2ter2017 CCSIR-NET Mathematics: Problems on Analytic Continuation Saturday, 6 June 2015 Problems on Analytic Continuation Theorem 1: If f and g are analytic in a domain D and f = g in some open disk contained in D, then f = g throughout D. Theorem 2: If f and g are analytic in a domain D and f(zq) = 9(zn) for an infinite sequence of distinct point {25} converging to a point zp in D, then f = g throughout D. Note: These theorem are called Identity theorems, ‘Question 4: Let D = {2 € C : |2| <1} be the unitdise. Let f : D > C be an analytic function satisfying f (1) = 28> form > 1. Then + f0)=4 2, f has a simple pole at z = —3 3. f(8)=F 4. No such f exists Answer: Here + —» 0 € D and 1 f () 34+1/n Now consider the function, of) = Then f (2) = (4) for each point in the sequence, hence we get f = By direct checking we see that g satisfies 1, 2 and 3, Hence 1, 2 and 3 are correct choices. Question 2: Let © —+ C be a meromorphic function analytic at 0 satisfying f (2) = 5% forn > 1, Then 4. f(0) =1/2 2, f has a simple pole at z = —2 3. f(2)=1/4 4, no such meromorphic function exists Answer: Same as above 0/is the accumulation point of the given sequence {4}. Again, 1 1 / (2) © 24a Then g(z) = zh. will be an analytic function such that f and g are equal on those point of sequence. Hence both are equal. Clearly 1, 2 and 3 option are true by direct substitution. Hence 4, 2 and 3 are correct choice Offline hitpsdesiinfimath com/2015/06\csir-net-math.problems-on-analysc-continuation hil 181218/2017 CCSIR-NET Mathematics: Problems on Analytic Continuation ‘Question 3: Let f be an holomorphic function onthe unit disc {|z| < 1} in the complex plane. Which ofthe following iiare necessarily true? 1. Iffor each positive integer n we have f (+) = 4 then f(z) = 2? on the unit dise, 2. Iffor each positive integer n we have f (1 — 4) = (1 ~ £)° then f(z) = 24 on the unit dise, 1) or 3. fcannot satsty f (1) = 2” tor each postive intogern 1 4, f cannot satsty f (+) for each positive integer n. ‘Answer: Checking each option one by one, Option 1: Hore 2 > 0 € D. Consider g(z) = 22, then f and g are equal at each point of sequence. Hence true Option 2: Here 1 — + > 1 ¢ D, hence the requirement ofthe theorem is not fullled. Itis not necessarily true. Option 3: Assume there is an analytic function f such that f (+) = then f is continuous at 0, 1 1)" 100) tim (2) lim 2" 6 Then 1 2) ~ £00) £10) = iy £20= 10 1 «im 1D 1)"/n tim N"h oR Ta = lim (-1)" Since the function isnot ifereniabe at 0, hence can't be analytic. Option 4: The function f(z) = ~4; satisfies the value at 1/n and analytic in open disk. Hence ths option is false. HT Hence 1 and 3 are correct choice ‘Question 4: Let f ; C — C be an entire function and let g: C —> C be defined by g(z) = f(z) — f(z + 1) forz eC. Which to the following statements are true? 1.if f (4) =0 for all positive integers n, then f is a constant function 2.it f (n) = 0 for all positive integers n, then f is a constant function 3.itf (4) =f (4 +1) forall positive integers n, then gis a constant function 4.itf (n) = f (n+ 1) forall positive integers n, then f is a constant function ‘Answer: Checking each option one by one, Option 1: Since 0 is the accumulation point and the function f is analytic at 0, hence it zero everywhere. Hence true. Option 2: Consider the function f(z) ~ sin(z), then f is zero forall positive integers butit isnot constant. Hence false, Option 3: Here g(1/n) = f(1/m) — f(1/n — 1) = 0 and 0 is the accumulation pit identically zero. Hence true where g Is analytic. Hence it wil be Option 4: Same counterexample in option 2 will work here i.e., f(z) = sin(n2), we have f(n) = f(n +1) =0. Hence 1 and 3 are correct choice, Offline