CONTENTS Unit 1. Present simple - Present continuous - stative verbs ~ Adverbs of frequency — Present perfect - Present perfect continuous .. po4 Unit 2 Past simple - Past perfect ~ Past continuous - Past perfect continuous - used to/would/Past simple — be used to/get used to ..... vane p 10 Unit 3 Future simple - be going to - Present simple/continuous (future meaning) — Future continuous — Future perfect - Future perfect continuous ~ Time clauses p. 16 Revision A (Units 1-3). p. 22 | Unit 4 the passive voice - Personal/Impersonal constructions - Causative FOF vs Ps 24 Unit 5 Conditionals (0, 1, 2, 3 types)/Mixed conditionals - Wishes - Unreal present/Unreal past p. 30 Unit 6 —_countable/Uncountable nouns ~ singular/Plural nouns ~ Quantifiers & Partitives — Some/Any/No/Every & compounds - a/an/the .... Pp. 36 Revision B (Units 1-6).. se pag | Unit 7 Modals ~ Modals of deduction p. 46 , Unit 8 comparisons ~ike/as - Exclamations cn rales BRED Unit 9 Reported speech — Reported statements questions - Modals in reported speech — Reported commands/requests/suggestions/orders/instructions, etc ~ ‘Special introductory verbs - Question tags p. 59 Revision C (Units 1-9).. Aste po Unit 10. Relatives/Relative clauses - Clauses of concession - Clauses of reason - Clauses of purpose — Clauses of result sesscanenee Py 71. Unit 11 (to)-infinitivey-ing form — Reflexive/Emphatic pronouns... p79 Unit 12 _ beterminers - Emphatic structures - Plural nouns Pp. 86 Revision D (Units 1-12)... p92 Word formation .. " - sorervnee PE Phrasal verbs p98 Key word transformation Prepositions of place/movement/time - Verbs, nouns, adjectives with prepositions - Prepositional phrases... p.105 Appendices See pe Irregular verbs p.120 Progress Tests A-F Soil i J eee eeaeee praCa ed Present simple We use the present simple fo: + permanent states, Jean works fora catering company, * daily routines/ repeated actions. He always takes the bus to school * habits. Steve drinks two ‘general truths and laws of nature. Water freezes at O°. + timetables/schedules (future meaning) 7 ast tain to London leaves at 9:15 p + reviews/sports commentaries/narration. the end, Gail finds her mother and they all ve heoply ever after ‘Time expressions we use with the present simple: ‘every day/month/hour/summer/moming/evening, etc, usualy, offen, sometimes, always, etc, on Sundays/ Tuesdays, etc ‘1 Identify the tenses in bold, then match them to the correct use. A 8 1 Diam helping (resent permanent state ous) Helen shop for fy fxed arrangement Clothes on Saturday. inthe near future 2 Qooratstiveinceves? —¢- repeated or habitual 3 C)iamesis aways action interrupting me. general ruth or law 4 (He often goes to the mall ‘of nature on Fridays, e exoressing 5 () The match starts at nine ‘annoyance about @ o'clock frequently repeated 6 (_)Billand Rob are repairing action the fence atthe moment temporary situation 7 CIAgroup of school children g changing or find a magical land inside developing stuation wardrobe sports commentary 8 (ihe rate of unemployment review or narration ts decreasing siowy 1 timetable or 9 CO) Royiis staying with his schedule (future srandparents fora few meaning) cays 4 action happening at (or around the moment of speaking 10.) does Tina wear glasses? Present continuous \We use the present continuous for: * actions happening now, at the moment of speaking. Tim is doing the dishes atthe moment. * actions happening around the time of speaking, Kim andiJo are currently looking for 2 * fixed arrangements in the near future, especialy when we know the time and place. ive"re going to tie opera changing or developing situations. is getting higher and frequently repeated actions with adverbs such as ‘always, constantly and continuously to express annoyance or criticism. You're always leaving the door op ‘+ temporary situations. o'r fixing the bativoom this woek: Time expressions we use with the present continuous: ‘how, at the moment, at present, these days, til, nowadays, today, tonight, etc 2 Underline the correct tense, as in the example, 11 More and more people move/are_moving to the countryside these days. 2. Alice works/is working as 2 costurne designer for the local theatre company, 3. The company holds/s holding a two-day seminar on software updates forall its employees next week. 4 Mery doesn't leavesisn't leaving her office before 6 o'clock in the evening, S.No wonder the phone bills are so high! You always: talk/are always talking on the phone! | don’t work/am not working at the café at present. 7 Do amphibians live/Are amphibians living both on land and in water? 8. You are always borrowing/always borrow my clothes! 'm so sick of it! 9 They prefer/are preferring to go on holiday in spring \when the resorts are less crowded, 10 Chris and Helen constantly argue/are constantly arguing about who is the best chetSentry Stative verbs are verbs which describe a state rather than an action and do not normally have a continuous form. These are: ‘Verbs which express feelings and emotions: ite, jove, hate, dislite, can't stand, don't mind, prefer, enjoy, want, desire, etc. They don’t mind tne summer heat * Verbs of perception: believe, know, notice, remember, forget, understand, think, etc ‘motice you've done something to your har — it looks g ‘+ Verbs of the senses: see, hear, fel, taste, look, smell, sound. This fabric feels so soft | can hear an alarm clock ringing ‘= Some other verbs: fi, contain, need, belong, cast, owe, mean, own, appear, want, have (possess), et. ‘She helped us move house, so we owe her favour. ‘Some stative verbs have continuous tenses when they describe actions and not states, bt there is a difference in meaning, Present simple Present continuous “enny is er pole (= characte permanent tate) | Hes being very nice (=e is bebadng think his cars fantastic. (= believe) 'm thinking abu scotland They have (got) sale boat (= they possess) ‘re having 3 mechanic i looking at iy checking/examining) ican see a ock 0 use my eyes) | Are you seeing your brother tomorrow? (= are you meeting?) This scart feels lke sk (= It has the texture of lum Is feeling Jo’ forehead. (= she is touching) Your cousin looks very yo he/she appears to be) This sandvich tastes delccus (= ithas a delicious | He's tasting the sauce 0 see 71S OK (= he is testing the flavour) i | favour : Your har smells ice (= thas @ nice sme) | They're smelling te flowers. = they are sniffing | iy brother’ band! atthe Lexington Kim appears to be very upset (= she seems) | areca sce oa era ee rere aa atc performing) a | Those trousers lt yOu pe they are the right size | sue is fitting new cupboards in her kitchen. (= she is putting) Note: a) The verb enjoy can be used in continuous tenses to express specific preference. ’'m enjoying ths pay alo. (spectic preference) but: enjoy zoirg tothe theatre. (general preference) by) The verbs Jook (when we refer to sb’s appearance), feel (= experience a particular emotion), hurt and ache can be used in the continuous or simple tenses with no difference in meaning. You look very smart today. + You are looking very smart today. She feels sick + She's feeling Choose the correct item. Give reasons. Luke is loving/loves playing the guitar and singing, Unprocessed cocoa doesn't taste/isn’t tasting Emma Stone Is appearing/appears at the Redgrave sweet. Theatre on Friday \what do you think/are you thinking about? The police officer is noticing/notices the thiet’s This wooden table doesn't feel/isn’t feeling very suspicious behaviour and follows him. smooth, Its got lots of small bumps. Does this contain/Is this containing nuts? | can’t Her parents don't ike dogs. They prefer/are preferring eat them, 'm allergic. cats. Tum down the volume please! That music sounds/is | enjoy/am enjoying the book you gave me a lot! sounding awl4 Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or the present continuous. 11 A; Michael is being (be) very quiet today's anything wrong? 