1
Thermal Power Plant
Part of
Heat Exchangers
Lecture 3
Dr. Tareq Al-hababi
Mechanical Engineering Department,
Sana'a University
Undergraduate Students 2023-2024
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3
Outlines
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Arrangement of Flow Paths in Heat Exchangers
2.3 Basic Equations in Design
2.4 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
2.5 Analysis of Heat Exchangers
2.5.1 LMTD Method for Heat Exchanger Analysis (examples)
2.5.2 Multipass and Crossflow Heat exchangers (Use of a correction factor, F)
2.5.3 The ε-NTU Method for Heat Exchanger Analysis
2.6 Summary of Heat Exchanger Design Calculation
∆𝐓𝐥𝐦 : log mean temperature difference
Parallel-flow Counter-flow
∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1 ∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1
𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴 𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴
ln ∆𝑇2 Τ∆𝑇1 ln ∆𝑇2 Τ∆𝑇1
∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1 ∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2 ∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1 ∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = = ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = =
ln ∆𝑇2 Τ∆𝑇1 ln ∆𝑇1 Τ∆𝑇2 ln ∆𝑇2 Τ∆𝑇1 ln ∆𝑇1 Τ∆𝑇2
∆𝑇1 ≡ 𝑇ℎ,1 − 𝑇𝑐,1 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 ∆𝑇1 ≡ 𝑇ℎ,1 − 𝑇𝑐,2 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,2
∆𝑇2 ≡ 𝑇ℎ,2 − 𝑇𝑐,2 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 ∆𝑇2 ≡ 𝑇ℎ,2 − 𝑇𝑐,1 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖
5
2.5.1 LMTD Method for Heat Exchanger Analysis
Special case of Counter-flow
When:
∆𝑇1 = ∆𝑇2 = ∆𝑇
∆𝑇1 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 ∆𝑇2 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖
𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 = (𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐 )
In this case, it can be shown using L’Hospital’s rule that:
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = ∆𝑇1 = ∆𝑇2 → 𝑞 = 𝑈 𝐴 (𝑇ℎ −ℎ𝑐 )
Note:
𝐴𝑜 = 𝜋 𝑑𝑜 𝑁𝑇 𝐿
where 𝑁𝑇 is the number of tubes used in the
heat exchanger
6
Example 2.4
Consider a shell-and-tube heat exchanger constructed from a
𝐷𝑜 = 0.0254 𝑚 tube to cool 6.93 kg/s of a 95% ethyl alcohol
solution (𝐶𝑝 = 3810 𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔. 𝐾) from 66 ℃ to 42 ℃, using water
available at 10 ℃ (𝐶𝑝 = 4187 𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔. 𝐾) at a flow rate of 6.30 kg
/s. In the heat exchanger, 72 tubes will be used. Assume that the
overall coefficient of heat transfer based on the outer-tube area is
568 𝑊 Τ𝑚2 . 𝐾. Calculate the surface area and the length of the
heat exchanger for each of the following arrangements:
1. Parallel-flow shell-and-tube heat exchanger
2. Counterflow shell-and-tube heat exchanger
7
Solution
𝐷𝑜 = 0.0254 𝑚 & 𝑁𝑇 = 72 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠
Hot- (Ethyl alcohol solution )
𝑚ሶ = 6.93 kg/s, 𝐶𝑝 = 3810 𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔. 𝐾 , from 66 ℃ to 42 ℃
Cold- (Water)
𝑚ሶ = 6.30 kg/s, 𝐶𝑝 = 4187 𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔. 𝐾 , 10 ℃
𝑈𝑜 = 568 𝑊 Τ𝑚2 . 𝐾
(surface area of the HEX) A = ? (length of the HEX ) L =?
