0.54 = 5.04 million litres Total supply during the day = Total demand = 5.04 million litres Constant hourly supply = 5.04/24 = 0.21 Ml 4hourly supply = 0.21 x 4 = 0.84 MI Total demand during the day ‘Timein|Demand| Cum. |Pumping| Cum. Excessof Excessof hrs in. ‘demand| inMI |pumping |demand(Col.3 |supply(Col.5- million | _inMI inMI -Col.5)(+ve Col.8)(+ve valuesonly) | valuesonly) _ cy) @) @). @) 6) @ a 0-4 0.48 0.48 0.84 0.84 =- 0.36 4-8 0.87 1.865, 0.84 1.68 = 0.36 e12 | 193 | 268 | 084 | 202 6 = 12-16 1,00 3.68: 0.84 3.36 0.32 — 16-20 0.82 4,60 0.84 4.40 0.10 — 20-24 0.54 5.04 0.84 5.04 = — From above table, it is observed that the maximum of excess of demand = 0,32 MI and the maximum of excess of supply = 0.36 MI. Therefore, total storage required = .32 + 0.36 = 0.69 MI = 680,000 litres (Ans.) ‘A town has population of one lakh. It is to be supplied wi i per day, The eeiiehion Wi demand teas follower” Ta cies Be tie of 200 litres per head Gam. to9am. : 40% of total 9 a.m, to 12 noon : 10% of total 12 noon to 3 p.m. : 10% of total 3p.m.to6p.m. : 15% of total 6p.m.to9p.m. : 25% of total Determine the capacity of the service reservoi ft % iB 6am ‘rvoir when the pumping is at a uniform rate from 6 a.m: Sol. ‘Total daily requirement = 1,00,000 x 200 = 20 x 10° = 20 MISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 473 jalculation for cumulative demand Period [No.of | Rateof |Demandin|] Cumulative hours[ demand MI demand in MI 6am.-9p.m. | 8 | 40% of 20MI 8 8 Gam.-12noon| 3 | 10% of 20 MI 2 10 12noon-Sp.m.| 3 | 10% of 20 MI 2 12 Sp.m.-6p.m. | 3 | 15% of 20MI 3 16 6p.m.-9p.m. | 3 | 25% of 20MI 6 20 Demand and supply lines have been draw in firm and dotted lines-respectively in Figure. Two maximum ordinates enclosed between demand and supply lines have been red out as 5 million litres and 3 million litres respectively. Cumulative flow in M litres ——> & Ge Ona ONT 10 Be 6 AM AM PM PM PM AM AM Time in hours ——> +, Total storage required = 5 + 3 = 8 million litres (Ans.) Pesca i i . Gi following data, calculate th An d tank is to be provided for a town water supply. Given the g data, s Ste ae, of the fae without any fire demand, Tank is empty between 12 to 15 hours. () Rate of pumping = 26,000 litres/hr (i) Hours of pumping = 4 to 12 and 16 to 28 hrs.174 ENVIRONMENT No, [Time (hr) [Hours | Water | Water pumped | demanded 1 0-4 4 0 13,333 2 46 2 50,000 | 40,000 3 | 610 4 100,000 | 120,000 4 | 10.12 2 50,000 | 83,338 6 [12-16 3 0 25,000 6 16-16 if 26,000 8,333 7_|_ 16-20 4 100,000 | 106,666 8 20-23 3 75,000. 50,000 9 | 23-24 I 0 3,885 Sol. Problem has been solved analytically in table given below. 2 given in the question, the tank is empty between 12 and 16 hours. Hence, we shall start from Sl. No. 5. At SI. No. 6 storage is (+) 16,666 again at S. No. 7, it has reduced by 6666 litres, Hence, net storage is (16,000-6,666) = 10,000 and so on proceed SI. No, 8, 9, 1, 2, 8 and finally at 4 S1.No.] Time | Hours | Water | Water] Accumulation | Waterin Pumped | demanded | (+),drawoff | service (litres) | (litres) | Col.4-Col.5 | reservoir in(litres) 1 2 3 4 5 @ 7 1 0-4 | 4 = 18,388 (=)18;888 18,333 2 4-6 | 2 | 60,000 | 40,000 (+)10,000 28,333 3 | 6-10 | 4 | 100,000 |. 120,000 (=)20, 000 8,333 4 | 10-12] 2 | 50,000 | 33,233 (4) 16,667 25,000 5 |12-15] 3 0 25,000 (-)26,000 0 6 | 15-16} 1 | 25,000 | 8,333 (+) 16,667 16,667 7 | 16-20} 4 | 100,000 | 106,666 (-) 6,666 10,001 8 | 20-23} 8 | 76,000} 50,000 (+) 26,000 85,001 9 jose] 1 9 3,885, (=)3,335 31,666 Now from Column No, 7, it is clear that maximum balance sto capacity of the tank should be 35,001 litres (Ans.) A service water tank is receiving water from the treatment plant at a rate of 200 m/hr fe 4 4 ea 24 hours. ‘The high lift pumps are 8 water from the same tank at following rates; 4-14 hrs @120 m/br and 15-24 hrs @ 400 m*hr. Determine the capacity for the servies water tank, rage is 35,001 litres. Hence, minimum Sol. The problem has been solved in the table given below, The cumulative supply