0 ratings0% found this document useful (0 votes) 60 views31 pagesFundamentals of Probability
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Fondanentele oh, Ee ”
Wale —E
gk od Cowles — Set cpeslars — Tins, ew
“Coun able sels — Counting edoncuks la qgutls “ak
indlusasn — exclarein poscple — prscluek oh acl,
jclesse> ey, gelz — power ada — paktion, _ ~
Reunting prnaple _ pornuballiors anck tom Binatone:
Some problaus ~
GB ood Gubiga sot gels
teyebeo : A sek Sy 2’ Colloclion Of, wallabies
ently 28+ A ak Book Peo co clans ts cliy
low empliy tek ox rll ek asc dk ds denotrol
day f Cohn).
un Sama cdoreonk-
Sabeck « Bok A dp o Abode OL B Af eoey
[dounnwk op A dn on alemount of B.
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Uritoral tek: SK unveal ek Uso Kee St
Caondahig ol edanculs wader Gonideralsa -epemsh sth oe take
pa Adie any Set, Thou dhe Corny bonaus my Sek A,
fooaden on Ky Waa tek Coraialiniy of ol) Hae
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dijoek 205 A te jularedlinin B On ompla
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unico GS ae A onal Be tas ee TH She
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all heneuks ABok oro ettha
ete A end B-
Correction puscdack BAA, ate cantertan prodecl
tino Bele Rond Bo Me seb
pos (a) usteue “Ht to cow chowont “4 A act S ob
oa dowrenk 4, b.
AX® = § (a) /aen auch wens
yah ined\ ve ep Bebe. ho the Dione Ch Me’ ant,
Page eae dn Mio Bek of, eas
wicks Jaddorg te A Buk net be Bb.
A-B=G2fnean 2x s
Az nga 2,5, 4, 3h aay
Be se 3.4, 8, 10, 124, 18,408
femplamat A= A= F3.4,b, 0/12/13, 1b, 18 93
{ee BSB SPY, ba, 8/1 18, 15,16, lap
| AVB = FUR3 4,5, 4,84, 10,12, 15,93
ANB = £2:5,9;18 of
AB = Fu 8s yah
BrA = 334,132,189
A-B = B-A. .
| ,
| \
eeemple = as G83
| m= Lab}
AXB = $a, Lye), (2a), 2,b) BOB, wf
Repbse ae RT tn ny bas eh
As Gommubatio’s peopesy
Av = BOA
Ane = enn
(8. Assocobice pespedy
| Av(BUe) = Aos)ve
ANCBAC) = (ane)ne—
2. Avlwotwe propely
Avcenc) = Aus) ncnue)
Ancesc)= (Ans)v (anc),
4 Sceavity
Aupe:a
| AUD =A:
|
a. Compl mau
Avac= 0
ANAS = P
FRecbhowse »
Cees
\ uae tha AvUCBNC)= (Ave) 0 (ABC).
we PT. AULENC) & @os)n (Av)
ci) 2 Hve)acaue) & Av lene).
(OTe poe ALES < Gua) CANO)
i
sok ~ E AVCENC)
meh x eBne
Sy nea x EAB .
Bi > @ vb) aca Zo
2 EAVE > een
oe CB oud XEC.
5 xeAcb do nehes)n (avg
D> xe AVS
ih xe pac,
xeEB
ee
(D2 Shaves Hak mea BL AEENC,
a €AoB) N (ALO
fe * eAvlEAD > * (08) n CAvL)
< Ave) a cave) _—_ <..
iG “Te paeve. Ave) a (ave) < Av enc).
=) Avceac)
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eae Cansiater ius eanen. EM) RA
se Avene)
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y wEAVG 0 eG
=> xe BNe
we AUCBNC).
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5 (avs) n caved) & AvlBnc) &®
@@=)_ arotaned= (eB) nave), :
2 arabe. anc prove De masgers Sore.
