Journal of Positive School Psychology http://journalppw.

com
2023, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1311-1323

Public Education System In Pakistan: An Exploration

Into Major Problems
Dr. Ghazal Khalid Siddiqui1 , Dr. Muhammad Shahid Zulfiqar Ali2 , Naila Zarar3 , Suneeta
Asghar4 , Dr. Hina Munir5

1
Associate Professor, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan [email protected]
2
Visiting Lecturer, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan [email protected]
3
PhD Scholar, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan [email protected]
4
MPhil Scholar, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan [email protected]
5
Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Leadership & Policy Studies, University of Education, Lahore,
Pakistan [email protected]

Abstract

This was a qualitative study that has been conducted as a follow-up of a quantitative study. This study has
been conducted to explore the major problems in Public education system in Pakistan at Primary level. The
primary school teachers serving in Lahore city were selected conveniently as a sample for the study. There
were eight primary school teachers who took part in this study. They have been interviewed by the
inquirer(s) with the help of a semi-structured interview protocol. After the data collection, the data was
analyzed with the help of Thematic analysis. The themes which emerged from the collected data were
“Infrastructure; Availability of Resources; School Discipline; Implementation of Curricula: School
Curricula.” It has been revealed by the research findings that the basic facilities have been available in
schools which includes school building, electric fans and basic water cooler etc. However, there were lack
of electric water cooler and school ground etc., which are recommended by the inquirer. These findings
have validated the quantitative findings which were; the basic facilities like school building, electric fans
and basic water cooler etc., were available for the students. However, there were lack of electric water
cooler, school ground and CCTV cameras etc., which are recommended by the inquirer.

Keywords: Education System; Public Schools; Problems of Education; Primary School Teachers

Introduction prioritizes children from preschool to graduate

Education is something you do from the time you school. As students attend a higher level of
are born until the day you die. The early years are schooling each year, the majority of their gains
important because they affect things that happen transfer from public to private (Vayachuta et al.,
later. However, we cannot exert complete control 2016).
over the early years since children remain in their This is why children are required to
families' care until they join school attend school for the first 10 or 12 years of their
(Krishnamurthi, 2021). Several variables, such as lives. If we could not teach them to be decent
friendships inside and outside of school, citizens, larger and more expensive societal
influence their intellectual development even if issues would result (Zeitlyn & Meke, 2015).
children attend school. The educational system Education is the impact of mature generations on
 Dr. Ghazal Khalid Siddiqui 1312