over demand ive, i i cance ee +. excess supply to the tank is 1800 m3, Hence, the capacity ee NN errDISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 17 —— Timein | Demand from Cumulative | Supply in the Cumulative | Accumulation hour | clear water tank | demand clear water | supply (m3 )| (+) draw oft lifted by high litt fromclear | tank (m3 ) (-)Col.5-Col.3 Pumps(m®) | tant (am? ) 1 2 3 5 6 0-4 Nil Ni 800 (4800 4-14 | 120x10=1500 1200 2800 1600 14-15 Nil 1200 3000 (+) 1800 16-24 | 400x9=a800 _|__ 4800 | 300x9=1800 4800 0 Discuss the location and height of distribu Sol. A distribution reservoir should be located in the centre of the distribution area so that maximum reach could be served, It should be nearer to the area of heaviest demand so that friction loss through It is preferable to pipes is minimum, located them at the highest elevation available in the area so that sufficient head is available in distribution » system. Next point to be considered keeping in view of above points is that they should be placed between pumping station and distribution area, For a town daily requirement of ition reservoirs, water for supply to the population is 2 lakhs litres, The Pattern of draw off is as follows; Sam. to9am. - 30% of day's supply Sam. to 4pm. - 36% of day's supply 4pm. to7 pm. - 26% of day's supply 7pm. to6 a.m. - 10% of day's supply The pumping is done for 10 hours a day from 8 a.m, to 6 distribution reservoir for the water supply scheme. Sol. Total daily requirement = 200,000 litres : Now the cumulative demand covered is tabulated in the table given below: P.m. Find out the storage capacity of the Period Rateof | Demandin | Cumulative] demand litros demand 6 a.m, to 9 a.m. | 80% of 2 lace litres 60,000 60,000 6 a.m, to 4 p.m, | 35% of 2 lacs litres 70,000 180,000 4 p.m, to7 a.m, | 26% of 2 lacs litres 60,000 180,000. 7 p.m, to 6 a.m. | 10% of 2 lacs litres 20,000. 200,000 The mass curve of demand has been plotted in Figure,VIRONI 176 i) IMENT {A = 30,00 litres] 200.000 brdina aaa 160,000} J CumplativeHemand curve 120,000} Cumblative pupply fine 80.000 40.000 Cumulative demand/supply Gn litres) Max." brdinata B = 42,400 litres al 6AM 10AM 2PM 6PM 70PM 2AM 6AM ‘Time in Hours Total demand is met in 10 hours - a Rate of supply = 200,000/10 = 20,000 litres/hr. Two maximum ordinates between supply and demand lines are A = 30,000 litres B = 42,000 litres Total storage capacity = A + B = 72,000 litres ns.) A service water tank is receiving water from the treatment plant at a rate of 200 mihr for 1 hours. The high lift pumps are lifting water from the same tank ce following ig rates: 4-14 hrs @ 120 m¥/hr and 15-24 hrs @ 400 mYhr. Determine the capacity for the service water tank. Sol. The problem has been solved in the table given below. The cumulative supply over demand ie., excess su, ipply to the tank is 1800 m8. Hence, the capacity of the tank should be 1800 m3, Timein| Demandfrom | Cumulative | Supply inthe Cumulative hour | clear water tank | demand clear water supply (m3 ) lifted by high lift | from clear tank (m3) pumps(m®) | tank(m? ) Accumulation (+) draw off (-)Col.5-Col.3 T 2 3 4 5 6 0-4 Nil Nil 2004 = 800 800 (800 414 | 120x10=1200 1200 [200 *10=2000 | —sao0 1600 1416 Ni 1200 200x1= 200 3000 (#1800 15-24 400 x 9=3600 4800 200x9= 1800 4800 0DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 477 Perce! ‘An overhead tank is to be provided for a town water supply. Given the following data, calculate te minimum capacity of the tank without any fire demand. Tank is empty between 12 to 15 ours. () Rate of pumping = 25,000 litres/hr (i) Hours of pumping = 4 to 12 and 15 to 23 hrs No. | Time (hr) | Hours Water Water pumped | demanded if 0-4 4 0 13,333 2 4-6 2 50,000. 40,000 3 6-10 4 100,000 120,000 4 10-12 2 50,000. 33,333 5 12-15 3 25,000. 25,000 6 15-16 L 25,000 8,333 rf 16-20 4 100,000 106,666 8 20-23 3 75,000. 