1D Gos)’ = a'agl
|) @agy= A'ue!
1
WeoeP Ce) Rak we FS. (avs)'¢ Alone
dok ace (ALB)
=> x & AvB
| =) © KA ond DED
> x eA ood x ee
| cearngl
+. Gos)! ¢ Ane —®
sek scealned ;
= cea onde eB
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| | => & & Aww
| = x e (ave)!
| |
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eal
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ror we PO
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= xaA wns.
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t
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=> % eAlo®
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bok ac e lve!
xen aw web
1 aA WHE:
=) % € ANB
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yok 2EA
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(i) XeAgm-B ond EAS
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Neo, we PT- (A-Onca-c) & A- (BEC)
det ce BBA CA-O
aud XE AHS
ek SEC
=) XE A-®
=) oc CA and BAB >
=> x EA oad 1K BOE
|
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hwo woe Venn diagtam be Bebve: Counting ers
noposnenhs — & Rele ag om
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VIA suwwey of lee people & Cabrponca, *uddteals, ty
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Dinagy Lean «
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[rok B a he
| Knolls Peary .
A Bb
aos
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| Kenettls Romy ox sell
| = SUAbsd = bq,
(2. Veople tke nether plaro = teo~b4= 3).
be poop
a :2.
A Bux leo enemreine Conelous peopha ras
os fe tg LaSermalion « a
5Se rye 20 Surin och as gyclo
1D W jogs F Fehr
|= 4 Aun a cgele
41 dy Byele
=> 3 kok pak all thee ackiviher .
@weadl goq Rak dont Auden a qyele 2
Yeus mang fake park wa eno we
habe “8 poor Honky %
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| ackihen 2
Solukism: 4 Jang
| BH — Sesimmnr ng
|
e — ctgtg
pen
wat Seu or cycle
Zo.
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aclisiies = Bovi2422 = by
Joke pot o& +
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ackrsi bab = loom (Soe waz WANTD
. Noo arch Ex 30 |
Raaagle 69, Tsebsee et Seer
we ye exadiatullaisd om
asthe ot Srlusea ond Px oP
nein Be abled “hy gett the mak
4, clamanls va Bae Unter Ah, Kos 5
loansiter boo £ rk sels A and B. we Can work thy
ru Sy, adluson aud cxdlusuin Yormalo as
Rader -
nCAvB) = ACA) F-n(ed- NCANB)
fy we Rene 3 sels p\Band C, Shas Me fg,
Jrccomen
1 (Auauc) =n C4) +N Len (co) —RCanB) =n CAC) ~ 9 Leng
-n(anenc).
In general »
DCA,WA WAU AN) = Zt) — zn avon) += ang
mee EVA ainast- “Dray,
Binks uel Sngintke ads: 1
Icke ed ara chs Pecks 8 pol camber 23,
members , Boke AEB are also Lamon 05 Cormbote seh
a Pe Loatay
| RELA a spon anlage 1X ad 10h
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Peat op Bok ey eee
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Sr Rar os ae,
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tone apne
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A= due sek af all toliers
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A=W Sel st, aN pols on a dane
Raspalico op Yysrle ab: oa
D Unison ef boo Gayle ele? Set,
D Pour seb of as Sale seels do
a Sp ole alte
=> Sapa sek oo iuajpinte tek sn eles, Says
_. cadatl® ace
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she seks F
oe Bho nambaro} chamenls is
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pee _ gota ube oy, Ges Sainte ack
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afin Taw ak oe SE
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Bek on yeu ack dy sank
cam be Aepscncahecl Cornel is Aspaerented ce
aren em Proatin fom.
[Reser coke: .
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he pwasel i n* is : .
op all Subsele Fer ony wren Seb, including the
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Taser ack of A= CEB UT UE L8, V0, tay
| 147123, 28 § :
PA) = i i P
n (Peay) = 2.9.