those who are not yet ready for social life. In other Education should guide the development
words, education's major purpose is to assist of children's capacities and skills. A system of
youngsters in acquiring intellectual and physical education should provide boys and girls with the
capacities (Pradhan et al., 2018). chance to attain the greatest degree of education.
In addition, students should be The aim and main function of education are to
incentivized at school to learn the moral prepare children for their duties as workers and
principles expected by political society since if members of broader society and define the
we do not assist children in achieving these goals, purpose of education as the formation of the
society may experience social issues and incur social being (Herwan et al., 2018).
more costs to resolve them. Education occurs Education is one of the key factors that
successfully when there is a link between the affect the nation’s progress. It takes part in the
person and the environment and that the objective development of the country regarding the social,
of education is not to prepare pupils for future life socio-economic and political aspects. The current
but rather to live for the now (Bashir-Ud-Din et age is the age of technology (UNESCO, 2015).
al., 2016). Therefore, schools should first provide Progress in technology can’t be achieved in the
moral education and act as "a type of absence of Education. Similarly, the health sector
community." In addition, education is not a is also indebted to education (Ailaan, 2017). It is
component of life but rather seen as "the ongoing through education, due to which skilled health
rebuilding of experience." If youngsters get workers and personnel are available for the
experiences in school, they may be able to learn treatment of the patients. Even democracy can’t
about the real world and become future-ready prevail without the education of the nation (Witte,
(Talreja, 2017). 2013). Similarly, if the labor of any country is
Consequently, "what experiences will educated and skilled, better productivity and
they gain?" The questions that must be addressed production can be taken out of their efforts as
are "how should we assist them in acquiring these compared to that of the uneducated and unskilled
experiences?" and "how should we assist them in labor (Marks & Roads, 2016). It is education that
acquiring these experiences?" Specialists boosts the efficiency of the workers and enables
examine curriculum in terms of grade levels and them to work efficiently. It enables the industry
topics in order to assist students in developing the to achieve the objective of progress (Farwis,
appropriate behaviors for a more harmonious 2020). This lets the top managers efficiently
society (PA, 2021). manage the human as well as the material
Education has been analyzed in terms of resources. Without education, the dream of a
society's aspiration for a desirable sort of person nation’s progress and success cannot come true.
and the requisite values. Consequently, This would result in better growth and
youngsters may exhibit certain desirable features, development rate for the country. In simple, it is
attitudes, knowledge, and abilities (Pradhan et al., education that transforms a group of people into
2018). The author asserts that a well-educated a nation (Vayachuta et al., 2016).
individual must possess the necessary intellectual Education is a powerful catalyst that
skills and be sensitive to moral issues, have trains people mentally, physically, ideologically,
mathematical efficiency, and have a scientific and morally. This helps people understand their
vision and a historical and geographical mission and purpose in life and gives them the
perspective. When examining society, it seems tools they need to reach that goal. It is a tool that
that the educational system has failed to produce helps people grow spiritually and fulfill their
the desired educated man (Lyimo et al., 2017). needs in the physical world. From an Islamic
 1313 Journal of Positive School Psychology

point of view Govt. of Pakistan in 1998, facilities related to education including an

education is a way to help people develop appropriate learning environment followed by
attitudes that are in keeping with righteousness's qualified teachers and an updated and modern
worth (Pradhan et al., 2018). This contributes to curriculum (Mehmood, 2016).
the development of an Islamic society that is Education is very beneficial for the
beneficial. Education is a key part of developing individuals as well as society. First, the bulk of
people as resources. It makes people more high-tax payers are highly educated; as a result of
productive and efficient, and it creates skilled the economy's qualifications and competencies,
workers who can lead the growth of the economy people seek more education in order to be
(Jumanovich & Eshboevna, 2019). qualified for or promoted to a higher-paying job.
There is no need to explain or defend the The more tax money paid by citizens in a society,
importance of education for developing human the more government programs are sponsored,
resources. Education is the most important thing resulting in enhanced lives for the populace and
for developed and developing countries alike. quick economic growth. Second, they become
Education is one of the basic rights of a Pakistani more open to novel concepts and market
citizen, and the country's constitution says that adaptability (Berkowitz et al., 2017). Different
the government must make sure that every citizen nations' economies are now competing,
has access to education (Black & Wiliam, 2018). necessitating that they enhance their tactics and
Schooling plays a significant role in an goods to attract better commercial possibilities,
individual’s later life as the schools educate the such as a large number of investors leading to
individuals for their late life. It instills in them the firm growth. By doing so, they are contributing
knowledge that is necessary for spending a more tax income to the economy and creating
balanced life (Reviews, 2021). It also proves to more employment possibilities for members of
be a base for the later technical education which society. Thirdly, better collaboration with other
is given in the higher schools. However, for socio-economic policy areas, such as crime
reaching such a level of technical education, basic and health, might reduce the demand for public
school education is vital otherwise, it would be spending (Naveen, 2016). If individuals of
not possible for any individual to seek technical society are able to afford health care owing to
or vocational education (Siddiqui & Gorard, their money, they may redirect monies from the
2017). department of health to other parts of the budget
As far as the education of male and that are in greater need (DBISD, 2013).
female students is concerned, both should be In addition to the knowledge of how to
educated as it is their right. Even Islam is the maintain a healthy lifestyle for themselves and
major religion followed by Pakistani citizens, their family. Education also reduces the incidence
which also advocates knowledge attainment for of theft since the administration has had a budget
both males and females (UNICEF, 2013). to give vocational and training courses to
It is stated that quality education is the moderate/low-income or unemployed individuals
basic right of any child under the age of 18. The (Talreja, 2017). This results in people receiving
aforementioned has been accepted and agreed an education, which might lead to work or the
upon by 193 signatories (Mughal, 2018). The opportunity to establish a small business to
education should be inclusive for the learners. In support their everyday requirements. Campaigns,
this way, the maximum number of individuals seminars, and workshops have been held to
could be brought into the streamlining of educate underprivileged people in order to help
education. All of them must be provided the them understand and improve their health,
 Dr. Ghazal Khalid Siddiqui 1314