8 Solution Cont.
The heat transfer rate may be obtained from the overall energy balance for the hot fluid:
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶 ሶ 𝑝 ℎ 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇ℎ2 ⟹ 𝑄 = 6.93 × 3820 × 66 − 42 = 633.7 × 103 𝑊
From the cold fluid:
𝑄 633.7×103
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶
ሶ 𝑝 𝑇𝑐2 − 𝑇𝑐1 ⟹ 𝑇𝑐2 = ሶ 𝑝
+ 𝑇𝑐1 ⟹ 𝑇𝑐2 = + 10 = 34 ℃
𝑐 𝑚𝐶 6.30×4187
𝑐
For a parallel flow, we can get the LMTD as :
𝑇ℎ1 = 66 ℃, 𝑇ℎ2 = 42 ℃, 𝑇𝑐1 = 10 ℃, 𝑇𝑐2 = 34 ℃
34 ℃
∆𝑇1 ≡ 𝑇ℎ,1 − 𝑇𝑐,1 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 = 66 – 10 = 56 ℃
∆𝑇2 ≡ 𝑇ℎ,2 − 𝑇𝑐,2 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 = 42 – 34 = 8 ℃ 66 ℃ 42 ℃
∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2 56 − 8 10 ℃
∆𝑇𝑚,𝑝𝑓 = = = 24.67 ℃
ln ∆𝑇1 Τ∆𝑇2 ln 56Τ8
9 Solution Cont.
∆𝑇𝑚,𝑝𝑓 = 24.67 ℃
The outside surface area can be calculated from the next Equation:
𝑄 633.7×103
𝑄 = 𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚,𝑝𝑓 ⟹ 𝐴𝑜 = = = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟐 𝒎𝟐
𝑈𝑜 ∆𝑇𝑚,𝑝𝑓 568 ×24.67
Because 𝐴𝑜 = 𝜋 𝑑𝑜 𝑁𝑇 𝐿, the required heat exchanger length may now be
obtained as
𝐴𝑜 45.2
𝐿= = = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟕 𝒎
𝜋 𝑑𝑜 𝑁𝑇 0.0254 × 𝜋 × 72
10 Solution (Example 2.4)
For a counterflow, we can get the LMTD as :
𝑇ℎ1 = 66 ℃, 𝑇ℎ2 = 42 ℃, 𝑇𝑐1 = 10 ℃, 𝑇𝑐2 = 34 ℃
∆𝑇1 ≡ 𝑇ℎ,1 − 𝑇𝑐,2 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,2 = 66 – 34 = 32 ℃ ∆𝑇2 ≡ 𝑇ℎ,2 − 𝑇𝑐,1 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 = 42 – 10 = 32 ℃
By using L’Hospital’s rule we get:
∆𝑇𝑚,𝑐𝑓 = ∆𝑇1 = ∆𝑇2 = 𝟑𝟐 ℃
For a counterflow arrangement, we have the case when (special case):
𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇ℎ2 = 𝑇𝑐2 − 𝑇𝑐1 = 24 ℃
10 ℃
𝑄 633.7 × 103
𝐴= = = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟗 𝒎𝟐 66 ℃ 42 ℃
𝑈∆𝑇𝑚,𝑐𝑓 568 × 𝟑𝟐
𝐴 34.9 34 ℃
𝐿= = = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟕 𝒎
𝜋 𝑑𝑜 𝑁𝑇 0.0254 × 𝜋 × 72
Therefore, the surface area required under the same condition of a prescribed heat transfer rate Q is
smaller for a counterflow arrangement than that required for a parallel-flow arrangement. ***
11
Heating Water in a Counter-flow heat exchanger
Example 13-4
A counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger is to heat water from
20 ℃ to 80 ℃ at a rate of 1.2 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑠. The heating is to be
accomplished by geothermal water available at 160 ℃ at a mass
flow rate of 2 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑠. The inner tube is thin-walled and has a
diameter of 1.5 cm. Take the specific heats of water and
geothermal fluid to be 4.18 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔. ℃ and 4.31 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔. ℃
respectively. If the overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat
exchanger is 640 𝑊 Τ𝑚2 . ℃, determine the length of the heat
exchanger required to achieve the desired heating by using the
LMTD method.