hitpsfesirinfmath com/2015/06(csi-net-math-problems-on-analytic-continuation.himl 2812182017 CCSIR-NET Mathematics: Problems on Analytic Continuation Offline :math-problems-on-analysc-contnuation tml 382ter2017 CCSIR-NET Mathematics: Cauchy Rlamann Equation and Harmonic Function Thursday, 4 June 2015 Cauchy Riemann Equation and Harmonic Function Definition 1: Let f(z) = u(2, y) + év(2, y) be a function form complex numbers to complex numbers, then the following set of equation is called Cauchy Riemann equation wavy and wy =—ve Theorem 1: If f i dfrentiable at zo, then it salisty C-R equation. Note: Thus C-R equation is a necessary condition for the differentiabllty of a complex functions, For sufficiency we need existence and continuity of partial derivatives in a open set containing 29 But the following theorem doesn't require extra condition, which make this equation probably the most important equation of complex analysis. ‘Theorem 2: Goursat's theorem asserts that f is analytic(¢tferentiable at each point in an complex domain(open and connected) 0 if and only if it satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann equation in the domain. Definition 2: A function f : R? —> Ris called harmonic if it satisfies Laplace equation i. e. VF=0 8 feet fy=0. Theorem 3: f f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(@, y) is antic in a domain 0 then each 1 and v are harmonic, Converse is also true and moreover if wis harmonic then there exist another harmonic function v such that f(z) — u(cr,y) + iv(2,y) is analyte ‘Question 1: Let f : C + C be a complex valued function given by S(2) = ula, y) + iv(e,y). ‘Suppose that v(2, y) = 32y, Then 1. f cannot be holomorphic on € for any choice of u 2. f is holomorphic on € for a suitable choice of u 3. f cannot be holomorphic on C forall choices of a. 4. vis not differentaible as a function of « and y. Answer: Test weather the given function is harmonic, Ves + Uy ‘The given function is harmonic on —axis but we can't extend it on any open set. Hence f can’t be holomorphic. Hence 1 is correct choice ‘Question 2: Let f : C -» C be a complex valued function of the form f(x, y) u(z, y) = 32%y. Then (x,y) + iv(x, y)- Suppose that 4. f cannot be holomorphic on € for any choice oft. 2. f isholomorphic on € for a suitable choice of v 3. f isholomorphic on C forall choices of » 4. wis not differentaible. ‘Answer: Same as above, Vee + yy = 62 ” Offline hitpszesiinfimath conm/2015/06Icauchy-riemann-equaton-and-harmonic function htm 181218/2017 CCSIR-NET Mathematics: Cauchy Riemann Equation and Harmonic Function The given function is harmonic on y—axis but we can't extend it on any open set. Hence f can't be holomorphic. Hence 1 is correct choice Question 3: Let u(2 + iy) = 2* — 32y? + 2x. For which ofthe folving function w, isu + évis @ holomorphic on C? 1. ule + iy) = y8 — 82%y + 2y 2. v(x + iy) =32*y y* 4 2y 3. v(z + iy) = 25 — 3ay? + 20 4.0( + iy) <0 ‘Answer: We have to use C-R equation to find stch function v, Uz = by => vy = 3a? — 3y? +2 Integrating vert y, we get v= 30°y—y* + 2y + (2) “ To find (2) we have to use other equation, v, = ty > bry + ¢' (x) = bry > 6 (2) =0 > 92) =0 Hence 2 is corract choice Question 4: Let fC C be a analytic function. For 2 = 2 + iy, let u,v: R? > R be such that u(c, y) = Ref(z) and v(z, y) = Imf(z). Which ofthe folowing are correct? eu eu Su uy ax? | Oy? av ay 2 25+55=0 oe OP eu au 8 Bay Dd a tv ay Boy Answer: Both u and v are harmonic function. Hence 1 and 2 are correct choices Offline -nips:fesirifimath.com/2015/06/eauchy-iemann-equation-and-harmonic-function ml 2812182017 CCSIR-NET Mathematics: Cauchy Riemann Equation and Harmonic Function Offline hitps:iesirinfimath conv 