8: No\I don't think so 2 A These towels (feel) as soft a sik 8: ve just washed them. 3 & We (think of moving back to England 8: Really? When? 4: Where's Andrew? We can find him anywhere Bt (Wook) as fhe’ cisappeare 5A: Your perfume (smelt ovely, 8: Thanks its called ‘Gold 6 & TheTTio Dance Group (appear) at the Odeon tonight. 8: Shall we go? 7A This skirt Anot/it) me any more 8: Maybe it shrankin the wash. 3 & Mum, (see) an island on the horizon. B: Me too! | think well ave atthe port soon, 9 A: What's Dad doing? 8: He (taste) the sauce to see fit needs some pepper 10. A: The Richardsons (have) a cottage in comwal 8: | know. They bougntit afew years ago. 11 & Whattime (the train/eavey? 8: At6 ofockin the evening 12 A Thissoup (taste) delicious. How cid you make it? 8: Wel, its really very simple 13 A: What’ that noise? Bit (sound) lke Jane playing her trumpet! 14 A: Are you busy at the moment? &: Yes (arrange) a very important meeting 15 &: when (ee) the dentist? B: Next Tuesday. m quite scared! 16 A: Did you hear about Biology cess? t's cancelled tis week. Eyres (notbelieve) it They (always/cancel) my favourite classes! 3A Hurryup! The tain Rr aie us + Adverbs of frequency tell us how often sth happens. These are: always (100%), usually (90%), often (70%), sometimes (50%), occasionally (30%), rarely/seldom (10%), never (0%). ‘Adverbs of frequency go before the main verb but after the main verb be and auxlary verbs be, have, do and modals such as will, may, etc. she often ‘eles to work: She is always careful on the road 5 Correct the mistakes. its warm and cosy. isa and John go rarely on holiday to the seaside, fm occasionally getting stuck in trafic. I's so annoying! My mum always is sympathetic to other people's problems. 5 The number 52 bus comes on time never! & Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. 1A: So, what co you think (think) ofthe fm? 8 Well ike the fact thatthe plot (revolve) around many different cheracters. Attimes, it (look, ike a real-life documentary, 2A: Would you lke to go to the theatre on Sunday? B: Imsorrg! wisit) my grandoarents this weekend. (eave) at230 8: OKI llbe ready in five minutes 4 & Pam (always/complain) about something. B:_ Yes, she is easily initated, 5. A: More and more people (recycle) tei rubbish, That's good news. 6 A: Could you give me a lft tomorrow morning? B: I'm sorry but! (always/take) the bus to get to work 7 A: Can speak to Mr Collins, please? 8: 'matraid he's not available at the moment. He (have) a meeting. with some clients. 8 A: What do you know about snakes? B | know that they are reptiles and they (lay) eggs, ‘My cat always is sleeping near the fireplace because7 Tick the correct sentence, as in the example. 1. a Thetuain from Brussels arrives at 2:20 at Platform 5. b The train from Brussels is arriving at Platform 5, 2 a Mrlowis doesn't goto the supermarket today, b_ Mr Lewis isnt going to the supermarket today. 3. a_ Usa always breaks things in the kitchen, _ Lisa is always breaking things in the kitchen. 4 a Gregrunsa hotel fora living, Greg is running a hotel for living. 5 a Dowevisit Grandma and Grandpa this sunday? Are we visiting Grandma and Grandpa this Sunday? Mark never wears a hat. b Marks never wearing a hat a Cats don't like water. bb Catsare not liking water ‘a How much does the sik shirt cost? 1b How much isthe sik shirt costing? a b a b 20 More and more people eat healthily More and more people are eating heatthily, | understand French better than English. fm understanding French better than, Engish 11 a |sitme,or doesit smell ike something is burning? b Isitme,orisit smelling ike something Is burning? 12 a love coming to the forest and hearing sound of birds chirping, b_ I'mloving coming to the forest and hearing, the sound of birds chirping 10 & Fillin the gaps (1-15) in the dialogue with the present simple or the present continuous form of the verbs below. * look forward to * have (2) + remember « suit ‘want * not do» go x2) « know leave (2) *# sound * work 62) ‘A: Hey Susan, long time no speak! How are you? | hope everything 1) well B:_Hey Nicole! Nice to hear from you! Yes, 2) ‘some great news! A: Oh! 'm glad what about? B: So, you 3) that | 4) asa programmer these days, right? Yeah, 5) ‘you teling me that. Well, my company 6) me to move to Madr for two years and help our team over there! A: That 7) ‘amazing! When 8) 2 B: Oh, not until next month, but | 9) italready. Let's meet before | 10) | please! | ‘A: Sure! 'm free most evenings next week ~ oD) Monday you? B:_Hrmm, Monday is not good because | 12) 2 Spanish class, Tuesday or Wednesday are the best for me,1 13) ‘anything then. ‘A: On Tuesday my friend Jess and | 14) toa play atthe National Vic. Wednesday 15) ‘thought B: OK, excellent! Let's say Wednesday, then! Q) There are eight mistakes in the email below. Find and correct them inscox EF Hey Patrick, How re you? | write to you rom Dunoon in Scotland! I'm here for traning course. | learn deep sea and open water diving! lve been here for three weeks now, ond I really enoy i. The weather here i not as cold 0s you think olthough it rains 0 lot at the moment, One thing that | need to get used fois the water temperature ~ is freezing! Its OK though, because we ate having very good diving gear and a least the sea is calm. Right now, relax in my room. '™m staying in @ small hotel near the training centre. The owners are friendly ond welcoming, nd its so quiet that | am heoring the sound of the waves and seagulls. t's almost ike « holiday, nd isnot costing alot! Two birds with one stone, right? Well, 've got one more week here and I can say thot I'm not really looking forward fo leaving! ‘Speak soon, DovidDU ae ce ee Present perfect \We use the present perfect: + for actions which started in the past and continue up to the present and also especially with stati verbs such as be, have, ke, know, ete. Kate has known tn since 2002 + to tak about a past action which has a visible result in the present. 2 has just finished painting the 00m, Does? it Ook g + for actions which happened at an unstated time in the ast. The action is more important than the time it happened. fod and Lucy have booked tickets t0 + with today, tis moming/afternoonweek, so far, etc When these periods of time are not finished at the time of speaking. ve finished revising three exam units ths week + for recently completed actions. ™»e/'ve Just Dought 2 + for personal experiences/changes which have happened. Vie've never had such a wets ‘Time expressions we use with the present perfect: for, since, already, yet, always, ust, ever, never, $0 far, today, this week/month, ete, how long, lately, recently, til (in negations), etc Present perfect continuous \We use the present perfect continuous: * to place emphasis on the duration of an action which started in the past and continues up to the present. ean has been writing reports fortwo wees + for an action which started in the past and lasted for ‘some time. It may have finished or still be going on but its results are visible in the present. Mr Bolton is upset. His students have been behaving toespres anger intaten, amoyence or etcsm Someone has been throwing their rv ‘Time expressions we use with the present perfect continuous: Tor, since, how long, lately, recentiy. ll day DE ue een ea The verb go has got two present perfect forms: have gone and have been. Where's Alice? have been to Oxford three times this y Have you eves been to Brazil? She hasn't been ‘+ have/has been in = have/has lived in ey have been in Sweden since 2008. 410) Identity the tenses in bold, then match them to the correct use. A 8 4 C)ihave beeninzurch a expressing anes since 2001 ination or annyance 2 Cihave ust finished tie bemorasise duration of cake Doesnt took anacton delicious? ¢ action at an unstated 3 C)someone has been fimeinthe past making anonymous recently completed phone caso ournouse. "Seton yhoseresutis 4 Otreacochas visible tre present appeared in many films @ action which started in and TV adverts. ‘the past and continues 5 C)ithas been raining upto ne present alottis moming (2 (Sheis still in Oxford; she hasn't come back yet) 2 (Ihave visited Oxford but now | am not there. | have retumed home.) 11 fillin the gaps with gone to, been to or been in. 1 Sue has the bank to pay some bill. She'll be back in an hour. 2 lanhas Malta twice, 3. Tony has Bath for three months now. 4. A: Doyou know where Mum is? B: Yes, she's the supermarket with ann. 5. Mysister has hospital since last Friday 6 Percy isa real adventurer. He's the Amazon Rainforest and the Gobi Desert.4.2. choose the correct verb form. Give reasons. 