12
Solution
counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger
𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐼𝐷 = 1.5 𝑐𝑚
Cold fluid (increasing temp. from 20 ℃ to 80 ℃),
𝑚ሶ = 1.2 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑠, 𝐶𝑝 = 4.18 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔. ℃
Hot fluid (decreasing temp. from 160 ℃),
𝑚ሶ = 2 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑠, 𝐶𝑝 = 4.31 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔. ℃
Overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger is 640 𝑊 Τ𝑚2 . ℃
Length (L)= ?
13 Solution Cont.
The rate of heat transfer can be determined from:
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶
ሶ 𝑝 𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑖 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
= 1.2 × 4.18 × 80 − 20 = 301 𝑘𝑊
𝑄 301
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶
ሶ 𝑝 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑻𝒐 𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙
→ 𝑇𝑜 =𝑇𝑖 − ሶ 𝑝
= 160 − = 125 ℃
𝑚𝐶 2×4.31
∆𝑇1 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 = 160 − 80 = 80 ℃
∆𝑇2 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 = 125 − 20 = 105 ℃
and
125 ℃
∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2 80 − 105
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = = = 92 ℃
ln ∆𝑇1 Τ∆𝑇2 ln 80Τ105
14 Solution (Example 13-4)
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = 92 ℃
The surface area can be determined from:
𝑄 301000
𝑄 = 𝑈 𝐴 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 → 𝐴 = = = 5.11 𝑚2
𝑈∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 640 × 92
𝐴 5.11
𝐴 = 𝜋𝐷𝐿 → 𝐿= = = 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎
𝜋𝐷 𝜋 × 0.015
The inner tube of this counter-flow heat exchanger (and thus the heat
exchanger itself) needs to be over 100 m long to achieve the desired heat
exchanger or a multipass shell-and- tube heat exchanger with multiple
passes of tube bandles.
*****
2.5.2 Multipass and Crossflow Heat
exchangers
Use of a correction factor, F
16 2.5.2 Multipass and Crossflow Heat exchangers
Use of a correction factor, F
The log mean temperature difference (∆𝑇𝑙𝑚,𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟−𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 ) relation developed earlier is limited to
parallel-flow and counter-flow heat exchangers only. Similar relations are also developed for cross-flow
and multipass shell-and-tube heat exchangers, but the resulting expressions are too complicated
because of the complex flow conditions.
In such cases, it is convenient to relate the equivalent temperature difference to the log mean
temperature difference relation for the counter-flow case as
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚,𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝑭 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚,𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟−𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
Where F is the correction factor, which depends on the geometry of heat exchanger and the inlet and
outlet temperatures of the hot and cold fluid streams. The ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚,𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟−𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 is the log mean
temperature difference for the case of a counter-flow heat exchanger with the same inlet and outlet
temperatures and is determined from:
∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
ln ∆𝑇1 Τ∆𝑇2
∆𝑇1 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑇2 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖
17
The correction factor, F
The correction factor is less than unity for a cross-flow and multipass shell-and-tube heat exchanger.
That is 𝐹 ≤ 1. The limiting value of F=1 corresponds to the counter-flow heat exchanger. Thus, the
correction factor F for a heat exchanger is a measure of deviation of the ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 from the corresponding
values for the counter-flow case.
The correction factor F for common cross-flow and shell-and-tube heat exchanger configurations is given
in some Figures versus two temperature ratios P and R defined as:
𝑡2 − 𝑡1 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑃= → 0→1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅 = → (𝑅 → ∞)
𝑇1 − 𝑡1 𝑡2 − 𝑡1
Where the subscripts 1 and 2 represent the inlet and outlet, respectively. Note that for a shell-and-tube
heat exchanger, T and t represent the shell-and-tube-side makes no difference whether the hot or the
cold fluid flows through the shell or the tube. The determination of the correction factor F requires the
availability of the inlet and outlet temperatures for both the cold and hot fluids.
Note that the value of P ranges from 0 to 1. The value of R, on the other hand, ranges from 0 to infinity,
with R=0 corresponding to the phase-change (condensation or boiling) on the shell-side and 𝑅 → ∞ to
phase-change on the tube side. The correction factor is F=1 for both of these limiting cases. Therefore,
the correction factor for a condenser of boiler is F=1, regardless of the configuration of the heat
exchanger.
