CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Electric vehicle wireless charging using RFID is an innovative technology that allows electric
vehicles (EVs) to be charged wirelessly without the need for physical contact between the charging
station and the vehicle.
RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification, which is a technology that uses radio waves to
identify and track objects. In the context of electric vehicle charging, an RFID reader is used to
identify the vehicle and initiate the charging process. The RFID tag is installed on the vehicle, and it
contains information such as the vehicle's unique identification number and charging requirements.
When the vehicle is parked over the wireless charging pad, the RFID reader sends a signal to the tag,
which in turn sends back the necessary information to the charging station. This information includes
the charging requirements of the vehicle, such as the battery capacity and the charging rate, which are
used to adjust the charging process to optimize efficiency and prevent damage to the battery. One of
the main advantages of electric vehicle wireless charging using RFID is that it eliminates the need for
physical contact between the charging station and the vehicle, making the charging process more
convenient and efficient. Additionally, the technology is safer than traditional charging methods, as
there is no risk of electric shock or other accidents.
Overall, electric vehicle wireless charging using RFID is an exciting and innovative technology that
has the potential to revolutionize the way we charge electric vehicles, making it easier and more
convenient for people to adopt this eco-friendly mode of transportation.
1.2 Need of Project
An electric vehicle charging station is equipment that connects an electric vehicle (EV) to a source of
electricity to recharge electric cars, neighbourhood electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids. Some
charging stations have advanced features such as Smart metering, cellular capability and network
connectivity, while others are more basic.
To Increase in number of charging stations will boost the selling of EV’s as their will be reduced
range anxiety. It will boost direct and indirect employment in country.
1.3 Objective of Project
The objective of the project is to be able to safely charge a 12-48 Volt Lithium-Ion or Lead-
Acid Battery to full capacity within six hours. This is so the electric vehicle can have enough power to
run at a constant speed of at least 30 mph for a duration of 30 continuous minutes.
and it has designed a micro-controller that can transmit the charging status of the battery to a remote
user interface.
1
CHAPTER 2
Literature Review
2.1 Literature Description
Due to their numerous benefits, in the transportation sector, internal combustion (IC) engine-powered
cars are regarded as being replaced by electric vehicles (EV). Modern electric car batteries should be
charged wirelessly whenever possible. This study performs a thorough review of the various EV
battery charging methods. There are two alternative ways to wirelessly distribute power to charge an
electric vehicle's battery: static EV charging and dynamic EV charging. For power transfer in static
wireless EV battery charging techniques, both capacitive and inductive methods are employed;
however, in dynamic EV battery charging techniques, only inductive methods are used. This study
provides a comprehensive evaluation of these approaches with an emphasis on compensating circuit
topologies, magnetic linked inductor core types, and various converters and controllers for wireless
power transfer (WPT) systems.
In addition, design considerations for a static wireless EV battery charging system are discussed in
this work, along with an analysis of its equivalent circuit. This report also explains the difficulties and
potential future developments in wireless charging of EV batteries. Due to improvements in battery
life and their low emission levels, electric vehicles (EVs) have attracted a lot of attention recently.
Similar to how more devices can now be connected because to the growth of the Internet of Things
(IoT). The current restricted battery range and the dearth of outlets for charging or battery changing
are two main issues for EVs. Building the required infrastructure and having a reliable battery
management system (BMS) that can accurately estimate the amount of power left over are two
solutions.
Battery switching may potentially be an option for some EVs, either at authorized charging stations or
even directly from other EV users. In order to provide drivers with information on a successful battery
charge or exchange, a network of EV information is necessary. This study presents two blockchain
implementations for an EV BMS that use blockchain as the network and data layer of the application.
The first solution builds smart contracts on top of the Ethereum blockchain, whereas the second builds
them on top of the IOTA tangle and a directed acyclic graph (DAG). The two strategies are put into
practice and contrasted to show that both systems can offer a workable solution for an effective,
partially decentralized, data-driven BMS.