1 Adrian has been playing/has played games on his Computer all afternoon! 2 The mayor has givenshas been giving a speech on the new recycling plans. 3. Lately the team hasn't played/hasn’t been playing very well 4 We've knowny‘ve been knowing cach other for a long time. 5 Youlook lite tied. Have you slept/Have you been sleeping enough recently? 6 Jula hasn't finished/hasn’t been finishing her English essay yet. 43 Fillin with for or since. 1 I've been working 9 o'clock this morning and | still haven't finished the report 2. The university has been in the same building avvery long time. 3. The company has been looking for a new director Apri 4. 7ak’s car's really well-made, He's had it years and i's never broken down. 5 Nellyhas been a chemist most of her fe. 1.4. complete the sentences using the present perfect or the present perfect continuous of ‘the verbs in brackets, as in the example. 11 Raph is getting frustrated because the meal he ordered hhasn’t been served yet. (wait) He fas been waiting for his meal 2 The estate agents are taking down the For Sale’ sign in front of the house. (sell) They the house, 3. Liam and Sarah are travelling to Thailand on Tuesday. (book) They their plane tickets. 4 Samantha is reading an email from Karen. (receive) she ‘an erail from het. 5 John started fixing the washing machine this morning. (repair) He itsince 9am, 6 Rachel is getting out of bed. (ust/wake up) she 7 isa started working for the company in 2007. (work) she for the company since 2007. 8 We are stil wating forthe bus. (come) The bus yet 15 Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the present perfect continuous form. Hi Robbie, I'm sorry 1)... you but |2) (be) busy recently AAs you know, 1 3) (wait) anxiously since June to hear from the universities that 1 Diese. {apply)to. Well, Nottingham University, the university that | 5) (always/want) to attend, 6) (accept) my application! Isn't that ‘reat? 17) : (decide) not to live on campus, because I'd like my own space. 18) (ook) through the adverts for a flat and my mother and | are going to Nottingham tomorrow. | am excited but also a litle nervous as | 8) .- (never! five) on my own before. What 10) lately? | hope all is well, Take care, Steven (nothwrite) to 16 Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold. 1 When did you start working at the post office? HAVE How: at the post office? 2 The manager's ill and is coming back to work tomorrow. FEEL The manager today and is coming back tomorrow. Katy hasn't apologised to David yet. SAID Katy stil David. 4. The last time Rob called us was three months ago. CALL We from Rob in three months 5. The fight to Lima is scheduled for Tuesday at 10:55 in the morning. OFF The fight to Lima (on Tuesday at 10:55 in the morning. 6. Thisis the frst time Michael has travelled by ferry. BEEN Michael ferry before.asi acs eked Past simple ‘We use the past simple for: + actions which happened at a specific time (stated, already known or implied) inthe past. Sheila arrived in Tokyo last week past actions which happened one immediately after the other. He got out of beo, went t the coffee machi past habits I took the train to work for years, + past actions which won't take place again European ships sailed to the New Word id turned on Time expressions we use with the past simple: yesterday, yesterday moming/evening etc, two weeks/a month ago, in 2010, etc Past continuous/Past perfect con Past continuous ‘We use the past continuous for: + an action which was in progress ata stated time in the past. We do not know when the action started or finished. | was watching the {or an action which was in progress when another action interrupted it. We use the past continuous for the: ‘action in progress (longer action) and past simple for the action which interrupted it shorter action). We were playing crab he ights went out. for two or more simultaneous actions. Noialio was fying ber kite while her sister was riding her bicyc to give background information to a story. 1/e sun was shining a cis were singing tat Suir ‘Time expressions we use with the past continuous: Past perfect \We use the past perfect for: ‘an action which finished before another past action or before a stated time in the past. "rey had tidied ti Dom by the time their parents arrived. (before ‘another action) she had cooked dinner by si o'clock. (before a stated time) * for an action which finished in the past and whose result was visible ata later point in the past. Frank had washed the ca, so the grou Note: The past perfect isthe past equivalent of the resent perfect. She was upset because she had last h (present perfect: sie is us has lost her purse) Time expressions we use with the past perfect: before, after, already, just, for since, ti/unti, when, by the time, never, etc Past perfect continuous \We use the past perfect continuous: ‘+ to put emphasis on the duration of an action which started and finished in the past, before another action ‘ora stated time in the past, usually with for or since. ine had been working i the elds for five * for an action which lasted for some time in the past and whose result was visible inthe past. nad been studying all night and was exhau "Note: The past perfect continuous isthe past equivalent of the present perfect continuous. "i2y had been training for were ex ABa/ WE pt searE evfoct. Continuous: rey have been training for weeks end are Time expressions we use with the past perfect continuous: while, when, a, at 1:00 yesterday, etc for, since, how long, before, until, etc 100 " 2 2 Choose the correct tense. Give reasons. We were having/had had our monty meeting ast Monday at 4 o'clock, My uncle was working/had been working 2s a shop assistant for fve years before he decided to change job. They didn’t arriverweren't arriving at the tain station on time because of heavy traffic “wo huncred years ago people traveled/ad travelled abroad by ship. The students were sitting/sat 2 test when the lights ‘went out/were going out. What did you dorwere you doing when the certnquake happened/was happening? Mary was turning/turned off the computer, had locked/locked the door and left/was leaving the office, Who didvwas doing he washing up ast week? -avthur didn’t attend/adn’t attended tne conference yesterday ‘Amy was sitting/sat on the park bench while the chilcren had played/were playing. He was hungry because he hadn't eaten/didn't eat anything Bill ran/was running five miles every day when he was younger. ‘he athletes had been preparing/were preparing for the Olympics for months. a) Ryan and Amanda went on a day trip to ‘Cornwall yesterday. Look at the prompts and say what they did, using the words from the list, as in the example. ‘first © then © next © after that © later « finally First, they drove to Newquay. 9:00 = 10:30: drive to Newquay 40:30 - 1:00: visit aquarium 1100 - 230: havelunchat a café 290 - 4:00: walk along the seafront 4:00 - 7:00: watch the surfing competition 7:00 - 9:00: have dinner with friends b) Now ask and answer what Ryan and Amanda were doing at these times, as in the example, ‘A: What were they doing at 9:1 the morning? B: They were driving to Newquay. 