therefore there is a clear link between health and healthy and prosperous society is hard to achieve
education in society (Mujahid & Noman, 2015). without educated individuals (SDPC, 2015). It is
A person's level of education may open the belief that a curriculum that places a strong
up several doors and opportunities for them in emphasis on the individual's growth makes a
life. Because they have more options for where to rock-solid basis for human ethics. On the other
earn their money, they are less inclined to steal hand, it is stated that education has the power to
and more likely to be politically engaged (Wang, alter the perspective and comprehension of a
2010). They live longer because they are more person, and as a result, it possesses an ethical
informed about health and are hence more willing component (Motala et al., 2007).
to practice preventative medicine. In addition, As a consequence of continuous education,
kids are less likely to engage in risky behaviors an individual's awareness eventually develops the
like drinking, smoking, or being overweight since ability to discern between moral and immoral
they have a better understanding of the concepts or choices, as stated as an order for
consequences of doing so (GoP, 2016a). learners to boost their employability and grow
Individuals with a higher level of knowledge are their skill sets, it is essential for them to plan their
more likely to vote properly, volunteer, trust and personal (Rizvi, 2015). Individuals may be
accept others, have a reduced proclivity for (non- supported and encouraged in their personal
violent) crime, have better-educated parenting, development, but they must have the ability to
and live longer owing to their capacity to afford adjust their perspectives and attitudes (Menashy
(expensive) medical care (World-Bank, 2013). et al., 2014). In a position of secondary
Due to increased individual health importance is a thesis, in which she asserts that
awareness, people smoke fewer cigarettes, people who have developed personalities are
consume less alcohol, and have a lower risk of capable of exercising control over their behaviors
being fat. Additionally, people are more likely to (Härmä, 2011).
seek preventative medical treatment, have higher The researcher went on to state that
life satisfaction with a stable mentality, and have personality is a system made up of numerous
improved mental acuity (Tooley et al., 2010). psychological processes that, when integrated,
They also have superior mental health, and in determine the distinctive manner in which each
addition, they must be able to participate in individual behaves in the world. Those were her
economic development while simultaneously exact words (Schargel & Smink, 2014). This is a
obtaining self-fulfillment (UNESCO, 2015). reliable approach to take. As a result, a fully
Educated individuals enjoy greater life formed persona exemplifies not just unit values
satisfaction, including the capacity to finance but also univocal responses to events (the
quality housing and their needs and wants, since ultimate unity of attitude or conduct, the
they earn more (Norwich & Black, 2015). In individual's response to what's happening in his
addition to this, they are more adaptive, which or her environment) (Berkowitz et al., 2017).
encourages them to study more so that they may Education played a vital part in the
fulfill themselves. As a consequence of this, development of a person's personality since it
individuals are not only helping the economy (by enables a person to perform all of the roles that
paying taxes), but they are also helping come with being a human, which in turn makes
themselves on a more philosophical level that person a more capable individual (GoP,
(UNDP, 2016). In a similar vein, one of the 2009). Additionally, a successful individual could
purposes of education for people is to foster their contribute to the betterment of society (Malik,
own personal development and advancement. A 2010). The results of a study suggest that the
 1315 Journal of Positive School Psychology