Electric vehicles will raise gasoline prices while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In electric cars,
transferring electricity over a short distance is the primary function of wireless transmission. A
transmitter and receiver portion that are separated by a short distance make up the wireless power
transfer system. An adaptable electromagnetic field is used in wireless transmission technology. The
EMF is produced between the coils and transferred to the receiver by this electric field, which is
formed in a free environment and carries a fixed quantity of money that generates a magnetic field
around it and contains energy. A BMS is a system for managing batteries. We utilize a master battery
and a slave battery in EVs. In the BMS, the master battery is given priority. The relay will transition
from the master battery to the slave battery whenever the master battery's charge drops automatically.
Introduced energy meters might be electromechanical or electronic.
2
The biggest issue with this technique is that a utility representative must visit each neighbourhood
individually to read the energy meters and give out the bills. That interpretation claims that the
customer paid the invoice. Even when bills are consistently paid, mistakes like an excess billing
amount or a communication from the provider are frequently made. We are recommending an IoT-
based prepaid energy meter to get around this problem. The ADE7758 meter circuit, Atmega328p
microcontroller, and Wi-Fi module make up this system. This meter tracks the amount of unit utilized
and transmits both the unit and cost online. If consumption is getting close to the predetermined point,
an alarm is given to the user. The mechanism will cut power if usage rises over the predetermined
level. The balancing current approach is often used to identify demand theft. Energy is produced
naturally and comes in a variety of forms, including solar energy, nuclear energy, and chemical energy
from fuels. The study provides solar-powered wireless charging methods for electric vehicles. The
gasoline used by current automobiles causes noise, air pollution, and significant environmental
effects. But the difficulties with pollution are solved by wireless charging technology. Technology
known as Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) is incredibly dependable, effective, silent, and
pollution-free.
It was suggested to conduct a state-of-the-art study of electric car technology, charging procedures,
standards, and optimization methods. The fundamental differences between an electric vehicle and a
hybrid vehicle are first explained. The most recent findings on EV charging technologies such as
conductive charging (CC), wireless power transfer (WPT), and battery swap stations (BSS) are then
presented. The examination of EV standards, including charging rates and their configurations, comes
next. The most popular optimization methods for determining the size and location of EV charging
stations are then examined. Finally, a number of suggestions are made for additional study based on
the learned insights. A hybrid energy management system (EMS) is suggested for the operation of
electric distribution systems (DS) and charging stations for electric vehicles (EVCS). Improved
Artificial Cell Swarm Optimization (IACSO) and the Marine Predators Algorithm (MPA) are both
used in the suggested hybrid technique, which is referred to as the IACSO-MPA strategy. Through the
crossover and mutation operators, the searching behaviour of ACSO is improved, hence the term
IACSO. In this case, MPA improves how the IACSO updates. This work's main goal is to increase
DS's capacity for assigning charging schedules to EVCS while lowering the cost of ownership. This
goal serves as the foundation for the proposed IACSO-MPA approach, which is designed to analyze
the energy management interaction process in EVCS and DS as well as to find an equilibrium
solution. The suggested system is turned on via the MATLAB/Simulink website, and its effectiveness
is then measured against a number of currently used methods, including the Crow search optimization
(CSO), BAT algorithm, and Particle Swarm Optimization. Additionally, using the suggested current
approach, the performance assessment of the EVCS and distribution system (DS) is evaluated. The
EVCS 1 obtains 621.73 using the suggested approach. DS is 4391.26, EVCS 2 is 3576.90, EVCS 3 is
4441.72. According to the experimental findings, benefits connected by EVCS may be maximized at
least to 7.8% while expenses of the integrated energy system (IES) can be reduced by 3.89%.
Additionally, the suggested approach may more correctly and effectively discover the best global
solutions than the current methods. According to studies, the demand for a cleaner atmosphere has
encouraged the development of affordable green car technologies, such as electric vehicles.
Infrastructure for charging electric vehicles (EVs) is becoming more and more crucial as the number
of EVs on the road climbs. A greater knowledge of existing EV charging behaviours is necessary in
order to enhance the operation and efficiency of the electric car charging system. So, in order to
automatically identify users, this article uses RFID (radio frequency identification) technology. In this
technique, data from users is transmitted and received via electromagnetic waves. “An Efficient
Scheme for Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles Using RFID with an Optimal Path Planning”, in
3
the year 2022 in IEEE globecom workshop, one of the main reasons for the emergence and
acceptance of electric cars (EVs) in contemporary smart cities in recent years is the detection of the
harmful CO2 emissions in the environment from traditional fuel-based vehicles. In this situation, EVs
offer a green setting in the contemporary smart city. However, there are several obstacles to using EVs
in the contemporary smart city (such as smart charging, route planning, information distribution, etc.).
