Lecture Outcomes:
• Use supermesh analysis technique to solve for the unknown voltages and
currents in a circuit containing two or more loops
• Use node-voltage analysis to solve for the unknown voltages and currents in a
circuit containing two or more voltage sources in different branches.
• Use supernode analysis technique to solve for the unknown voltages and
currents in a circuit containing two or more loops
1.3 SUPERMESH
• A supermesh results when two meshes have a (dependent or independent)
current source in common.
Remember:
• The current source in the supermesh
provides the constraint equation
necessary to solve for the mesh currents.
• A supermesh has no current of its own.
• A supermesh requires the application of
both KVL and KCL
• Two adjoining meshes that share a current source constitute a supermesh.
1.3 SUPERMESH
Mesh –Current Method with current sources
1.3 SUPERMESH
Mesh –Current Method with current sources
• Supermesh: by excluding the current source and
elements that connected in series with it.
Apply KCL to a node in the branch where the two
meshes intersect.
i 2 i1 6
Apply KVL to the supermesh,
*We cannot write KVL for meshes 1 and 2 because
there is no way to express the voltage drop across the 20 6i1 10i2 4i2 0
current source in terms of the mesh currents.
6i1 14i2 20
Solving, i1= -3.2 A and i2 = 2.8 A.
Eg 1.8
Eg 1.9
• What is the value of i in the circuit? Answer : i=2A
• Calculate i and i1 in the circuit below?
Answer :i = 16A, i1 = 15A,
i1
1.4 Node-voltage
• Nodal analysis is a systematic method to determine the voltage at each node relative to the reference
node by repeatedly applying KCL.
• Set of equations in which the unknowns are the voltages at the principal nodes of the circuit is set up
and solved.
• A node is simply a common connection for two or more components. A node voltage is defined as the
voltage rise from the reference node to a non-reference node.
Ø a node must be the reference for specifying the
voltage at any other node.
Ø we can always write an equation of currents at a
principal node.
Ø points N and G are principal nodes.
Eg 1.10
The voltage drop across the resistor, in the
direction of the current away from the node:
v1 - 10
Solve eqn 1 & 2:
eqn 1
v1 = (100/11) V
v2 = (120/11) V
eqn 2
Example_Node-voltage
Eg 1.11
Find the node voltage VN from N to G. Once this voltage is known, all other voltages and currents can be
determined.
V in terms of VN
The equation of currents at node N:
I1 + I2= I3
Eg 1.12
At node 2:
At node 1:
Solve the node voltage
Eg 1.13
At node 1:
Eqn. 1
At node 2:
Eqn. 2
V1 =13.3V
Calculate i1
V2 = 20V until i2,
Cramer’s rule
From eqn. 1 & eqn. 2:
Eqn. 1
Eqn. 2
Nodal analysis with voltage sources
A “floating” voltage source is one for which neither side is connected to the
reference node, e.g. VLL in the circuit below:
Let’s using the node voltage method we discussed just now
I1
I3 We don’t know RVLL
I2
supernode
Problem: We cannot write KCL at nodes a or b because we do not know the resistance of the VLL
voltage source
Solution: Define a “supernode” – that chunk of the circuit containing nodes a and b. Express KCL
for this supernode. WHAT IS SUPERNODE?
Nodal analysis with voltage sources
A supernode is formed by enclosed a (dependent or independent) voltage source connected
between non-reference nodes and any elements connected in parallel with it.
The supernode contains the 2-V source, node 1 and 2, and the 10- resistor.
Step 1: apply KCL to the supernode
Supernode
Eqn. 1
Write i1 and i2 in terms of the node voltage
Eqn. 3
From Eqn. 2
Eqn. 4
Eqn. 2
3v1 = -22
Step 2: apply KVL to the supernode v1 = -7.33 V
v2 = -5.33 V
Eg 1.14
Supernode Supernode
Answer:
V1=26.7 V
V2=6.7 V
V3=173.3 V
V4=-46.7 V
Node-Voltage Method with Dependent Source
If the circuit contains dependent sources, the the constraint equations of dependent
sources shall be added in to the node-voltage equations .
Use the node-voltage method to find the iø
Node-Voltage Method with Dependent Sources
At node 2: (x8)
At node 3:
(x8,3)
At node 1: (x4)