achievement of individual goals may contribute Teachers who become teachers because
to the development of a wealthy society (Day- they couldn't find other jobs tend to flock to Urdu
Ashley et al., 2013). And the societal benefit or language schools. As a consequence, many
goods may be accomplished by allowing teachers are less dedicated, which may affect
individuals to choose what they genuinely want, student progress. The language used in the
rather than compelling them to make choices classroom has far-reaching consequences for
about something they don't want to do (World- higher education (Ali, 2011). As a result, many
Bank, 2013). children are disadvantaged, and many leave
Children's schooling has a direct bearing on school unable to comprehend basic English ideas
how well they do in high school, college, and (Iqbal et al., 2017). It is found in the LEAPS
beyond (Bruns et al., 2011). Population increase research (Learning and Education Achievements
and the fast ascent of private education—seen by in Punjab Schools), that a child who quits school
many as a lucrative economic opportunity—have at the end of year is likely to be mathematically
contributed to this trend (Khalid, 2010). Because and functionally illiterate ( Ahmad, 2012). A
of this, some English-medium schools provide a youngster must complete the early stages of
mediocre educational experience for their school in order to be literate. Even after finishing
students by using English as a second language in high school, such students are significantly
the classroom, despite the fact that this is the disadvantaged in contrast to their classmates,
medium of instruction in which they specialize regardless of hidden potential (Iqbal, 2011). The
(Hancock et al., 2013). Dini Madrassas operate low literacy rate in Pakistan disadvantages many
side by side with English and Urdu language young people and makes it difficult for them to
schools, with the former emphasizing religious attend college (Ali, 2011).
instruction (Farooqi, 2011). Therefore, there are Furthermore, owing to the very fragmented
four distinct types of schooling in Pakistan: educational system, many parents have lost trust
• Dini Madaris in government schools to give an outstanding
• Government Urdu medium schools education. In many cases, parents seek to enroll
• Private elite English medium schools their children in private schools or make
• Private non-elite English medium arrangements for further private tutoring, but, in
schools (madrassas) other situations, children are required to forgo
The essential features of the four types of their education and find employment (GoP,
schools are shown in Figure 2.3. There has never 2011).
been consensus on how to best educate Pakistani Many issues in Pakistan's educational
children in the local language, and opinions on system derive from how it is managed and
the matter shift often according to who you ask. organized. The federal government is in charge of
Urdu is used as the language of teaching in public curriculum creation and textbook approval.
schools (KPKG, 2012). However, Sindh and KP Provincial textbooks and examination boards, on
each have several public schools that provide the other hand, are in charge of creating and
instruction in both Pushto and Sindhi. Many evaluating textbooks (GoP, 2016b). At the district
government schools and cadet colleges are level, it has been the responsibility of the District
federally funded and run, and English is used as Education Office to be in charge of in-service
the medium of instruction (Rizvi, 2015). Urdu- teacher training, budgeting for schools, and
medium schools have a lower position in the recruiting new teachers. All levels of government
government sector than English-medium schools must work together to develop policy
(ESED, 2013). implementation methods (Iqbal, 2011).
 Dr. Ghazal Khalid Siddiqui 1316