95am 1:45 pm 50pm 11:15am 3.00pm 8:20pm Fill in the gaps with the past simple, past continuous or correct past perfect form of the verbs in brackets, as in the example. Steve went (go) to the flea market yesterday and (buy) some books. When they (realise) they (lose) their way they (start) to panic, Tim (have) lunch after he (wash) his car ‘Andrea (practise) the piano for six months before she {enten) the competition ‘The children. (be) sad because they (hear) bad news, we (nothave) 2 problem gelting to the concert because we (already/book) our tickets in advance What (she/do) wien she (cut) her finger? He (not/be) in a hurry that Monday morning because he (take) the day of. Lucy (feel) happy because she (win) the tennis competition, sara and John (make) sandwiches for the picnic when 1 (Phone) to tel them that we were going to be late. Fill in the gaps with the past perfect continuous form of four of the verbs below. ‘swatch + listen * leam # exercise look * walk + search travel Thoirlegs were aching. 2 Darren reall liked the They exhibition. He all morning. atthe photographs fora long time. Mark was having a break; 4 | was excited when | he heard the song tite onthe radio because | for an hout ——— for ifr months! cr5) Look at the pictures and put the verbs in 6 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past brackets nto the caret pst tense tems 1 Petr ) snout ine (shoved teen sry 2 Tey (celebrate) because they (win) the game. 1 A: Where 1) (you/buy) Pane, 8: Well,! 2) eee) (look) for a car for two months. Then, as 1 the robe or twee 3 teal tory cousin he pee tere, 4) (mention) that one of his cated friends 5) (want) to sell ipaceceen, his car. 16) (call) hin ave) (orange ee comes en i aad he ind 2s wre 9) (boyy) ‘han {blown afternoon? | 2) (call) UPA: you all afternoon but there 3) tyre reer aia (be athoe bt you 5 mepaace 3 (probing : wile | 6) (garden) (already/start) by the outside. snes 2 sowie) (arrive). (you/live) in Sydney before you 2) (move) 26019? & wea) Ae) in yey » (wor 3 cotenions estes 4A) (yourwant) to study at university when you left 7 9 &: Nainteegmang!2 | tgoviotaieny osasa ttre by on 3 | a se ‘aye keen on (work) hard me becoming an engineer so | 4) sis, trey garg teste ie coe 5 A Why) or (youve) 20 Fda) (travel) for (wait) to catch up ‘six hours before they Wet Oneieeed react 2 lina) (ato ther eesirton “eave nen ny pane (ring) and 1s) (have to) leave fms 127 Read the text and choose which answer (A, B, Cor D) best fits the gaps. 1 A hadbeen booking B had booked © were booking D_ booked 2A had heard B heard © was hearing D_ had been hearing 3A was B_ had been © were being D been 4 A wasn't been B wasn't © hadn't been D weren't 58 A had B hadbeenhaving —€ washaving D had had 6 A hadgot B was getting © got D were getting 7 A fallen B had fallen fell D_ had been falling B A wasn't ever B hadneverbeen hadeverbeen —-D._wasnever 9A wasfinding B had found © found D_ had been finding 40 A had B_ were having © had had D_ was having Fill in the gaps with the correct time words/ phrases from the list below. ‘since * already * yet © for * when © until 11 Myparents didn’t buy me a mobile phone [nad finished high school. 2 Jake was living in Pars then, but he hadn't started leaming French 3. Prya had been singing atthe conservatory five years before she moved to Leeds. 4 twas living in London the Olympics took place there. 5 Richard had worked at that hospital 2011 6 Had you met Michael before we saw him at the cinema? ast summer, my brother and | 1) a weekend ‘away to one of the most beautiful cities in the world Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. Before going, | 2) a lot of good comments from friends who 3) there on holiday, so | was curious to see it for myself. | 4) disappointed; Stockholm is truly beautiful, with impressive, elegant buildings and a stunning natural landscape. In fact, Stockholm is called ‘Venice of the North’, because like Venice, it is built on many islands and is surrounded by water. One of the best experiences we 5) was a boat trip around the islands. As we 6) fon the boat at Slussen, my brother almost 7 into the water. He 8) (on a boat, but in the end he really enjoyed it Although Stockholm restaurants. are generally a litle expensive, we 9) some really nice small cafés with great food. Overall, we 10) brilliant place to visit! . 4 great time. Stockholm is a Use the prompts to ask and answer questions, as in the example. Use past tenses. 11 whatiyou/dorlast night? ‘watch/ep'sode/favourite/TV series ‘A What dd you do last night? B: I watched an episode of my favourite TV series. 2. where/Steve/go/on holiday/last summer? Rome and the south of tly 3. why/be/lane/upset? miss/fight/eelfast 4. where/Rob/go/when/you/see/him/yesterday? on his way/post office 5 how long/Chris/train/before/become/pilot? ‘get/certficate/after/train/two years 6 why/you/be/so tired? ot/steep/wel/that w errR ee bel sd * We use used to/past simple to talk about past habits or actions that happened regularly in the past, but no longer happen. Pu! often used to walk/walked to class when ersity (He doesn’t do that anymore.) ‘+ We use would/used to for repeated actions or routines in the past. We don’t use would with stative verbs. 9: used to stay/would stay wit her grandparents for the summer holidays. BUT | used to know many peopl in my 1000, (NOT: | wetue-Keiewe many people in my neighbourhood.) ‘+ We use the past simple for an action that happened at a definite time in the past. /e visited Australia in 2000 (NOT: We eseetterwouldisit Australia in 2003.) Reet ad ed *+ We use be used to to show that we are accustomed to or are in the habit of (doing) something, + Be used to can be followed by a noun, a pronoun or an -ing form, [oy are used to humic summers. (present) He doesn't mind waking uo early the moming. He's used to it (present) W2 weren't used to hearing trate. ast) + We use get used to to express the idea of becoming accustomed to (doing) something (gradually) * Get used to can be followed by @ noun, a pronoun, or an ing form. ‘lis getting used to Ne new glasses (resent) Jimmy had never been rock climbing before, but he got used to it. (past) You'll get used to cooking your ‘own meals when you go to university (future) 1Q 10s out the incorrect item. Give reasons. 12 ® Vicky moved to Tunisia last month for her new job. Use the prompts below to make 1. My grandmother used to go/would go/was going sentences about how she is doing, as in (on holiday to the English seaside as a child, ‘the examples. 2 Jake ond Pat lived/used to live/would live in Singapore when they were teenagers. 3. During the summer bresk we would swim/used to ‘swim/were swimming in the sea every day. 4. | think chocolate used to taste/tasted/would taste ‘sweeter when | was little, 5 Did you use to take/Were you taking/Would you ‘take the bus to school every morning? 6 Jane didn’t use to have/wouldn’t have/didn’t have short hair when she was younger, 11 Fillin the gaps with the correct form of be/ get used to. 11 Rickie has been working as a baker for four years. He ‘waking up very early 2. The doctor had performed this type of surgery many + New job xs Tunisian cuisine ¥ before, sh it ‘ane ee ‘+ New colleagues ¥ ——« Different customs x 3 They ad lived in the UK for years before they moved to pot weathes % «Speak Arabic x ‘Spain, so they eevee ‘+ Uvenear the desert x Befarfromhome 4. Natalie has just got her driving licence. she hopes she driving a car soon. 5 We took a lat of long-haul fights when I was young, so | jet log now, 6 My sister is stil frightened of the sea. Even after taking ‘swimming lessons, she still going in the water 'b) imagine you are Vicky. Write an emall to a friend or your family telling them about your life in Tunisia.3 Putarticr v) next tothe sentences that are correct and cross out the unnecessary words in sentences that are incorrect as in the example. Jackie hed got a bonus because she had worked hard all year. By the time we got to the cinema, the fim had already started ‘When Tina called me, | just left the house and went to see her. Fm not used to waking up so earty in the morning! | was been waiting for the rain to stop before leaving the house. ‘After a few weeks of traning, Lucy was got used to breathing underwater. The new university library opened in January, Pat had already fixed the PC when Sam had offered to help her. Match the tems in Column A to those in Column 8 to make correct sentences, as in the example. A 8 ule nad already lt got used tothe cold the office in Conada, Cour ath teacher before the tax used to artved Dist havent fors0years Olwerned been weiting d_-when hermmeneger for along time cal there naa been 2 wile the players hotel on tis ste were celebrating Othe fans were eve us lots of cheering homework 15. fillin the gaps with the correct verb form. Use the past simple, past perfect, used to and be/get used to. In which gap can we use would? oom, OME Fora short period when 11) {be at colle, | 2) lle) in Lisbon. 