2015/08/cauchy-viemann-equstion-ané-harmonic-unetion html 382ter2017 CSIR-NET Mathematics: Zeros and Poles of Analyte Function Wednesday, 3 June 2015, Zeros and Poles of Analytic Function Important Definition and Theorems Defintion: A point zy i called a zero of order m forthe function f if fis analytic at zy and f and its frst m — 1 derivatives vanish at zo, but f°) (zo) #0. Theorem 1: If f has a zero of order m at 29, then 1/f has a pole of order m at zo. Conversely if f has pole of order m at zo, then 1/f have removable singularity at 2p, and if we define (1/)(za) = 0, then 1/f has a zero of order m at zo ‘Theorem 2: Let f be analytic at zo. Then f has a zero of order m at 29 if and only if f can be written as F(z) = (2 - 20)"9(2) Where g is analytic at 2» and g(z0) #0. Theorem 3: A function f has a pole of order m if and only in some punctured neighborhood of za (2) Gar £2) Where g is analytic at 2» and g(z0) #0 ‘Question 1: Consider the function f(z) = 2°(1 — cos 2), 2 € C, Which ofthe following are correct? 1. The function f has zeros of order 2 at 0 2. The function f has zeros of order I at 2mm, n= +1, 42, 3, The function f has zeros of order 4 at 0 4, The function f has zeros of order 2 at 2mm, n= 1, 42, Answer: Given function is product of two function z? and 1 — cos z. 2? has only zero at 0 of order 2. So we have to find the zeros of g(2) = 1 — cos z 1 cos2=0= cosz=1>[Z=2nm Now, 9! (2nm) = sin(2nz) = 0 and g” (2x) = cos(2nm) = 1 #0. Hence 1 — cos z have zero of order 2 at each 2n such that n € Z. ‘Since 2? has zero of order 2, hence the given function has zero of order 4 at 0. At all other points i. e., 2nn, 1, £2, ++ we have zero of order 2. Hence 3 and 4 are correct choices. ‘Question 2: Which of the following functions f are entire functions and have simple zeros at z = ik forall k CZ, 4. fle) = an2" + an a2 4 ‘ag for some n > 1 and some ao, a1,-*- an € 2 f(2) = asin 2miz, forsomea € C 3. f(z) =beos 2n(iz — 1/4), forsome b € C. 4. f(2) =e, forsome ce € ‘Answer: All the function are entire. Checking each option one by one, Option 1: By Fundamental theorem of algebra a polynomial of degree n can have at most n roots, hence we can't get infinite roots ik for all k © Z, offline hitpssesiinfimath com/2015/06tzer0s-and-poles-ot-analytic-unction him! 181218/2017 CSIR-NET Mathematics: Zeros and Poles of Analytic Function Option 2: f(z) = asin 2niz = 0 2miz=ne z= B= — 2 ‘Since m is any integer, then forall even integers we get zeros at all ik such that k & Z. Also f"(ik) = a2mi cos(2mi - ik) = a2mi cos(2nk) = ami # 0, Hence we get simple zero. anti} which can not produce any ik such that k € Z. Option 3: bcos 2n(iz — 1/4) = 0 = 2n(iz — 1/4) = On simpification we get z = —i 4 ‘Option 4: Exponential function never equal to zero, Hence 2 Is correct choices, ‘Question 3: For 2 € C, define f(z) 4. fisentire 2. The only singularities of f are poles 3. f has infinitely many poles on the imaginary axis 4. Each pole of fis simple Answer: First we will ry to find the zeros of denominator ofthe given function, =0> 92) =e nmi Aliso g' (2nmi) = e2"*' = 1 0, Hence g has zero of order 1 at 2 = 2nmi. ‘The numerator of given function is *, which is analytic everywhere and non-zero at 2 — 2nmi. Hence the given function has pole of order ono(also called simple pole) at 2nm Hence 2, 3 and 4 are correct choices en Question 4: At z = 0 the function f(z) has 1, Aremovable singularity 2.Apole 3, An essential singularity 4, The residue of f(z) at z = 0 is 2 Answer: Same as above at z = 0, then denominator has a zero of order 1 and numerator is non-zero and analytic at 2 = 0, hence it has a simple pole at z ~ 0. ‘Also we know from residue calculus, It f has a pole of