The Higher Education Commission of This study has been conducted to explore the
Pakistan, on the other hand, has regulatory major problems in Public education system in
responsibilities that include advancements in Pakistan at Primary level. The primary school
university-level teacher education. The previous teachers serving in Lahore city were selected
example demonstrates the many barriers to conveniently as a sample for the study. There
education in Pakistan. This concept is relevant were eight primary school teachers who took part
since schooling is predicated almost exclusively in this study. They have been interviewed by the
on lecturing and then testing on memorized inquirer(s) with the help of a semi-structured
material (Rashid & Mukhtar, 2012). There is a interview protocol. After the data collection, the
severe lack of broader abilities. Students entering data was analyzed with the help of Thematic
higher education encounter obstacles on many analysis. The themes which emerged from the
fronts, including language ability, confidence, collected data were “Infrastructure; Availability
thinking processes, and attitudes toward studying, of Resources; School Discipline; Implementation
in a system where educational experiences vary of Curricula: School Curricula.”
substantially from school to school (Zembylas &
Papanastasiou, 2015). As a result of schools' lack Results
of emphasis on developing generalized skills like The results are as under:
critical thinking, some students may find it
challenging to pursue further education Infrastructure
(Vayachuta et al., 2016). When the PSTs were asked regarding the
Almost in all of the educational policies condition of their school building, the majority of
of Pakistan, it has been proposed that primary them responded that their school building was
education should be provided to children free of cemented however, the most of the schools have
cost regardless of gender and locality. been located in the small streets where the
Furthermore, the provision of education equally students’ mobility was difficult some. There half
to all the children of Pakistan has also been part of PSTs affirmed the availability of the school
of the recommendations of the educational ground however, the half of the participants
policies (Reviews, 2021). However, primary denied of the existence of the ground within the
education has been facing different problems that school premises. One of the participant said that:
are hindering its way to eradicating illiteracy and Yes, our school building is a cemented
educating all of the children in Pakistan. The building. Our department has constructed
literature review of the phenomenon under study it recently so that the students could study
showed that there was a lack of research at ease without worrying about the
regarding the problems being faced by the public weather conditions. But our school
education system. In such a situation, it is quite location is not as good as it is situated in
impossible to address the issues and the problems a small street where there is a rush and
unless they are known. Therefore, the current traffic jam when the students come to
study has been conducted to identify the school early in the morning and also at
concerning problems so that suggestions could be the time of getting free from school. (P2)
made for the solution of the problems. Similarly, another person responded that:
Building of our school is reasonable and
Methodology cemented. However, the maintenance
This was a qualitative study that has been needs to be done properly and
conducted as a follow-up of a quantitative study. continuously as per the need. As far as
 1317 Journal of Positive School Psychology

the building is concerned, there is no “The students’ library exists in our school but
issue except that of its location which is neither there is any science lab, nor any computer
in a narrow street. It causes the traffic lab. However, the basic AV aids like black board
blockage usually. (P5) etc., are available in the school.” (P8)
When the participants were asked regarding the
availability of the water facility and the fans for School Discipline
the students. The majority of them affirmed the When the participants were asked regarding the
availability of the basic water coolers and the fans school discipline, the majority of the participants
as well. However, the electric coolers were said that school hours were followed punctually
reported to be needed but they were unavailable. by the teachers. They even follow the set rules
One of the participant said that: and also manage the classroom discipline well.
Although the basic water coolers are One of the participant said that:
available for the students. We use to fetch There is no issue of the school discipline
the ice in these coolers so that the cool as the school hours are followed
water remain available for the students. properly. No teacher violates them in any
However, its not sufficient. The need of case. They also maintain the discipline in
the time is water cooler which is not their classes accordingly for the smooth
available.(P1) run of the educational process. (P4)
Similar stance was given by another participant: Another participant responded that:
“Yes, the students are served with the water “Discipline of the school is ok. Everything goes
cooler in the summer. However, this is a basic on as predetermined. There is nothing like
water cooler. The electric water cooler is not unscheduled or indiscipline. The teachers also
available yet.” (P7) manage their classes at ease.” (P6)