50,000 9 23-24 1 0 8,335 Sol. Problem has been solved analytically in table given below. {As given in the question, the tank is empty between 12 and 15 hours. Hence, we shall start from SI. No. 5. At Sl. No, 6 storage is (+) 16,666 again at S. No. 7, it has reduced by 6666 litres. Hence, net storage is (16,000-6,666) = 10,000 and so on proceed SI. No. 8, 9, 1, 2, 3 and finally at 4. SiNo.] Time | Hours | Water | Water | Accumulation | Water in pumped | demanded | (+),drawoff | service (litres) | (litres) | Col.4-Col.5 | reservoir in(litres) 1 3 4 5 € 7 1 4 = 13,388 (18,983 | 18,338 2 2 | 60,000 | 40,000 (410,000 | 28,338 3 4 | 100,000 | 120,000 | (-)20,000 8,333 4 2 | 50,000 | 33,388 (+)16,667 | 25,000 5 3 0 25,000 (=) 25,000 ° 6 1 | 25,000 | 8,933 (+)16,667 | 16,667 7 4 | 100,000 | 106,666 (-)6,666 10,001 8 3 | 75,000 | 60,000 (4)25,000 | 35,001 9 1 0 8,935. (-)8,385. 31,666 Now from Column No. 7, it is clear that maximum balance storage is 85,001 litres. Hence, minimum capacity of the tank should be 36,001 litres (Ans.)478 ECTIVE ENVIRONMENT 1. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: List-I TK. Dead-end system B. Grid-iron system C. Ring system D. Radial eystem 2 List-Il Se T, Equal pressures and multiple flow paths 2, Both economy and reasonably equal pressures 8. Economy and simplicity 4, Zonal distribution Codes: Bc) =D @) 8, ete ee o) 2 4 1 3 ©ye8ine tne tapes @s 2c 1 Ad Which one of the following is the purpose of providing a surge tank in a pipeline carrying water? (@) To store water () To increase the pressure throughout the pipeline (©) To store overflowing water, @ To protect thé pipeline against water hammer Service connection consists of @ ferrule, stopcock and gooseneck (b) ferrule, check valve and gooseneck © stopcock, meter and sluice valve (@) sluice valve, check valve and meter Assertion (A): At the ferrule point of a water supply distribution pipe network for Indian towns having a majority of two-storey buildings, the ideal minimum pressure head of water is 12 m, Reason (R): This magnitude of pressure head at ferrule is necessary to reach the highest floor of the two storey buildings. 5, ‘The usual size of residential ferrule bore varies from (@) 1mm to 5 mm (6) 10mm to 60 mm > 100 mm to 600 mm @ 1000 mm to 6000 mm In the figure shown below, x,x, represents Supply curve Cumulative flow Month Mass Diagram (@) accumulated supply () storage requirement (© accumulated demand for the period 1 to 2 (a) surplus in the reservoir 1. ‘The purpose of providing a balancing reservoir in a water supply distribution system is to (@) equalize pressures in the distribution system (©) store adequate quantity of water to meet requirements in case of break-down of inflow store adequate fire fighting reserve take care of fluctuations in the rate of consumption, © @ 8. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: List-I SO A. Test with sound waves in the abudible frequency range B. Fire flow testsDISTRIBUTION SYSTEM C. Hydraulic gradient tests D. Coefficient tests See SS =a SSS List-IT 1. To determine the ability of 4 @ distribution system to transmit water with adequate residual pressure 2. Location and isolation of leaks 3. To determine the efficiency and adequacy of a distribution system during days of high demand 4. To determine the internal condition of pipeline with respect to friction loss Codes: A B Cc D @ 2 1 3 a ) 2 2) 1 4 © 4 1 3 2 @ 4 3 1 2, 9. Match List-I (Type of Pipe) with List-It (purpose) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: 179 water to be diverted towards the affected Point from various directions Which of these statement are correct? @) 1,2 and4 (b) 1, 3 and 4 © 2,3 and4 (@) 1, 2 and 3 11. Sonoscope is used for which one of the following? (@) Checking the accuracy of water meters (b), Regulating the fire hydrants (© As a replacement of venturimeter for discharge measurement @ Detection of leakage in underground water mains 12. Match List-I (Distribution system) with List- II (Characteristics) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: List A. Tree system B. Grid-iron or reticulation