Different cross-flow modes
Both fluids unmixed Both fluids mixed
19 2.5.2 Multipass and Crossflow Heat exchangers
Use of a correction factor, F
20 2.5.2 Multipass and Crossflow Heat exchangers
Use of a correction factor, F
21 2.5.2 Multipass and Crossflow Heat exchangers
Use of a correction factor, F
22 2.5.2 Multipass and Crossflow Heat exchangers
Use of a correction factor, F
23 2.5.2 Multipass and Crossflow Heat exchangers
Use of a correction factor, F
24
Heating of glycerin in a multipass heat exchanger
Example 13-5
A 2-shell passes and 4-tube passes heat exchanger is used to
heat glycerin from 20 ℃ to 50 ℃ by hot water, which enters the
thin-walled 2-cm-diameter tubes at 80 ℃ and leaves at 40 ℃.
The total length of the tubes in the heat exchanger is 60 𝑚. The
convection heat transfer coefficient is 25 𝑊 Τ𝑚2 . ℃ on the
glycerin (shell) side and 160 𝑊 Τ𝑚2 . ℃ on the water (tube) side.
Determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger
(a) before any fouling occurs and
(b) after fouling with a fouling factor of 0.0006 𝑚2 . ℃Τ𝑊 occurs
on the other surfaces of the tubes.
25
Solution
A 2-shell passes and 4-tube passes heat exchanger
(𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 thin−walled 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒) 𝐷 = 2 𝑐𝑚
Cold fluid- glycerin (increasing temp. from 20 ℃ to 50 ℃)
Hot fluid- water (decreasing temp. from 80 ℃ to 40 ℃)
L = 60 𝑚
𝑅𝑓 = 0.0006 𝑚2 . ℃Τ𝑊
ℎ𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 25 𝑊 Τ𝑚2 . ℃ and ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 160 𝑊 Τ𝑚2 . ℃
𝑸𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 =? & 𝑸𝒂𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 =?
26 Solution Cont.
The tubes are said to be thin-walled, and thus it is reasonable to assume
the inner and outer surface areas of the tubes to be equal. Then the heat
transfer surface area becomes:
𝐴 = 𝜋𝐷𝐿 = 𝜋 × 0.02 × 60 = 3.77 𝑚2
The rate of heat transfer can be determined from:
𝑄 = 𝑈 𝐴 𝐹 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚,𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟−𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
∆𝑇1 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 = 80 − 50 = 30 ℃
∆𝑇2 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 = 40 − 20 = 20 ℃
∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2 30 − 20
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = = = 24.7 ℃
ln ∆𝑇1 Τ∆𝑇2 ln 30Τ20
27 Solution Cont.
20 ℃
𝐹 = 0.91
40 ℃
80 ℃
50 ℃
𝑡2 − 𝑡1 40 − 80 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 20 − 50
𝑃= = = 0.67 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅 = = = 0.75
𝑇1 − 𝑡1 20 − 80 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 40 − 80
From the fig. 13-18b we get the value of (𝑭 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏)
28 Solution Cont.
(a) In the case of no fouling:
Thin wall (wall thickness (t = 0) is neglected), then the overall heat transfer
coefficient U is determined from
1 1
𝑈= = = 21.6 𝑊 Τ𝑚2 . ℃
1 1 1 1
+ +
ℎ𝑖 ℎ𝑜 160 25
Then the rate of heat transfer becomes
𝑄 = 𝑼 𝐴 𝐹 ∆𝑇𝑚,𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟−𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 21.6 × 3.77 × 0.91 × 24.7 = 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟎 𝑾
29 Solution Cont.
(b) When there is fouling on one of the surfaces, the overall heat transfer
coefficient U is:
1 1
𝑈= = = 21.3 𝑊 Τ𝑚2 . ℃
1 1 1 1
+ + 𝑹𝒇 + + 0.0006
ℎ𝑖 ℎ𝑜 160 25
The rate of heat transfer in this case becomes
𝑄 = 𝑼 𝐴 𝐹 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚,𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟−𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 21.3 × 3.77 × 0.91 × 24.7 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟓 𝑾
Note that the rate of heat transfer decreases as a result of fouling, as
expected. The decrease is not dramatic, however, because of the relatively low
convection heat transfer coefficients involved.