Nes fq te ak A Raa clonal,
wbsol
[Ga A Ray a” 4 ,
FPewersck oh ox copy ek Poo aly cue elegy
Ari3
Par =f234
| “Pays.
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(ee eee 7
A Gateskiy ey Adpjeink subscls of, a ginas ae.
*Prail.y
SB Guo petsible parkbisn oy L1G A,S, 69 So
£533, $23, Jased.
Emample As
Fa the Ak A= Laberdie By Ros many
members dh Mee poor eet avo?
NeAD= b
[Pe cay) = abe RKAXAXQAKARY
sabe bycet
1 A get thal Ras n elomankk orth thane aw
Power Set auc obs Grdinal li a) 2,
a. A power set Roo an empty Bek as aon
chook
I>. She power Sek eines empl Bek has only
ove element wbicl & fle emypli Zeb.
A: Sis Power set ey a sacle a
B
Reger Apslin Ss pewnutalicn aud CombinallcsaLtn = aL
WAS
Relations - eye
Srvere.
vs op Rolabens — Pahal excl
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Fanckisns +
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[Osrreafond
Fan mobkplecation gules.
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nn
dyppikeo: A aclaliss R from a on ey
Sek A inls a Sek B Sh a ubsek Of Bho
‘cartesian product AX.
dat Az £%9,34
B= Lay, 65
Re F exad, C8999
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Bereta Se a Zeb og fi clawed of the
erdosedl pas SO aradaltton
Reoge: dp sso sel gp Heard ctevenk of, He
erdocd jor SO oralaie
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tly a tet B in Bre ebcle set B.
uk Ae F283
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S = f@5,6, OB /ON),4.39| Aemdan AD. BRP — Rego c0* Lessa s
| Bowar (92 GASP — Range > Pay, 3}
tedlamein CRD = Be Frys?
te ISD B= LSS,
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ene oetabin: yal R de a cubation, «acter edem.
un Minka te ary
ether lant of A, ea RM calod eoply rahalios .
ham Sa sthan aa loo ma geo de tha pull: beokek
| pek R dea Adalish » gelling on op”
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urivewal delelan 3 cade eloneuk Of A
le every chomenk 2, A-
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IRinc Wed quavenal ashalisn +
Gdeutty Aoletiin A astelion Ro 4 Ya aac te
fol Jdodily nodelisn = ead chomouk Of, Aa»
I ne tament og Bee UE
|
sclabon-
ab Ao
nohalool
cae
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42) por oll ac
| Ge) Re ta,a),' te 2
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| wie $O,0 | ramer®Kin R Astensed mm ater A,
a
te tae Sopleuine ap fee AY shonenk eg
laRa. CO (aaeR Naed-
gyometie achalisn: adaliso :
A bacony ~habio R R daguecl ou a dek A
Aoscl bb bo agomelse IS ehomorte Ob CA
faxd aRb => bRa.
Ged wher AR, bRa
CRN ,
[Peden sche "oe Aapind me a aA
ented We be Tanda , ia) ER 2 Che ER
DCAD ER, abceAr
Qe aR, bRe =) ARe.
Exgtclone aatatisn,
A sclalion dadsied) ov o #
epivalerca Jats youd ool ap ak ts
[Aatleube, Speedie ad SRenaitine
ak A ds said te ba an
Artinmmaly slebia;
oma ak A in dad te be
A oataliios
ankiarnmabne ah aRb aud bRa’ “he azb
(ie) Far all Acber, Sf labJER & Chad ER, hea
QAz=b.bot Rand S be too selatcns over the Kel A oud B
fates ceelcon oh relations :
ee
Sie takewrctinn Of, the Salalion Ras o> Asfyuodl My
Rng = F lob) Jake ana aSh5
uhae a@A, BER.