13)... " (be) 2 wonderful time, and it 4) (give) me ‘my first experience of Ife in a foreign country. Although 1 5) {study) French fora couple of years, belore starting college, | 6) (neverthave) the ‘opportunity to practise another language. 7). (fina) it really hard at tirst, but soon | 8) (speak) it ne of my favourite things 8) {he visting the small town of Cascais, Some friends and | 10) (take) the tran there and spend the day walking along the seafront ‘or enjoying a lovely meal. My friend Davide 11) (ove) eating fresh seafood, but theres of us 12)... {not/be) so keen on it! For the nine months that I was there | 18) {(notiee!) homesick even once. By the time | 14) | {eome) back t0 the UK, 1 98) ooo vow (already | start) missing my flat in Lisbon, When I got home, 1) 18) (sond) an email to my friends in| 16 Compete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold. 1 I'dnever travelled by plane before. TIME twas the first by plane. When did Liz gether driving licence? AGO How long, her driving licence? Isn't that the man who used to work at the same company as lake? BE Didn't that man Jake's colleague? Alfie hasnt written to me since June. LAST The tome was in June. The new student in my class is always late because he stil gets confused with the timetable. GOT The new student in my class is always late because he the timetable yet.16 od Future simple ~ will + main verb ‘We use the future simple for: * predictions based on what we think, believe or imagine will happen, with the verbs think, believe, expect, etc, the expressions be sure, be afraid, etc, and the adverbs probably, certainly, perhaps, etc. I think she will become a graat artist one day She's afraid her son wil fail tis exams. John will probably make a so (on-the-spot decisions (decisions made at the moment of speaking) 1 buy the bive jumps promises, threats, warnings, requests, hopes and offers. Will you give me (ll never speak to you a ‘actions/events/situations which will definitely happen, in the future and which we cannot control Global temperatures will rise sig decade, be going to ‘We use be going to: + to talk about future plans and intentions ('m going to travel ro id one day + to talk about things we are sure about, or we have already decided to do inthe near futur Weare going to visit nt + tormake predictions based on what we see or know. Look a that car i's going to crash sit he overt Time expressions we use withthe future simple and be going to: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, tonight, soon, next week/monthiyear, in a week/month/year, etc 4] Match column A to column B to make exchanges. A 1 Q)thestyis very lear and best 2 Q)dave you snshea writing te report? 3 C)rmreally hungry. 4 Qlwen wi im be free? 5 C) What wil yoube doing at s o'ock on saturday? 6 Ctave you heart good news? Present simple/continuous (future meaning) We use the present simple for future actions when we refer to programmes, timetables, etc. 1 leaves at 8 \We use the present continuous for actions we have decided and arranged to do in the near future, ''m meeting Pau! at 9 pm tomorrow. Future continuous ~ will be + verb + ing We use the future continuous for: + actions which wil be in progress at stated future tne. toroow be lying o Bucharest * actions which will definitely happen in the future as the result of a routine or arrangement The minster willbe giving speech atthe conference + when we ask politely aout someone's plan forthe near future Wil 2ke be attending the p2rty? Future perfect ~ will have + past participle + We use the future perfect for actions which willbe finished before a stated future time. They will have painted the room by Thursday Time expressions we use with the future perfect: ‘before, by, by then, by the time, unti/Ail (only in negative sentences). "hey won't have repaired my phone unti/til the end ofthis week, Future perfect continuous ~ will have been + verb + ing + We use the future perfect continuous to emphasise the duration of an action up to a certain time in the future. ‘The future perfect continuous is used with: by ... for By the end of tis year, he will have been lecturing at this colege for ten years. 8 Fil make you @ sandwich, then, He finishes work at 4 pm, Yes, Ihave. il callenny to congratulate her later, No, but will nave fnished by dinnertime, Yes, its going to be a gorgeous day. We'll probably be saiing on our new boatFill in the gaps with will or the correct form of ‘be going to, as in the example. A: Ithink Marie will study abroad in the future. 8: What makes you think that? A: Did you call the office? 8 you do it? 1m very busy. ‘A: 1'm very hot 8 A Me too. turn on the fan. you .g0 to the party on Saturday? B: Nojican't | visit my sister. A: There bea storm tonight, according tothe forecast. BB Yes, | know. I saw it on the news A; Lookat that car! B Oh,notit crash into that wall AA: There's a button missing from your shirt, 8: Really?! ‘sew another one on. ‘A: Have you decided what to get Kim for her birthday? 8: Yes! buy her a smartwatch. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of be going to, future simple, the present continuous or the present simple. Ann {pick up) her friends from the airport That man is looking at his phone! He (bump into) the tee! sue (give) a seminar at 10:30 tomorrow moming. Don't take the rubbish out. (take) it out in a lite while, The train to Nottingham (depart) from platform 4 at 11:15 am. The builders 40 repair the roof this weekend, ‘The water is baling. (make) pot of tea, we (travel) to Spain by car this summer. We need to hurry. The show (start) at 730. What Do you want to meet up? (come) (do) tomorrow? A, Choose the correct tense. @ In september David 1) is going to study/will have been studying to become a lawyer He 2) is working/will be working as a carpenter curing the day and studying in the ‘evening, He hopes he 3) will manage/is going to manage to pass his fal exams! Then he 4) will leave/will have left for London where he believes he 5) will have found/will find a good joo. Davi dreams that he 6) will become/will hhave become a successful lawyer by the time he is thity years old. He knows i 7)'s not going to bevisn't easy, but he's promised himself he 8) won't give/won't have given up. After alo this rard work, he 9) be enjoying/'l have. enjoyed the rewards of his success! orn and Mary 1) are gettingywill get married in ‘Septernber, so they are looking for a house to buy. They hope they 2) will find/are going to find 2 house soon. ‘They 3) are meetingywill be meeting the estate agent this afternoon because he 4) Is going to show/will show them 2 new house. From what the estate agent scribed on the phone, they think this house ) will be/ {is going to be the perfect one for them. Hopefully they 6) will ike/lke tan they 7) will have/have to decice uickyifthey want to put an offer in. The estate agent has told them he 8 will be showing/will have shown the place to three mare couples over the next few days!18 15, Put the verbs in brackets into the future simple, future continuous or the future perfect, as in the examples. Put the verbs in brackets into the present continuous, future continuous or the future perfect continuous. 8y 7 o'clock, Jonathan wil ave cooked (cook) dinner for the kids. 