Therefore, new methods and approaches are required to raise the effectiveness of the EVs' current
charging system. Keeping these concerns in mind, this study suggests a new method for wirelessly
charging electric vehicles utilizing RFID tags in conjunction with 4 E3S Web of Conferences 399,
01010 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339901010 ICONNECT-2023 optimized path
planning to have the lowest possible charging costs. The use of RFID tags placed at various locations
across the city is employed in the proposed plan to have an effective payment mechanism while EVs
are being charged. An algorithm that offers navigation is also created to demonstrate the suggested
scheme. For the purpose of determining the best approach, the effectiveness of the suggested plan is
evaluated in light of the EVs' mobility. The outcomes demonstrate the efficacy of the suggested
remedy.
4
2.2 Methodology
The methodology of RFID charging involves designing the RFID system, developing the charging
infrastructure, placing and calibrating the RFID tags, initiating the charging process, and monitoring
and controlling the charging process. The first step in implementing an RFID charging system is to
design the system itself. This involves selecting the appropriate RFID tags and readers, as well as
determining the optimal frequency and power levels for the system. Once the RFID system is
designed, the next step is to develop the charging infrastructure. This involves installing the RFID
readers and antennas in the charging stations, as well as configuring the system to communicate with
the RFID tags. The RFID tags used in charging systems need to be placed in a specific location on the
device being charged. This location can vary depending on the device, so calibration is required to
ensure that the charging process is efficient and effective.
Once the system is calibrated and the RFID tags are in place, the charging process can begin. The
RFID reader sends a signal to the RFID tag, which then sends back a signal that is used to initiate the
charging process. During the charging process, the RFID system can monitor the charging status and
adjust the power levels as needed to ensure efficient charging. Additionally, the system can control the
charging process, such as stopping the charging when the battery is full.
5
CHAPTER 3
System Modelling
3.1 Block Diagram
The system of electric vehicle wireless charging using RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) is a
technology that allows electric vehicles to be charged wirelessly through a magnetic field generated
by a charging cable. The system uses RFID technology to authenticate the vehicle and initiate the
charging process, making it convenient and easy for EV owners to charge their vehicles without
having to physically connect a charging cable to the vehicle. The system consists of two main
components: the charging cable and the RFID tag.
Fig. 3.0 Block diagram
6
3.2 Component List
Sr. Component Specification Quantity Price
No Name
1. Arduino UNO ATmega328p 1 750
2. Power Supply 230v to 5v 1 150
3. RFID Module MF RC522 1 150
4. LCD 16*2 1 150
5. I2C I2C\TWI*1 1 90
6. Relay Single Channel 1 100
7. Transformer 230v to 52v 2.5 amp 1 3500
8. Body Frame Wood, acrylic, etc. As per Requirement 1000
9. Cable Ac 2 Wire Cable 1 250
Dc 2 Wire Cable
10. Voltmeter Dc 0-120v Display 1 300
Total 6500
3.1 Component List
7
3.3 Component Specification
# Arduino UNO
Fig. 3.1 Arduino UNO
Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal,
a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything needed to
support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with an
AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
Arduino Uno Specification
• Microcontroller: ATmega328P
• Operating Voltage: 5V
• Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
• In out Voltage (limit): 6-20V
• Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
• PWM Digital I/O Pins: 6
• Analog Input Pins: 6
• DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA
• DC current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
• Flash Memory: 32 KB (ATmega328P) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
• SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328P)
• EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328P)
• Clock Speed: 16 MHz
• LED_BUILTIN: 13
• Length: 68.6 mm
• Width: 58.4 mm
• Weight: 25 g
8
# Power Supply
Power supplies (or 5VDC power supplies) are one of the most common power supplies in use today.
In general, a 5VDC output is obtained from a 50VAC or 240VAC input using a combination of
transformers, diodes and transistors. 5V power supplies can be of two types: 5V regulated power
supplies, and 5V unregulated power supplies. 5V regulated power supplies come in three styles:
Switching regulated AC to DC, Linear regulated AC to DC, and Switching regulated DC to DC.