Sh the palotons “R avd S$ ase dlaparect dy malian
Mas Cag) & Ms * Chg]. We mata Og, Weds
lnalanacctastinl 22> gees bey
Mang 7 e% Ms Cag by] .
whe ¢ dn pepgrmecl 5 clement wie mulliplicabes
Lugo of, celebext : :
She unten Oy, the salebens RUS Ve deposed ty
RUS = flab) Jor. oo ales chad aaatbe®.
“ = MgtMe = Cag tal.
shoo ae 3, Abe elements un Caloulelac org Heo
Aude ox 20, otal, AE \, tate.
Dee
Stra Aygeronce a ac notalane & Sop \
R\s = = {@db) [aR\o ord nok ash).
gay =f tar) [St od aR} whee aen,bee
ne Dyee a vein
Ae 4 vegmmabout dys os “ad
palahew Rand S fens Sina abs
| Baputaod asFr | 2
| RAS = ee (rns)
| ae = ANS) v (s\R).
ew ment Oh S. But relaliso
| aneose. thar RK be Anmony) rolabice drabiree
Nag eles A ond Be The Compliment 8) R
| eves A and ln Me Benoyy alate deed a
ae Sun] a inact rolotact bb LD
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|
Iheae 2eA, be.
Renton: oh, & See BeBe
yele R Lew oo, (adhe as okt
el Conran dessa Spree A, Rite A
Fark RB dn
R= Felons, ushus AGA, bER.
zngyy Weed = Selly ee
TA sutabiso R Melia 42 A ack B be collecl on
empty Actehin 3H R= &
Bra Vrivercl redalso Dalven seta A onde
dancltd Quy U, ie the carorlac pieduct of, the
Bele. U2 AX:
VA geholin Rdepiucd on aiack A dr called
Arg wa) tacay,—
> |ybted A’ Fae AY, | patholo 2A 1 ag
B= £177 B), a } 1oa
dhe aclelicrs RRS ae dapend a
R= ‘feo, co ite, Bay)
pec fend rte, Cet; a9 ©
| f
Mea, Rus = f (and, oe) (22, (519.603.1407
| *Ras = Ltn, ing
ef 7 NE Mss Bh Ne"
| AR = Po, CaP 3
meh sea
al
1RAS & il tee lebba ieee Dat
wb dF ps
ta), (0,2), Ce), 6 i
Bond raase
e Pad, tag
os asp
R= $ ba), (29 L212, Wed}
py sae 0) 2 Aaeabra wate?
Iitc® rasropulpin. hep my ask fy fare
yo, SSE, 8 vondy 2 be a gwlnbby. Quem BG, dpc sake.
2 Fim He grmpatia Randa, 48a oabion
‘conninting, Fh, SM atain (arg), where a en» cec
St ushich Rene odhewd — gosnaks! bes atone
RW (be) €8. We wend Re ee |
leit omensLok R be ww owlobion yuan {i a5.3y do 1,
sand wbven bay Re {Crs1) «Clad sCesayca, nig
Hak S be wo onabsilion Gon {hoa oasuy y,
{e>ba} ond Qhwen tory 8= LUM Gry,
Whod ub dro Companite of R ond 3-
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ia binary oulsbion Ss a Sat P ud calited
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(P>£) ue called porilindoy eudsed Sok pra
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uf
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‘0 Uptidty” wubaiod “atk O” Shnipiby®” Grlewd set
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sb 0. spoatiat., pBraening | Op IRR’ gab % Sinise
yeaa aso or Se Sige we S.
log OSB, bSo an a= bi
Sse cankidsyynondlrue! 07
di) Ma sb, Ba Fan ode i
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S S "vo, sponse
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ee
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spanbal erdoning 9m , Ha power sok BB Op 8k
Lok PCs) Ihe Re power shack of. .
| Wed sok 8 aM Subs 8, tof} slour
G) since BCA > vdbeowien Ger old Ae obtarb A
Bs: => SS" db gratin’ a. ,
Ga BER 8 BER! yrony do'sahaly eo
RE BSS el gy “amiinnrndsie +
, Cc narkssued
OVINE Boe Shee
whore A> B5¢ oma ony ot, albads he:
se" bo _suartiog Euan en e(s) onsk
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BER Sy LB coled O Ganetley 3} dn
sien eles Ama dh a unas “Wey
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isk a x—yopla ‘pinchibn!- Xs {eabsad
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aon oeaie or ey
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en Ha Sk” oa “bossa - Find te
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Rabie .