'b Jonathan can't go to the cinema this afternoon ‘be cooking (¢00kd dinner for the Don't come round before 9:00 tomorrow morning. f (clean) as | do every Friday bi (clean) before you come round so we can spend the whole day together. This time tomorrow | (make) a dress in my fashion class. b (you/make) me 2 dress lke yours if| give you my measurements? By the time this jouney's over 1 (take) hundreds of photos. Look at the beautiful scenery! | (take) a proto, sal (watch) the tennis tournament all day tomorrow. bi (watch) five tennis matches by the time | goto bed. Car's parents (build) ‘an extension to their house next summer. By the end of next summer, Car’s parents (bull) the extension to theirhouse, The government ‘a hundred new schools in the next § years. b_ By 2022, the government (open) 2 hundred new schools. (open) 8 a Don'twory! (do) all the washing up by the time you're back from work Oh, great! And (do) the washing up for the whole fat this week, OK? 10 A 8 K 8: > ze ee > Why is Wendy so worried? i ‘an exam soon? Yes, she wil be s tomorrow! Have you called the flor Yes They (deliver) ther frst ting tomorrow morning, The children are so fluent in Spanish. How long (they/learn it by » aking (shertake) 1g (Sit) her driving test ths time ‘about the flowers? the end of the month? ‘Well by next month they (attend) classes for three years. Hey Jack! Why are you in a hurry? 1 (meet) Cari inten minutes and 'm running late! (you/use) the car this afternoon? No, don't think so Have you been working for this company Jong? No, not realy By January, 1 (work) here for four months Where (wermeet) for the study group on Saturday? we (go) to the library at 10 am. Will Ly be at her office tomorrow morning? Yes, but don't call her she (write) an important report, How long have you been working as a diving Instructor? When I turn thirty-five, (teach) people how to ave for fifteen years. Do you fancy going to the cinema tomorrow afternoon? We can't I's going to be closed because at that time they (do) repair work.7 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. ‘What time shall pick you up tomorrow? Wel, | won't have finished (not/finish) my project Until six, so let's say half past six. «Is the car ready yet? No, but they fo) it by tomorrow, Do you think robots (replace) doctors inthe future? Hmmm, maybe. Although I don't think it (happen) any time soon, How long have you been in Spain for? On the 15th, (live) in Madrid for exactly three years. (you/manage) tofinish the essay by Wednesday? Na! (novfinish) by then, but hopefully | can get an extension! Ree What (Mike/do) next year? He has already booked a fight to Spain. He (spend) tivo weeks there. What time .. (ceremony/start) tomorrow? ‘The announcement says at 9 am but | Deleve ‘most people. (gather) abit eater than that. ‘Are you excited about your trip to the UK? Definitely! Tis time next week ook) at Stonehenge! 1 (stay) at my _grandparent’s lovely cottage by the sea this weekend. ‘We arranged it yesterday. Why don't ou come along? Sorry, can't. (give) an important presentation on Monday, so | (prepare) it all weekend, + Time clauses are introduced by: while, before, after, unti/til, as, when, whenever, once, as soon as, as long as, ‘by the time, before, no longer than. We use the present simple or present perfect but not future forms after the time words/expressions above. etme know as soon as you make your decision. (NOT: mae-seeR-as-you-wlL ake) ++ We also use the present simple or present prefect and not future forms after words/expressions such as unless, if, uppose/supposing, in case, etc.|0"* ‘= We use future forms with ov unless | 2° hop (NOT: —waless-Hwitneed—) a) when wien itis used as a question word, When willie have completed the project? ) if (= whether) when it is used after expressions which show ignorance, uncertainty, etc, such as don’t know, wonder, I doubt, etc. wonder if/whether ° will be Choose the correct item, as in the exampl tim going to see the doctor once | get get my ‘medical card, We should take a charger with us in case we will runy trun out of battery. Until you will finishvfinish your homework, you can't goout By the time the bus comes, it is/will be too late! ‘The website won't let you access the database unless, ‘you'll register/register. Fil do the homework after ll come/eome back from football practice, y tomorrow. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets, as in the example. Hurry up! The lesson vill ave started (start) by the time we 2°! (get) there, Your teacher (give) you the grades when she (finish) marking the exams. When you (wisit) that theme ark, you (have) such an amazing time! we (go) tothe beach as soon aswe {arrive) in Sydney! When (you/be able to) return the books that you borrowed from the library?4 10 " 2 1Q choose the correct item. —— ‘Next month, Duncan ....a meeting in Belgium, A isattending —_B_ will have been attending © attends ‘The bus tothe city centre... at half past nine. A leaves B isleaving ¢willleave my daughter her great-grandmother's antique ‘necklace for her birthday. ‘A willhave given B am goingto give © willhave been giving Take your umbreli in case it. A rains B willrain © will ave rained This time next Friday we .... Mount Fuji A willclim B willbe climbing © are going to cmd ‘A: What time does Simon finish work? : AtS:30.He..... home until 6:00 A isntbeng B_won'tbe © won't have been Ryan... atthe tennis tournament this time next year. ‘A competes B willbe competing © willhave competed Frank wants to become a doctor when he A: finishes B willis © is going tofinish Sally thinks she... in the country for the rest of her if A willhavelived —B willive © willhave been living | can't finish this crossword puzzle. please? ‘A wil you be helping 8 Will you help © Are you helping Will Carol... t0 the chemist’s this moming? | need ‘some vitamins, A. be going B havegone € be gone By the end of this year Max wil... atthe leisure centre for five years. A beworking have been working school. me with it, B work +5 (by) Harry is planning his week. Look at his notes and expand them to write sentences using the words in bold and future forms, as in the 1 (after) on monday hes going to study for the (Chemistry exam after he does the housework. 2 (before) 3. (by the time).. 4 (until) 12 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs from the list, as in the example. ‘arrive © fall + wait © miss « start «be ‘= g0 «stand The train arrives at this station at 9:05 am. 2. Ilbring some popcorn before the film 3. By the time you're ready, we already the ferry! Hurry up, please. 4 Look at that tree! Oh my goodness! it (on that car. 5 Matthew called and suggested we start the meeting without him in case he late 6 Texte when you lands | .-foryouat the atvals area 7 By 11:5, Sophia in the queue for over ‘one hour, 8 we (on holiday to Cornwall this year,43 Putthe vers in brackets into the correct future form AROUND THE WORLD 80 amusement parks Hi, everyone! I'm in Denmark. I's after midnight and, by ‘his time tomorrow, 11) ssn (FettED) fom Vsting my 80th amusement park That’ right lst ‘on my list is Bakken, the oldest amusement park inthe ‘world, And when Tsay old, 1 mean it~ by 2033, people 2 « (visit) Bakken for 450 years At 11 o'clock tomorrow morning, 13) sons catch) the train to Bakken with my friend John, and at 1130, we 4) (stand) in the queue ‘waiting forthe gates to open. Bakken 5) (open) at midday and the gates 6) (lose) again at midnight, so that gives us twelve hours to explore. I've got our whole day planned out! Fist, we 7) -- (go) on every one of Bakken’s 32 ries. 'm mos looking forward to trying the ‘wooden rollercoaster ~ it's 82 years old! I's bound to be a bit bumpy, but Im sure it 8) (be) an experience to remember. Next, 1 9) (check out) the other attractions, lke the bumper crs, the stalls and the arcades ~ there are 78 of them all together! I hope 1 10) (not/meet) Perot, Bakken’ famous clown, though. 