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NON DESTRUCTIVE
TEST - NDT
ULTRASONIC TESTING
LEVEL II
Address : 24 El-Gahez St., Haey Sabeaa, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
LECTURE 2
Phone : +20 01012000780- +20 01012000760
Fax : 02-23877325
Website : www.kit-egy.com
Email : [email protected]
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Lecture 2
UT Basics
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In this lecture we will know:
➢ What is transducer ?
➢ Piezoelectric effect
➢ Types of transducers
➢ Sensitivity and resolution of transducers
➢ Acoustic impedance
➢ Snell’s law
➢ First critical and second critical angles
➢ UT methods
TRANSDUCERS (Probes) 4
The components which transmit ultrasound waves and receive
them from the material to inspect the material
Piezoelectric Effect
The conversion of electrical pulses to mechanical
vibrations and the conversion of returned mechanical
vibrations back into electrical energy.
Types of 5
Transducers
According to According to
angle no. of crystals
Angle beam Single
Straight beam Dual element
(45°,60°,70°) element
Longitudinal
wave
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Angle beam Transducer
➢ Produces a shear wave
➢ Used to inspect sheet, plate, Pipe, welds, or tubing.
Single Element Transducer
➢ Sender only
➢ Receiver only
➢ Sender and Receiver
Double Element Transducer
➢ one sender and the other receiver
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Transducers consist of :
1998
24 Nov
1. case: consist of metal housing
That contains all the following parts
2. Backing Material:
made of epoxy, rubber or Plastics
3.Electrodes: Are primarily silver or gold
deposited on piezoelectric element.
4.Crystal (piezo Electric element)
5. Wear face: Thin layer made of Lucite,
Ceramic or Quartz wear plate.
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The Capability Of Transducer:
➢ Sensitivity: The ability of the system to identify small
discontinuities
➢ Resolution: The ability of the system to separate between two
discontinuities which are close together
Frequency
F F
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So, Increasing the frequency
(Decreasing the wavelength)
➢ Improve the sensitivity
➢ Improve the Resolution
➢ Reduce the penetration
Transducer Frequency can vary from 0.5 Mhz to over 75 Mhz
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Transducer Diameter (Size)
Increasing the transducer diameter
➢ Sensitivity is reduced
➢ Less beam spread
Transducers can vary in size from
0.125 to 1.0 inch
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Interface
It is the boundary between two different
mediums
➢water and steel
➢plastic and steel
➢steel and air
Are the whole waves which transmit from the
transducer enter the material by 100% ??
NO
Acoustic impedance 12
Resistance to travel of sound waves within a material.
Measured in kg / m2 x sec
Acoustic impedance knows us Reflected
how much of sound waves will be
transmitted or reflected through the
Interface
material
Impedance = Density x Velocity
Transmitted
The impedance ratio = Z2 / Z1
Z2 : impedance for the second medium
Z1:: impedance for the first medium
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For example
sound waves traveling from water to steel would result in
the following:
Z2 = 4,563,000
Z1 = 149,000
4,563,000 / 149,000 = 30.6
The impedance ratio is 30.6
How we can know the percentage of transmitted
and reflected waves?
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From the reflection formula
Therefore
% Sound Reflected + % Sound Transmitted = 100%
% Sound Transmitted = 100% ــــ% Sound Reflected
Calculate the percentage of transmitted 15
waves for the following:
Impedance of Steel = 4.560
Impedance of Tungsten = 9.980
The wave is transmitted from Tungsten to steel
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SNELL'S LAW
θ
I θ
R
V
I
V R
Where: θ R
θI = Angle of incidence
θR = Angle of reflection or refraction
VI = Velocity of incident wave
VR = velocity of refracted or reflected wave
SNELL'S LAW 17
For example
Angle of Incidence=10°
Angle of Refraction=?
Sound Velocity of First Material=V1
Sound Velocity of Second=V2
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First Critical Angle
➢ The first critical angle will
occur when the refracted
longitudinal wave reaches 90
degrees.
➢ Only shear waves are
transmitted through the
second material
Second Critical Angle
➢ When the shear sound
wave reaches 90 degrees of
refraction.
➢ When the second critical
angle is reached, the shear
waves travel parallel to the
surface of the material called surface waves
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At first critical angle, all the longitudinal waves are disappeared
and became the whole waves which transmitted through the second
medium are shear waves
❖First critical angle range ( 27º - 57º )
At second critical angle, all the shear waves are disappeared and
became the whole waves which transmitted through the second
medium are surface waves
❖second critical angle range ( < 57º )
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Ultrasonic Testing Methods
➢ To get useful levels of sound energy into a material, the air
between the transducer and the test material must be removed
➢ This is referred to put couplant
➢ The used couplant such as oil, grease or a gel is applied
between the transducer and the part.
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Ultrasonic Testing Methods
1. Pitch-Catch Technique
➢ Its acts as duel crystal technique but with separate two
transducers
Transmitter Receiver Transducer
Transducer
Ultrasonic Testing Methods
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2.Through-Transmission
➢ Two transducers located on opposing sides
of the test specimen are used. One
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transducer acts as a transmitter, the other as
T R
a receiver.
➢ Discontinuities in the sound path will result in
T R
a partial or total loss of sound being
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transmitted and be indicated by a decrease
in the received signal amplitude.
➢ Through transmission is useful in detecting
discontinuities that are not good reflectors,
and when signal strength is weak. It does
not provide depth information.
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Questions?
Thanks