Fig. 3.2 Power Supply
3.2 Specification Table
9
# RFID MODULE
The RC522 RFID Reader module is designed to create a 13.56MHz electromagnetic field that it uses to
communicate with the RFID tags (ISO 14443A standard tags). The reader can communicate with a
microcontroller over a 4-pin Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) with a maximum data rate of 10Mbps. It
also supports communication over I2C and UART protocols.
Fig. 3.3 RFID Module
RFID Module Specification
1. Integrated MF RC522
2. 13.56MHz contactless communication card chip.
3. The low-voltage, low-cost, small size of the non-contact card chip to read and write.
4. Working current：13 – 26mA / DC 3.3V
5. Standby current：10 – 13mA / DC 3.3V
6. Sleep current：<80uA
7. Peak current：<30mA
8. Working frequency：13.56MHz
9. Card reading distance ：0～60mm （Mifare1 card）
10
# LCD
This 16 × 2 LCD packs 32 characters into an outline smaller than that of most two-line displays. An
LED backlight enables optimal viewing in all lighting conditions. This unit uses the HD44780
interface found on most parallel character displays.
Fig. 3.4 LCD
LCD Specification
• The operating voltage of this display ranges from 4.7V to 5.3V
• The display bezel is 72 x 25mm
• The operating current is 1mA without a backlight
• PCB size of the module is 80L x 36W x 10H mm
• HD47780 controller
• LED colour for backlight is green or blue
• Number of columns – 16
• Number of rows – 2
• Number of LCD pins – 16
• Characters – 32
• It works in 4-bit and 8-bit modes
• Pixel box of each character is 5×8 pixel
• Font size of character is 0.125Width x 0.200height
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# I2C Module
This is a 16x2 LCD display screen with I2C interface. It is able to display 16x2 characters on
2 lines, white characters on blue background.
Usually, Arduino LCD display projects will run out of pin resources easily, especially
with Arduino Uno. And it is also very complicated with the wire soldering and connection.
This I2C 16x2 Arduino LCD Screen is using an I2C communication interface. It means it
only needs 4 pins for the LCD display: VCC, GND, SDA, SCL.
Fig. 3.5 I2C Module
SPECIFICATION
• Compatible with Arduino/Genuine UNO, Leonardo, Mega, 101 (Intel Curie),
Micro, Nano, Mini
• I2C Address:0x20-0x27(0x20 default)
• Back lit (Blue with white char colour)
• Supply voltage: 5V
• Interface: I2C/TWI x1, Gadgeteer interface x2
• Adjustable contrast
• Size: 80x36x20mmz(3.1x1.4x0.7in)
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# Relay
Relay is an electromechanical device that uses an electric current to open or close the contacts of a
switch. The single-channel relay module is much more than just a plain relay, it comprises of
components that make switching and connection easier and act as indicators to show if the module is
powered and if the relay is active or not.
Fig. 3.6 Relay Module
Single-Channel Relay Module Specifications
• Supply voltage – 3.75V to 6V
• Quiescent current: 2mA
• Current when the relay is active: ~70mA
• Relay maximum contact voltage – 250VAC or 30VDC
• Relay maximum current – 10A
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# Transformer
In simple terms, it’s a static machine that transforms electricity up or down between two circuits
without changing the frequency. Since there are no rotating or moving parts, it makes sense to call it a
static machine. The majority of the transformers operate in AC supply, but there are also few DC
transformers prevailing in the market. The basic operational technique of the power transformers
depends on the principle of mutual induction.
Fig. 3.7 Transformer
Specification
• Phase-Single Phase
• Full Load Current is 2.5 amp
• Coolant type (core)
• Weight more than 5kg
• Terminals (2 Wire Input & 2 Wire output)
14
# Voltmeter
Digital Volt-Amp-Hertz meter is an intelligent meter used to measure AC Voltage, AC current and
AC Hertz. It is cost-effective miniature flexible useful for voltage stabilizer, machines and other
devices for measuring voltage
Fig 3.8 Dc Voltmeter
Specification-
Voltages: 0-100V DC
Resolution to 1V;
Accuracies to +/-1%,+/-2LSB
Reliable, long life,
Mcu measuring Sample Speed: about 10 times/sec.