'm not a big fan of clowns! We 11) snssnens (not/see) everything by dinnertime, so think John and 112) (buy) something to eat in the park I hope 1 =z (ery) all the big sides by then, though - no one wants to go on a roller coaster after dinner! ‘know our day at Bakken 14). (ive ‘up) to my expectations. It may be old but it’s still a very populat amusement park. I've Just read online that, by the time Bakken closes in September, 2 milion people BD) (Qake) a tp there this year I'm excited tobe one of them! 414. Use your ideas to complete the sentences. By the end of this week, / vill have exams, Next month, Tomorrow, This summer, oon, By the time 415, Correct the sentences, as in the example. 1 Next year, Emma and | will have been knowing each other for 10 years. Next year, Emma and { will have known each other for 10 years. | expect the world is being @ completely diferent place in 2080. ‘Amanda will have been celebrating her 30th birthday (on Saturday. 4 will goto the dentist tomorrow at twelve. ‘The sky is dark and cloudy; it wil be raining today. 6 Unless they will win the match, the team won't g0 through to the semi-finals. When are you knowing the results of the test? 8 My flight to Brussels is leaving at 7:46. 16 Complete each sentence with two to five words, including the word in bold. Frankis going to start training asa firefighter ust before he tums 19. STILL When he is 19, Frank tobecome a frefigter. Carol wil goto the chemist’ inthe morning. GONE ay twelve o'clock, Carol tothe chemist’ The cycling race fnishes tomorrow at 4 pm. FINISHED The cycling race by tomorrow evening. This year Jack wll celebrate his 30th anniversary of working atthe company. HAVE By the end o this year Jack ‘atthe company for 30 years. Lisais going to work from 9am to 5 pm tomorrow. BE tsa, at 10am tomorrow. My parens have decide to paint their bedroom next week. GOING My parents next week their bedroom22 10 Revision (units 1-3) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present tense. A: (Angela/live) in Liverpoot? B: Yes, but she (stay) in London right now for a course. ‘A: What time (you/get up) tomorrow? ‘Atéam. My train ‘A What (our new manager/want)? B: To introduce herself, she (hate) not knowing who everyone is. eave) at 7:30 A: The weather (not/get) any better. Bit (not/be) usually ‘$0 bad here at this time of year. a (Mark still/talk) on the phone? B: Yes He (not/know) how to end a call quickly. & (you ever /visit) Rome before? B: No, and that’s why | (lool forward to this holiday so much, We eave) next Friday. AL (try) to fix this pipe since this moming, 8: Why (not/you/call) aplumber yet? A: Your sister (seem) exhausted! B: She is! she (study) non-stop for 12 hours, A Why (people always/eat) crisps in the cinema? 8: I's very annoying! The people behind us (not/stop) eating since the fim began. A You (hardly/answer) any of the emails B: It been impossible. People (call) me all morning! Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past tense. \When Steve 1) that it 2) blue and clear, but the snow 3) the roof of the shed. While he 4)... (dress), his phone 5) lan say, ‘Let's go skiing!” evening, Her favourite actress 2) (appear) there. she 3) things didn’t turn out as she 4) (expect). Sally 5) .. theatre for an hour when someone 6) (announce) that the actress 7) ee ‘Tom's manager 1) om Monday morning. Someone 3) (break in) the previous night. They 4) (not/take) much, but the place 5) (be) @ mess. ‘What 6) for)? And why 7)... not/go off) Tom wondered, .- (Wake up),he saw (snow). The sky was everything during the night - the lawn, (ring). when he 8 (answer) it, he heard his friend EE ol qs5 Seas tickets weeks before the performance. Unfortunately, (call off) the play that evening due to illness, pre ea a (not/smile) when (arrive) at the office last (cover) the trees and ~ (B00K) the (wait) in the (they/look (the alarm/ a.Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. John = (have) dinner now. i. vonsnsne think) of taking another trip, Your colleagues (not/see) what you'r trying to say. Jess's favourite singer (appear) on TV tonight. The shoes (not/fit) me very ‘well when | tried them on in the shop. ‘The shop owner was becoming upset because the TOUTISt oneness (FD al the faDrICS without buying anything. = +n (MOt/think) that’s Charles. WY ne (you/look) at my jhone when | came in? Did | get a message? ‘Choose the correct item. We would/got used to go on holiday with my Uncle and aunt every year when | was young. People didn’t use to/wouldn’t beleve that the arth round \ never used to/got used to the cold when | lived in Finland, ‘Would you/Were you used to go to funfairs when you were a kid? | didn’t use/wasn't used to see many concerts when Iwas young, and | regret it. Where did you use/were you used to go in the summer? Jim was used to/used to working the night shit. ‘The holiday camp used to open/opened a week ago. Fill in will or the correct form of be going to. John's coming? Then | come too. Look how high that rollercoaster is! It bea fantastic ride! I think Dave on graduating. I'm sure my partner. the meeting, we ‘see that new comedy at the cinema tonight. Tom has got a meeting at 5 o'clock so he leave the office at 4. | promise I . Friday, Watch out! You jin his father's company arrive soon to start get the project finished by walk into that wall! 6 1 / Revision (units 1-3) | Choose the correct option. The Parkers will... through the Greek islands this time next week. A sail B besaling ‘As soon as John © have sailed D have been sailing 2 job, hell buy a scooter. A gets © isgoingto get B will get D isgeiting By the end of her gap year, Marianna wil... 15 countries. A visit B bevisiting She... an hour ago, A left © hasleft B hasbeen leaving had eft John .... for the company for 40 years by the time he retired. A used to work B has worked They season. ‘A aren't completing C_wor't have completed B_won'tbe completing haven't completed ‘She was tired; she... in the garden since moming ‘worked had been working was working D_ was .used to working what 'm doing at the weekend by tomorrow. “know © ibe knowing “m knowing D ‘tihave known winter soon, is © willbe will have been D hasbeen My plane... at 91pm tonight. A leaves, isleaving B will eave D willbe leaving © have visited D_have been visiting © wasworking D_ had been working the hotel before the start of the holiday24 suey ‘We form the passive with the verb to be and the past participle of the main verb, | Verb tense/form ‘Active Present simple john fixes bicycle Present continuous 0! is fixing Past simple Past continuous Present perfect | lol has fixed b |Past perfect | John had fixed bie | Future simple “ohn wil fic Future perfect _ L Infinitive John needs to fix bicycles Passive ‘are fixed by Joh are being fixed by John s were fixed by John. les were being fixed by Bicycles have been fixed by joi -ing form We saw ohn fing bicycl | Modal verbs in ean fix bicycles. Note: The present perfect continuous, the future Continuous, the past perfect continuous and the future perfect continuous are not normally used in the passive. We use the passi * when the person who does the action is unknown. (ihe results have been announced |, unimportant ‘+ when the action itsetf is more important than the agent, asin news headlines, newspaper articles, formal notices, advertisements, instructions, processes, etc. ie Fine Asts Museurn will be opened to the ath November. formal notice) ‘= when we want to avoid taking responsibilty for an action or when we refer to an unpleasant event and We do not want to say who or what is to blame, The window has been smashed. (instead of ‘You have smashed the window’) + to emphasise the agent. lay was written by Hai * to make statements more formal or polite ‘is broken. (More polite than "You broke the Dela fod yo canbe ted ‘Changing from active to passive: * the object of the active sentence becomes the subject in the passive sentence * the active verb remains in the same tense but changes into a passive form * the subject ofthe active sentence becomes the ‘agent, and is either introduced with the preposition by or is omitted Subject verb object ACTIVE Mysister bought the car. ‘ Sep eereey PASSIVE The car was bought —_by my sister. Subject verb Object ‘Only transitive verbs, ie. verbs that take an object, ‘can be changed into the