system C. Circular system D. Radial system pee AE eee eee List List List-II A. Steel pipe 1. House phimbing 1, Main Tines are laid along the periphery B. Castiron pipe 2. Hot watercarrying ‘ in the entire re ss a ir istribul tinal Calculations are simple and accurate flow Caen & Distbuleaan determination is also possible at any line DIEV GS £2 Pumping nal 3. Large number of cut-off valve and longer Codes: pipe lengths are required AUB GL ie 4, flow from centre to periphery Ota 2 3 oa &) 4 3 2 1 A B c D © 2 1 4 3 @ 2 3 1 4 @ 23a 1 ® 2 3 4 1 10. Consider the following statements: © 3 2 1 a " = Qi Bit in bl. waka geowiat In water supply distribution network, 1. the grid-iron system requires more length of pipe lines and larger number of cut-off valves 2. the design of the grid-iron system is difficult but economical 3. employing a grid iron system, the dead ends are completely eliminated 4. employing a grid-iron system permits more 13. Consider the following units associated in water supply system: 1. Pumping of raw water 2. Intake works 3, Treatment works 4, Distribution system The sequence of these units in the order of their connections starting from the source (river) is180 @ 1.234 © 21,34 © 2143 @ 124 3 14, Consider the given figure of mass curve for estimating the storage capacity of the water supply tank. The storage capacity of the tank would be g a 3 3 é 3 g ADB 0. 6 12.18 24 Time (in days) @A )B © A-B @A+B 15. Consider the following pairs: 1. Darey Weisbach Equation «VC VRS 2. Manning's Equation 3. Hazen William Equation Dace Ve = ERRESO 4, Chezy's Equation Which of these pairs are correct? (@) land 2 (b) 2 and 3 © 3and4 @ land 4 16. A sudden change inthe slope of the hydraulic gradient line drawn for a straight section of a ‘water pipe line indicates the (@ change in ground slopes (b) presence of water hammer © accumulation of sediments @ leakage in pipe line 117. For the analysis of flow in a water distribution network, the site engineers prefer which of the following head loss equation? (@) Darcy-Weisbach equation (b) Chezy’s equation (© Hazen-William's equation (@) Manning's equation 18 ‘The estimated hourly consumption of water for a town at 9% hour is 6.10 million litres per hour. Pump can supply water at a uniform rate of 1.5 ms. Water required to be ‘augmented from a storage reservoir in million litres per hour is @ 61 (b) 4.6 © 54 (0.7 19. Why are gate valves provided in distribution system? (@ To minimize the flow pressure in the network (b) To maximize the usage of the distribution system (©) To control the flow in the pipe network @ To identify the loss through illegal connections | 20. Assertion (A): Location of the elevated service reservoir (ESR) at the centre of the distribution area is helpful in equitable distribution of water to the consumers even when the distribution area is large. Reason (R): For equitable distribution of water to the city, sufficient number of ESRs shalll be provided to limit the area to be served by each of the ESRs. 21. Match List-I (Layout) with List-II (Suitable for) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: SS Se List ‘A. Tree system B. Grid iron system ©. Ring system D._ Radial system List peelise eee ee 1. Satisfactory water supply, but not much used in India 2, Well-planned sector of city 3. For towns with rectangular road layout 4, For irregularly developed townsDISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Ay Codes: a AB Cc D ListII @ 2 3 4 1 1. Reduce high inlet pressure to lower outlet @ 3 1 2 3 pressure © 2 1 4 3 2. Limit the flow of water to single direction @ 4 3 2 ‘ 3, Remove air from the pipeline 4. Stopping the flow of water in the pipeline — OPP EEL OW OU AE 29, Match List-I with List-II and select the correct | Codes: answer using the codes given below the lists: " SS EEE EEE eee & Sy Cc D List-I @ Ae g Bp 4 1 ‘A. Release valve OL4e7 2> 1 3 B. Check valve © 38./4 2 1 C. Gate valve @ 72 4 3 D. Pilot valve 16. @ 2. @ I 1 ©F 22. (@) JB. Ose : » © 20. &)