Maximum Display: 500 Over
It is self-Powered device, so no additional Auxiliary supply is needed.
Commodity: voltmeter with indicator and ammeter
Voltage: 60-500 V AC Current: 0-100A
Frequency: 0-50Hz
Material: electrical components
15
3.4 Probable Model
Here is the Actual picture of E-Vehicle Charging Station.
Fig. 3.9 Probable Model
16
CHAPTER 4
Software and Hardware Implementation of System
4.1 Flow Diagram
Fig 4.0 Flow Diagram
In this development, the control unit employed a microcontroller (MC) ATMEGA8535. The MC
also interface to the central control system (personal computer) using RS485 communication method
to send the information of time and power consume. While, the panel display includes the indicator of
standby, under preparation, under running condition, and also display the power consume by user. In
addition, the system provides the self-identification of state to prevent the malfunction. The system
also provides the safety circuit by limit switch to guarantee the AC plug returned back to the panel
system after charging of the EV. shows the dimension of the designed casing or box of the EV
charging station. The algorithm applied to program the microcontroller represented in the flowchart.
17
Fig. 4.1 Block Diagram
The design of the electric charging vehicle consists of the display and indicator to inform the state of
charging, and the control unit based on Microcontroller. Microcontroller provided current and voltage
measurement to obtain the consumed power of EV which was stored in memory both in
microcontroller temporally and transmitted into PC for permanent story of power consumption
records. The microcontroller system was developed capable of transmitting data by serial
communication and interface the RFID technology for identification of users.
18
4.2 Circuit Diagram
Fig 4.2 Circuit Diagram
19
4.3 Software
#include <SPI.h>
#include <MFRC522.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
#define SS_PIN 10
#define RST_PIN 9
MFRC522 mfrc522(SS_PIN, RST_PIN);
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd (0x27, 16, 2);
#define RELAY_PIN 8
void setup ()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
SPI.begin();
mfrc522.PCD_Init ();
pinMode (RELAY_PIN, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite (RELAY_PIN, HIGH);
lcd.init();
lcd.backlight();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("E-Station(48v)");
20
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Please scan card");
}
void loop()
{
if (mfrc522.PICC_IsNewCardPresent() && mfrc522.PICC_ReadCardSerial())
{
Serial.println("A card is present!");
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Scanned Card ID:");
for (byte i = 0; i < mfrc522.uid.size; i++)
{
Serial.print(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i] < 0x10 ? " 0" : " ");
Serial.print(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i], HEX);
lcd.print(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i] < 0x10 ? " 0" : " ");
lcd.print(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i], HEX);
}
Serial.println();
if (isAuthorized(mfrc522.uid.uidByte))
{
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("Access Granted");
digitalWrite(RELAY_PIN, LOW);
delay(10000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Please scan card");
digitalWrite(RELAY_PIN, HIGH);
}
21
else
{
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("Access Denied");
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("Please scan card");
}
}
}
bool isAuthorized(byte* scannedCard)
{
// Here you can define the authorized card IDs
byte masterCard[4] = {0x89, 0x4D , 0xA4, 0x11}; // Example authorized card ID
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
{
if (scannedCard[i] != masterCard[i])
{
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
22
CHAPTER 5
Conclusion and Future Scope
5.1 Conclusion
In conclusion, electric vehicle charging using RFID has the potential to revolutionize the way we
charge our electric vehicles, providing greater convenience, efficiency, and sustainability. The
technology offers benefits such as eliminating the need for cables and connectors, remote monitoring
and control of charging activities, and integration with renewable energy sources. However, further
research and development are necessary to address challenges such as the limited range of RFID
communication and the high cost of implementation. With continued innovation and investment, the
use of RFID technology in electric vehicle charging systems can contribute to the transition to a
cleaner and more sustainable transportation system.
5.2 Advantages
• Minimizing the cost of charging your car by only paying for the cost of electricity you
use at home.
