Identifying Inquiry and
Stating the Problem
The IMRAD format for Research
The IMRAD format
for Research
Chapter
Content Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
(Research Hypothesis/Hypotheses)
Significance of the Study
Scope and Delimitation
Conceptual/ Theoretical Framework
Definition of Terms
INTRODUCTION
In writing this section,
✓ Introduce and briefly define the variables under study
✓ Start with a brief but provocative quotation, or any
general statement applicable to the study
✓ Use striking facts or statistics that portray objectively
the problem situation
✓ Present a very brief background of events describing
the present state of the issue abroad, in the country,
and in the locality
Background ✓ Work on the researcher’s firm stand on the need to
of the Study bridge the gap between existing bodies of knowledge
and the current problem or situation
Background
of the Study
Background
of the Study
Background
of the Study
Background
of the Study
Background
of the Study
Background
of the Study
Background
of the Study
Background
of the Study
Background
of the Study
Background
of the Study
Background
of the Study
RESEARCH GAP
A gap is something that remains to be done or learned in
research; it’s a gap in the knowledge of research of your
study.
Every research project must, in some way, address a gap-
that is, attempt to fill in some piece of information missing in
the scientific literature.
Identifying the gap
Identifying the gap
Identifying the gap
filling the gap
filling the gap…
Some phrases you can use to indicate your gap “fill:”
• “We therefore analyzed…”
• “In this study, we investigated …”
• “Therefore, the goals of this study are…”
• “In this paper, we report …”
filling the gap examples:
filling the gap examples:
WORKSHOP:
CREATING A RESEARCH
The Research INTRODUCTION…
Based from your group’s
approved title, individually
work on creating the
introduction of your research.
Use appropriate citations.
Chapter
Content Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
(Research Hypothesis/Hypotheses)
Significance of the Study
Scope and Delimitation
Conceptual/ Theoretical Framework
Definition of Terms
This section contains the purpose statements
and the research question(s).
In writing this section, follow the prescribed format:
“This study (or research) aims to…(make congruent with title).”
New paragraph:
“Specifically, this research (or study) seeks to answer the
following questions:”
Statement Phrase questions with the data to be collected in mind.
Answer the questions and rephrase question, if your
of the intended answer does not match the question.
Problem
A hypothesis is a prediction of the possible
outcomes of a study (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2009).
Hypotheses are statements in quantitative research
in which the investigator makes a prediction or a
conjecture about the outcome of a relationship
among attributes or characteristics (Creswell, 2012)
Question: Is there a significant relationship between the
Grade 11 student-respondents’ availability of internet
connection at home and their average sleeping time?
Research Hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between the
Grade 11 student-respondents’ availability of internet
Hypotheses connection at home and their average sleeping time.
Format:
The research hypotheses of the study are: (stated with
expected direction)
Example (Compare with expected answer to
research question):
The mean attitude of female millennials is significantly
lower than that of the males.
Research Significant or significantly – implies that results are
Hypothese not due to chance alone.
s
Determines the audience who will benefit from a
study of the problem and explains how exactly will
the results be significant to them.
In writing this section,
✓ In paragraph form, cite beneficiaries (e.g., teachers,
teacher trainers, educators; curriculum developers,
textbook writers; officials of school, division, region,
central office; policy makers) of results of study.
✓ For each beneficiary group, specifically describe how it
will benefit from the findings.
Significance ✓ No need to cite students: understood to benefit from
of the Study research; not in a position to implement
recommendations
This presents the coverage of the research in terms of
location, time, respondents, etc., and the potential
weaknesses or problems with the study identified
by the researcher.
In writing this section,
✓ cite data collection (period and school year);
✓ identify schools involved, number of classes, their
grade/year level, number of participants (or respondents,
subjects), and topics of lessons covered (if applicable).
Scope and ✓ state inadequate measures of variables, loss or lack of
participants, small sample sizes, errors in measurement,
Delimitatio and other factors typically related to data collection and
analysis.
n
This is a diagram that connects variables of the study
with lines (correlations) or arrows (cause-effect
relationships)
In writing this section,
✓ start with text and clearly cite the diagram
✓ Include in the diagram the variables which may have
values or sub-variables
✓ use the diagram to explain research framework. Justify
each variable (and sub-variable) and each line or arrow
using logic and synthesized studies.
Conceptual ✓ ensure congruence with research questions (most
Framework important). Rule of thumb: number of research
questions is at least equal to the number of lines
/arrows in conceptual framework
This research aims to determine the relationship between the availability of
ACTIVITY FIVE internet connection at home and the average sleeping time of Grade 11
students of Anonymous National High School.
Connecting Specifically, it will seek to answer the following questions:
1. What is the demographic profile of the Grade 11 student-respondents in
Concepts terms of:
1.1. sex?
1.2. availability of internet connection at home?
1.3. average sleeping time?
2. Is there a significant relationship between the Grade 11 student-
respondents’ sex and their average sleeping time?
3. Is there a significant relationship between the Grade 11 student-
respondents’ availability of internet connection at home and their average
sleeping time?
Based on the given Statement of the Problem, construct a
Conceptual Framework appropriate for the research it is part of.
