SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
Guihulngan City Campus
Instructor: MISS NOVA MARIE E. ANTIQUANDO, MAEd., LPT
POPSHEET #3
CHEM 104 “ Organic Chemistry with Biochemistry”
MATTER
Matter – includes all the material things in the universe
- may be formally defined as anything that has mass and occupies space.
- Differs from other matter in composition, structure, & properties
Composition – the elements that make up a material & their relative proportions which
can be determined from chemical analysis
Structure – the arrangement of atoms in a material which can be visualized using ball
and stick model
Properties – the characteristics of a material that can be used to distinguish it from
others
5 States of Matter:
1. Solid – has both a definite shape and a definite volume; the molecules are held
tightly together, are arranged very orderly, but they are vibrating in their
fixed positions (thus, they have rigid shapes)
2. Liquid – has a definite volume independent to its container but has no specific
shape; it assumes or take the shape of the portion of the container that it
occupies; it flows freely; the particles have more freedom of movement
than the ones in the solid state
3. Gas – (vapour) has no fixed volume or shape, rather it conforms to the volume and
shape of its container; it can be compressed to occupy a smaller volume,
or it can expand to occupy a larger one; the particles have greater
freedom of movement than those in the liquid state.
4. Plasma – a gaseous mixture of electrons (negatively charged particles of an atom)
and positive ions (atoms that have lost electrons) which exists only at high
temperatures. e.g. those found in the Sun, Stars, Atomic bomb, or in fusion
experiments
- Identified by Sir William Crookes (English physicist) in 1879
- Energy is needed to strip electrons from atoms to make plasma
- Can be of various origins: thermal, electrical, or light (UV) or intense visible
light from a laser
- With insufficient sustaining power, plasmas recombine into neutral gas.
5. Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)– was observed in atoms chilled to less than a
millionth of a degree absolute zero.
- this is analogous to laser light which is composed of light particles or photons
which behave in exactly the same manner
- Scientists speculate that if a condensate can be used to soeed up miniature
computer components to a scale and quickness not possible before.
- A merge state first predicted from the study of Satyendra Nath Bose (early
1920’s) and Albert Einstein.
SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
Guihulngan City Campus
Instructor: MISS NOVA MARIE E. ANTIQUANDO, MAEd., LPT
- Bose was studying a new idea that light came in little discrete packets called
quanta or photons (bundles of energy)
The BEC was produced in the United States by: (1995 & received a Nobel Prize in Physics in
2001)
1. Eric A. Cornell
2. Carl E. Wieman
3. Wolfgang Ketterle
KMT (KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY) of Gases
Gas – expand indefinitely, so as to fill uniformly the entire space in which they are contained
Gaseous state – is further characterized by a high degree of compressibility, expansibility,
and diffusibility
density of substance as a gas: 1/1000 to 1/2000
*2 or more gases mix completely and uniformly in all proportions
- is homogeneous; i.e., it is a solution
Atmospheric Pressure – the standard by which the pressure of a gas is usually measured
Barometer – an instrument used to measure the pressure of the atmosphere
o devised in 1644 by Evangelista Torricelli (pupil of Galileo), Torricellian
barometer
- it is not constant, but fluctuates daily or even an hour
- decreases at increasingly higher altitudes
Kinetic Energy – the energy associated with moving molecules
K.E. = ½ mv2 = the average kinetic energy of a molecule is equal to half of the
product of the mass of the molecule and the square of its average
speed or velocity.
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
1. Physical Properties – are properties that can be observed or measured without changing
the fixed composition of a substance
- are those which can be determined without changing the identity of
materials.
- these properties do not depend on the ability of the substance to react and
form new substances (e.g. color, state, odor, taste, hardness, boiling point,
elasticity, melting point, etc.)
SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
Guihulngan City Campus
Instructor: MISS NOVA MARIE E. ANTIQUANDO, MAEd., LPT
Classifications of Physical Properties:
a. Intensive Properties – depend on the quality (kind) of matter, and not on
the amount of matter (quantity) (e.g. color, odor, taste,
density, melting and boiling points, viscosity, luster, hardness,
ductility, malleability, elasticity, brittleness)
b. Extensive Properties – depend on the quantity of matter, and not on
the quality (kind) of matter (e.g. mass, volume, length)
2. Chemical Properties – are the properties or ability of a substance to form a new substance
with entirely different properties
- pertain to the behaviour of a material in which its identity is altered or
changed
- these properties are observed when substances are made to react with
other substances such as air, an acid or base, or other chemicals, or when it
is heated.
- e.g. iron reacts with oxygen to form a compound called iron oxide,
commonly known as rust. (corrosiveness)
CHANGES OF MATTER
1. Physical Change – is one that involves no change in the fixed composition of substance;
do not alter the composition of a substance; no new substance is
formed (e.g. breaking of glass into small pieces)
*make a review on the changes that matter undergoes when water (H2O) turns
Into different states of matter, and the specific process involved.
2. Chemical Change – (chemical reaction) is one that involves the reaction of one or more
substances (reactants), to form one or more different substances
(products)
- changes the composition (or structure) of a substance
- a substance is transformed into other substances with different composition
and different properties
Chemical Equation – is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction
e.g. “solid sodium reacts with chlorine gas producing solid sodium chloride”
2 Na (s) + Cl2 (g) 2 NaCl (s)
reactants products
- e.g. digestion of food in our body; burning of fuel in our kitchen; cooking of
food; photosynthesis/respiration; preparation of medicines & industrial
products
SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
Guihulngan City Campus
Instructor: MISS NOVA MARIE E. ANTIQUANDO, MAEd., LPT
CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER
Pure Substance – (substance) is made up of one level of material with a unique set of
chemical & physical properties; the composition is always the same
regardless of its source (e.g. all samples of table salt contain sodium &
chlorine combined in the same proportions by mass)
Mixture – is a physical combination of substances ; a blend of two or more pure substances
that are not chemically combined
Homogeneous mixture – a mixture that do not contain visibly different parts (solutions);
have same properties throughout (e.g. air, seawater)
Solution – a mixture of substance that has a uniform composition (solvent &
solute)
Heterogeneous mixture – a mixture that has visibly different parts; two or more different
types of matter can be seen with the naked eye or a good optical
microscope (e.g. halo2x)
Element – the simplest form of matter and cannot be broken down (decomposed)
chemically into simpler, stable substances; can be thought of as building blocks
for everything in the universe
- 118 known elements (21st century); 89 of which occur naturally
Compound – a chemical combination of substances or elements that has its own set of
properties & a definite composition; cannot be separated by physical means
but only by chemical means
(e.g. pure water H2O – contains 88.8% oxygen and 11.2% hydrogen by mass;
HCl – hydrochloric acid
NaCl – sodium chloride)
COURSE INSTRUCTOR
MISS NOVA MARIE ENTRINA ANTIQUANDO
Doctor of Education in Science Education (Candidate)
Master of Arts in Education major in General Science (Full-fledged)
Name of
Master of Arts in Science Teaching (Candidate)
Instructor
Bachelor of Secondary Education major in General Science
Professional Civil Service Eligibility
Licensed Professional Teacher
[email protected]
Contact Details Nov’z Antiquando
0909-166-2107 (TNT)
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