*****
30
Cooling of an Automotive Radiator
Example 13-6
A test is conducted to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient in an
automotive radiator that is a compact cross-flow water-to-air heat exchanger
with both fluids (air and water) unmixed. The radiator has 40 tubes of internal
diameter 0.5 cm and length 65 cm in a closely spaced plate-finned matrix. Hot
water enters the tubes at 90 ℃ at a rate of 0.6 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑠 and leaves at 65 ℃ and
the specific heat of water at the average temperature is 4.195 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔. ℃. Air
flows across the radiator through the interfin spaces and is heated from 20 ℃ to
40 ℃ . Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient 𝑈𝑖 of this radiator based
on the inner surface area of the tubes.
31
Solution
Cross-flow water-to-air heat exchanger with both fluids (air and water) unmixed
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 𝐷𝑖 = 0.5 𝑐𝑚 & 𝐿 = 65 𝑐𝑚 & 𝑁𝑇 = 40 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑠
Cold fluid- air (increasing temp. from 20 ℃ to 40 ℃)
Hot fluid- water (decreasing temp. from 90 ℃ to 65 ℃),
𝑚ሶ = 0.6 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑠, 𝐶𝑝 = 4.195 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔. ℃
𝑼𝒊 =?
32 Solution (Example 13-6)
From the energy balance on water flow, we can determine the rate of heat transfer in
radiator
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶 ሶ 𝑝 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.6 × 4.195 × 90 − 65 = 62.93 𝑘𝑊
The tube-side heat transfer area is the total surface area of the tubes, and is determined
from
𝐴𝑖 = 𝑛𝜋𝐷𝑖 𝐿 = 40𝜋 × 0.005 × 65 = 0.408 𝑚2
The overall heat transfer can be determined from
𝑄
𝑄 = 𝑼𝒊 𝐴𝑖 𝐹 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚,𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟−𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 ⟹ 𝑼𝒊 =
𝐴𝑖 𝑭 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚,𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟−𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
∆𝑇1 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 = 90 − 40 = 50 ℃
∆𝑇2 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 = 65 − 20 = 45 ℃
∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2 50 − 45
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = = = 47.6 ℃
ln ∆𝑇1 Τ∆𝑇2 ln 50Τ45
33 20 ℃
𝐹 = 0.97
90 ℃ 65 ℃
40 ℃
𝑡2 − 𝑡1 65 − 90 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 20 − 40
𝑃= = = 0.36 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅 = = = 0.80
𝑇1 − 𝑡1 20 − 90 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 65 − 90
From the fig. 13-18c we get the value of (𝐹 = 0.97)
62930
𝑈𝑖 = = 𝟑𝟑𝟒𝟏 𝑾Τ𝒎𝟐 . ℃
0.408 × 0.97 × 47.6
Note that the overall heat transfer coefficient on the air side will be much lower because of the large
surface area involved on that side.
***
34
Homework (2)
(Due date: Wednesday, August 16, 2023)
1. Why is a counterflow exchanger more effective than a parallel-flow exchanger?
2. What effect does fouling have on the overall heat transfer coefficient and hence the
performance of a heat exchanger?
3. Derive an expression of LMTD for a counterflow heat exchanger?
4. Hot exhaust gases, which enter a finned-tube, cross-flow heat exchanger at 300 ℃ and leave at
100 ℃, are used to heat pressurized water at a flow rate of 1 kg/s from 35 ℃ to 125 ℃. The
specific heat of water at the average water temperature is 4197 J/kg. K. The overall heat
transfer coefficient based on the gas-side surface area is 𝑈ℎ = 100 𝑊 Τ𝑚2 . 𝐾. Determine the
required gas-side surface area 𝐴ℎ using the LMTD.