order m at 9, then Hence 2 and 4 are correct choice. ‘Question 5: Let be meromorphic function on . If has a zero of order at and has a pole of order at then has 4. Azero of order at 2. Appole of order at 3. Azero of order at 4. Apole of order at Answer: has zero of order at , Then there exist a non vanishing analytic function at such that Also has pole of order at . Then there exist a non zero analytic function at such that Then will ook tke offline hitps/esiinfmath com/2015/06\zer0s-and-poles-of-analtic-function hil 281218/2017 CSIR-NET Mathematics: Zeros and Poles of Analytic Function Hence will have pole of order Hence 2 is correct choice. offline hitps:esirinfimath.com/2015108/zeros-and-poles-of-analytc-uncton html2ter2017 CCSIR-NET Mathematics: Probleme on Mobius Transformation Thursday, 21 May 2015 Problems on Mobius Transformation Question 1: Define Ht ={2eC:y>0} H ={2€Czy <0} Di ={zeC:a>0} D ={2eC:2<0} The function f(2) = = 41. Maps H* onto H* and H™ onto H~ 2. Maps IT* onto H~ and H~ onto H* 3. Maps H' onto D! and HT onto D 4, Maps H!* onto D~ and HT onto D Answer: Such problems solved by application following two theorem, 1. Any Mobius transform map a generalized circle(a line or circle) to a generalized circle. Since three points determines a generalized circle uniquely, hence image of these three point will completely determine the image of the given generalized circle. 2. Mobius transform preserve the orientation of the generalized circle. Here we have to find the image of 2—axis and y—axis, HY = Ff) = 0,46 ‘The image of real axis in green, while the image of imaginary axis will be drawn in red. image under mobius transformation Here we need to understand that the real axis map to real axis with same orientation. Hence 1 is correct choice. Question 2: Let z ¢ C of the form z = # + iy, define Ht ={26C:y>0} Ho ~{2eCry <0} Di ={zeC:2>0} D ={zeC:2<0} The function f(2) at 1. Maps H* onto H* and H~ onto H 2.Maps H' onto H and H onto H' 3, Maps H* onto D* and H~ onto D 4, Maps H* onto D~ and H~ onto D~ ‘Answer: The given Mobius transformation maps f(-1/2) = 0, f(0) = 1/3, f Offline hitps/esiinfmath com/2015/05icsi-netproblems-on-mobius-ransformation im) 181218/2017 CCSIR-NET Mathematics: Problems on Mobius Transformation Thus this given mobius transform map 2—axis to itself with same orientation, hence upper half plane and lower half plane map to itso Hence 1 is correct choice Question 3: Let f(2) Which ofthe following is/are true? 41, f maps {\2| < 1} onto {Re 2 > 0}. 2, f maps {|2| <1,1m z > 0} onto {Re 2 > 0,1m 2 > 0}, 3. f maps {\z| < 1, Im z < 0} onto {Re z > 0, Im z < 0}. 4, f maps {|2| <1} onto {Im z > 0}. ‘Answer: In this problem we have to find the image of unit circle and imaginary axis under the given transformation ‘Option 1 and 4: To get the image of unit circle choose points —1, i 1, then t's image 1+i FE-1) = 0,90) = =i, f(1) = 00 In this figure green circle map to red line. mobius transformation Note, the interior of unit circle comes in right side of the direction in which points are chosen. The image ofthis unit crcl is imaginary axis with positive direction and right side of this is {Re z > 0}, hence 1 is correct choice while 4 is false Option 2 and 3: In this case we also need to find the image of real axis. £(-1) = 0, f(0) = 1, f(1) = 00 Hence real axis map to itself with same orientation, hence upper half plane and lower half plane map to itself, So both 2 and 3 are correct. Combining all we get 4, 2 and 3 are correct choices, Offline _nips:fesicifimath.com/2015/0S/si-net-problems-on-mobius-transformation him! 2812182017 CSIR-NET Mathematics: Problems on Mobius Transformation Offline problems-or-mobius-ransformation him! 38