• Environmental Benefits: EV charging stations promote a cleaner environment by
reducing reliance on traditional fossil fuels, leading to lower emissions of greenhouse
gases and air pollutants
• Energy Efficiency: Electric vehicles are generally more energy-efficient than
traditional internal combustion engine vehicles, and EV charging stations contribute
to optimizing energy usage in the transportation sector
• Reduced Operating Costs: Electric vehicles often have lower operating costs
compared to conventional vehicles, with fewer moving parts and lower maintenance
requirements, resulting in potential long-term cost savings for users.
• Energy Independence: By relying on electricity for transportation, countries can
reduce their dependence on imported oil and enhance energy security through
diversified and domestic energy sources
• Technological Innovation: The development and implementation of EV charging
stations drive technological advancements, fostering innovation in battery technology,
charging infrastructure, and smart grid solutions.
• Job Creation: The growth of the electric vehicle and charging infrastructure industry
creates job opportunities in manufacturing, installation, maintenance, and related
sectors, contributing to economic development.
23
• Grid Management: Smart charging solutions can facilitate better grid management by
optimizing charging times and spreading demand, preventing strain on the electrical
grid during peak periods.
• Incentives for Renewable Energy: EV charging stations can be integrated with
renewable energy sources, incentivizing the use of clean and sustainable energy for
transportation.
• Public Health: By reducing air pollution from conventional vehicles, widespread
adoption of EVs and associated charging stations can lead to improved public health
outcomes, particularly in urban areas.
• Market Growth: The establishment of EV charging infrastructure supports the growth
of the electric vehicle market, encouraging more consumers to choose sustainable
transportation options.
So, these are some advantages of EV charging stations extend beyond individual vehicle
owners, encompassing environmental, economic, and societal benefits that contribute to a more
sustainable and resilient future.
5.3 Disadvantages
• Higher cost of installation and maintenance compared to traditional plug-in charging systems
• Lower charging efficiency and slower charging times compared to plug-in systems
• Limited availability of wireless charging infrastructure
• Limitations in the range and alignment of the charging pad and the receiver coil on the vehicle
• Higher risk of damage to the charging pad and the vehicle's undercarriage due to physical
contact with the ground.
24
5.4 Existing System
Usually, ordinary solar panel is always facing only in one direction. Because of this reason the solar
panel may not get sufficient sun rays to work. In this work solar panel controller and power
optimization is done in order to overcome this defect. Here the panel will rotate according to the
readings read by the LDR. So, it will utilize the full sun light to work & power optimization is also
done by using the LDR. This work mainly designed to control the solar panel automatically, maintains
face of the solar panel towards the sun. This is done by controlling the mechanical movement of the
solar panel. Usually, sun rises at east and sets at west. In ordinary system, if it faces towards east then
it cannot change the direction towards sun during sunset. Because of this reason solar panel may not
get sufficient sun rays to work.
These problems are overcome by using this work. In this work we also build a very good micro
controller based solar charger. The coin based mobile battery charger developed in this work
providing a unique service to the rural public where grid power is not available for partial/full daytime
and a source of revenue for site providers. The coin-based mobile battery charger can be quickly and
easily installed outside any business premises. The mobile phone market is a vast industry, and has
spread into rural areas as an essential means of communication. While the urban population use more
sophisticated mobiles with good power batteries lasting for several days, the rural population buy the
pre-owned mobile phones that require charging frequently.
Many times, battery becomes flat in the middle of conversation particularly at inconvenient times
when access to a standard charger isn't possible. The coin-based mobile battery chargers are designed
to solve this problem. The user has to plug the mobile phone into one of the adapters and insert a coin;
the phone will then be given a micro pulse for charging. It does not bring a mobile from 'dead' to fully
charged state. The charging capacity of the mobile is designed with the help of pre-defined values.
5.5 Result and discussion
Here in this system, we have to provide three level of outputs. In normal EV charging points, there is
a single output port only available but here in this system provide up to three output port like 48V,
Output ports. While tapping the RFID Tag into the RFID reader then the reader reads the specific
value in the tag after that the signal passes through the Arduino controller then the controller switches
the particular relay coil. Finally, the EV system is get charged for particular predetermined time
duration. This type of charging process reduces the complexity of payment method and reduce the
components of EV chargers because the single system provides outputs. Then the total consumption
of power and charging period
25
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