passive. ‘The dog is resting on the grass. (no passive form)Note: Some transitive verbs such as have, it, sut, resemble, et, cannot be changed into the passive Nvick resembles his ranatathe (NOT: Hi grancatorisresomibod by Mok) + Let becomes be allowed to inthe passive active: He lets me dive is car passive: | am allowed to chive nis We can use the verb to get instead ofthe ver to be in everyday speech when we tak about things that happen by accident or unexpectedly He got injured wile he was playing football he was injuree) 3y + agent is used to say who or what carries out an. action. With + instrument/material/ingredient is used to ‘say what the agent used. The tin was opened with a tin opener. Dinner wes cooked by Charlie. The frst cfsh was mace with eggs, onions and potatoes. + The agent can be omitted when the subject is: people, one, someone/somebody, he/she/they, etc. Somebody i was locked. ‘+ The agent is not omitted when itis a specific or important person or when itis essential to the ‘meaning ofthe sentence. This oress was designed by my mother. This novel was vite by Leo Tolstoy. Personal/Impersonal Constructions ‘With verbs which take two objects such as bring, tell, ‘send, show, teach, promise, buy, sell,read, offer, ‘ive, lend, etc, we can form two different passive sentences. Lou sent me a postcard. (active) was sent a postcard by Lou. (passive more ‘common) A postcard was sent to me by Lou (passive less ‘common) In passive questions with who, what or which, we do not omit by. Who was the Eiffel Tower bull by? What was the shop destroyed by? In the passive, the preposition that follows a verb is placed immediately after the verb. active: They accused Tony of stealing the money Passive: Tory was accused of stealing the money. ‘The verbs hear, help, see and make are fllowed by the bare infinitive in the active but by the to-Infinitive in the passive mney heard her call for helo (active) ‘She was heard to call or eo. (passive) BUT: hear, see, watch + -ing (both in active and passive voice) They saw him swimming across the lake He was seen swimming across the lake The verbs think, believe, say, report, know, expect, consider, understand, etc are used in the following passive patterns in personal and impersonal constructions. ‘active: People think that he has inherited a fortune passive: a) subject of that-clause + passive form of main verb + to-infintive (personal construction) He is thought to have inherited a fortune. ) It passive form of main verb + that-clause (impersonal construction) itis thought (that) he has inherited a fortune Choose the correct item. ‘Our car is repaired/is being repaired this Friday ‘A: When was the house sold/has the house been sold? B: Three months ago. Lily was being taken/has been taken to the hospital, I hope she gets well soon. ‘The flowers weren't sent/haven’t been sent yet. ‘The shopping will be delivered/is delivered tomorrow, The essay will have been written/has been written by the end of the day. Michael is given/will be given the award by the headteacher next week. ‘The name of the restaurant has been changed/had been changed many times inthe last few years, Before the road was being built/was bull, the area hadn't been easy to access. ‘The tickets won't be booked/can’t be booked online ‘We have to call the box office The visitors were being shown/are shown the signts by the tour guide while they were walking through the town The stucerts haven't been taught/hadn't been ‘taught the material that came up in the test2 10 26 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct passive form. ‘A: | think it's dangerous when cyclists don’t wear helmets B: know, They {(should/fine) for not wearing one. Let's play basketball B: | can't. My teacher told us that our science projects (must/hand in) by Friday, and | haven't even started mine yet. ‘A: Have you ordered your party invitations? B: I didn’t have to. They {already/make) by my cousin, who is an artist. ‘A: Where did you get that beautiful jumper from? B tt (knit) by my grandmother years ago ‘A: Your house is a mess! Bit (clean) by the cleaning lady tomorrow. ‘A:_Have the police found the person who broke into your shop? 8: Ayoung man (see) running down the street after the alarm had gone off but he (not/find) yet ‘A: You look very tired. what happened? 8: I went to bed late last night. My students’ tests (have to/correct) so | ‘went to bed at 2am. & (contracts/type) yet, Mark? B:_Yes, Ms Peters, They're on your desk A: The new public library (already/open) to the pubic. Br Yes, heard. It by the mayor yesterday. ‘A: Ihave to buy a birthday present for my wife, Go tothe jewellery shop on Lexington Avenue. The pieces of jewellery that (design) there are unique. (open) 3 1 10 " 2 3 “ 15 Fill in the blanks with by or with. This sauce was made Tommy was bitten the night The old table was covered The hall was decorated fresh tomatoes. ‘2 mosquito during a tablecloth, pink and purple balloons. His suit was made his mother. | was frightened a strange noise coming from the attic. The poem was written This pie is made my best fiend, spinach and cheese. Rewrite the sentences in the passive, Omit the agent where possible. They publish the news journal every month, Ciare emailed me the report this morning ‘Tom must learn some manners. Sarah will have fnished the project by tommorrow. Someone has turned the heating of Who wrote this message? He will nave received the letters by now. Charles Dickens wrote Olver Twist. Has the boss aporoved my leave? Mum made me tidy my room. ‘A famous stylist cut her hair People saw him start the fire. Tony doesn't ke people staring at him, My teacher lets me stay inthe classroom during breaks. The Minister of Education is making an announcement at the moment.5 Rewrite the sentences in the active. 4 The injured man was taken to hospital 5 being questioned by the police all morning. 3. The damaged tablet must be replaced by the shop. children being yelled at by the 5 Who was this delicious meal cooked by? 6 The recyclables are collected by council workers every Monday, 7 Our ne idge will have been d livered by Friday. 8 She saw that her flat had been burgled when she got Put the verbs in brackets into the correct passive or active form, as in the example. London Design Festival) ibe an annual festival. || where cuting-edge works by designers, artists and architects 2) (display). The cy 3) non-nenn ansomm) nto an open-air glley, but the main area where the event 8) enn take) place isthe Victoria and Albert V&A] Museum, The testval 5) snue (tan) in March 2008, and 8) vsnennne (hold) in September every year since then. This years fesval, which is current underway, 7)... (attend) by many diferent organisations, suchas the Royal School of Art A number of famous names in the field of design 8) (participate), and their extremely innovative works andinstaltions 8) (place) in ferent pars ofthe cy Every year the festival 10) ne» (tract) thousands of visitors who 11) (sive) the opportunity to take partn many diferent events. The festival is so successful that it truly a (confirm) Landon 2s the global design capital ofthe word. 7 _®xpand the prompts into a news report in the passive. NEW ROUTE OVER THE RIVER ‘+ new bridge/operVlast Sunday/Minister/infrastructure + projecticompleterby a team of world-class architects, * concrete and steeVuse/to construct the bridge * opening/attend/by hundreds of residents and officials + visitors/gve/souvenis to take home * special event/hold/where music/perform/by local bands ‘two sides ofthe city/connectby fery/before/bridge build + it/estimate/bridge/oross/by millions of people/by the end ofthe year Rewrite the following sentences in the passive, as in the example. ‘They say she has moved to Europe. ‘She is said to have moved to Europe. Its said that she has moved to Europe. They think the robbers have left the country. They report that the minister is wiling to make a statement. They believe the witness had been forced tole. They know she was a karate expert when she was young. 27