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sd AG
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wi
ox =y-t
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(sumjpciie) Sg Re RCP) Y= offisaubs ab
wn coded ante: :
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One: umappasiil ante ° ‘ @iostingk “Womans QN-
a AG Bleed vee, = 22
> ih. f: fast boo -d} ide RoByo?}
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pale go AT) Skhets ¢dahes'oudltemert ema
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fad p wistrye og ali
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ye
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fa fb calted. _Saertiby Qumshion, «
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ATM Naha. olae 9, Punchinn- Ze| Fen £7" Ge, colted Ha Graeme ef.
Ee ee
W fiis investible WP Be yey ank nko:
Gly oF fou: Bjedlion’ “Gast ase, Pan
a Qunehion ey, gy 4! Se genain
Fon BA:
jEQ: The. endian. | fa for 3 “stead
a Mok Flad=a,, F(by=9 ‘ond Ee =1
Angie and Ae. dnwerve
Guna vb ghuan by §-' (a) =a;
fs) = b ond “er Cyc.
|EB lak Fr z— >z.bs such 4Rok flecd= oct]
Bf Gniestbe and dak ub, |
co what we, Bh dhyemres : :
Getsdhens fipsaat A sy pc u
FORDE EH SF wes B11 GRA onto
ia > Unvebble -
V tot - oF Vie 41 AY ; cagoan
Smee azole ub Soa ee FI G)= K-15
He ez: |a |
lt pia—se ond 9: Bsc be hi,
- |sgenation. The, coins Blinchlon: Gop
dared, By, Coot, oe ig = eu
Poets :
: -|oer. fi: RAB dans’ sag ah 2
BNP sce RE Mb idiot i “, 3
: Buh: Fe OU :
el A LUe
oe ; }
Ci-e-) x = => x= ott = 3
och
seat Ve
a ae us ye
Fer Le R tedemain’ 3; wc il Qik 9
ruimane un R demath ay peduse
lee +. F ub anst ene: fie tex n)
Since Zs» YoveRuy. Bf
FOI= 75 oF Va) ee te Ya x Wh
Vo +1
FEI-F Ud
but 2b y.
fb ata
aRaskin
s flak R bo ta Sok e& aM. man® wmumbeus
anh FER —SR ba aoined by fcc) = 4x tS:
for wry oc eR. 9-T 6 ub nnenkobte
ond find ot)
Setution :
F() = yee 5 , Moke
Wee R 5 we can Bind: x6 ub R aD
wsimoge ToR . a ee.
“Ok ud eb: - ~
Fle) = £ Ceca)
Ye it5 = Yoo +S
Wyory = tote,
XL, =a
foo} st
=Sf is \-Vez 2) st)
£7) esonls >
Cea Coe) = ETS |
Yo meeR- *
|f(ad = eta , Qi) = E> an hice) = 32.
Find gof> fog , fof, fohs hog , hot > fohog.
Sebulion +
gf = 9 (FE)
= g(x+a)
=xt+a-aax|
\
|
foo = F [9c] ,
. op cailay : i 14 Foy.
ahel Begg bn? 9 vt
‘for =F (xt+a) =S¥ Feces) hate
Se+atra=aty ‘if :
peep fe)
OO
=se+a ° AST opaseiiony
hep epee
= h (eta) fers .
= 8(x+a) _, . 2H
= 30 +b cop = pty
Fohog = FT (ocey}] -
=F (htx-a3)/
=f (Sl-a))
=3}= (509! Ff Geet) 3,
= Boe- b+Q
= Beep