Availability of Resources Implementation of Curricula

When the students were asked about the When the participants were inquired regarding
availability of the resources, their majority the implementation of the Single Nation
responded that the library was available for the Curriculum, the majority of the participant
students. However, the science laboratory was reported no difficulty regarding the
found to be unavailable. So the students were implementation of the curriculum. Similarly, they
deprived of the practical aspect of the science. also reported that it was the need of the time to
When they were asked about the availability of introduce a curriculum which could be accepted
the AV aids, they confirmed the availability of the and studied by all of the students in Pakistan so
basic AV aids. One of the participant said that: that there could be single educational upbringing
Library is available for students but of the students across Pakistan. One of the
usually there is no specific period for the participants said that:
students. So, their visits to the library are It’s a good initiative to introduce and
not frequent. On the other hand, there is implement the single nation curriculum
no science lab for the students. in Pakistan. Before this, there were
Therefore, they study only theoretical different curriculums across the Pakistan.
knowledge of the science subject. They However, now all of the students are
can’t perform the practical of the attained studying the same curriculum. It’s a good
science knowledge. (P3) step to maintain the oneness among our
Another participant said that: nation. (P2)
 Dr. Ghazal Khalid Siddiqui 1318

When the participants were asked regarding the Baes on the results of this study, it has been
teachers’ training regarding the implementation concluded that there were no major
of the curriculum. The majority of the infrastructural problems faced by the primary
participants affirmed the provision of the training school in Lahore. However, the electric water
so that the teachers become able to implement the coolers are still needed for the students in the
curriculum. summer season. Similarly, the location of the
“Yes, were given the training for the effective schools is also a problem where the school
implementation of the single nation curriculum. I buildings are situated in the small or narrower
think it was good for us and we are easily and streets. It also has come into light that the science
effectively implementing the current and computer labs are not available for the
curriculum.” (P1) primary students in the schools. On the other
hand, the discipline of the school is running
Students’ Dropout smoothly. The implementation of the curriculum
When the participants were asked regarding the is also being done effectively by the teachers. The
parental involvement in the students’ education. parental interest and involvement are also found
The majority of the participants responded that to be satisfactory. The findings of this follow-up
the parents value their children’s education. study has validated the findings of the
However, some of the participants reported that Quantitative study.
the parents do not take much interest in their Although the topic understudy is a
children’s education. Similarly, some of the common one, however, there is a lack of the
participants responded that the parents do not research on it. Especially, the available local
help their children regarding their studies. researches are almost before 2015. However,
However, the opinion of the majority participants Zafar & Ali (2018) sampled 210 participants for
was contradictory to it. They said that the parents the conduction of the survey to investigate social
help their children to the extent they could. It functions and the challenges faced by the
depends on their own education and education system of Pakistan. It has been reported
understanding. One of the participant said that: by the researcher(s) that there is a class-based
The parents try hard and best to help their education system running in Pakistan. It is a
children in their education. However, in challenge that was recommended to be addressed
case they are not so much educated in a way that a unified system of education should
themselves, in such a case they remain be established in Pakistan. Furthermore, it was
unable to do so. Otherwise, they take found that the quality of education has been
much interest in their children’s compromised due to the attention of the private
education because they want their sector. The reason behind this was that the
children to get education for their better businessmen have entered in the field of
future. (P8) education and opted it as a profitable business for
Another participant responded: them. So, they just think of the profit and thus the
“The time when parents think their children as of quality of education is compromised. The
their earning hands has gone. Now the parents aforementioned findings have been supported by
want their children to get education so that they the current study.
could attain a reasonable livelihood for Yousaf (2014) also conducted a survey
themselves in future.” (P6) research for the exploration of the problems that
have been faced by the education system of
Conclusion & Discussion Pakistan. The results highlighted the problems
 1319 Journal of Positive School Psychology

like there was a shortage of teachers due to which findings have been supported by the current study
the student's education has been getting disturbed. as the current study have also similar results.
Similarly, there was the lack of infrastructural Ahmad et al. (2013) conducted a study to
facilities like library and laboratories. So, it was explore the problems faced by the primary
recommended by the researcher to facilitate the education system in Pakistan. For this purpose, a
education department by staffing the able, skilled critical review of the available literature has beeb
and qualified teachers so that they could educate done by the researcher(s). It has been revealed in
the children as per the needs of the modern age. the results that the primary level education in
Similarly, the provision of the required Pakistan has been facing poor management as
infrastructural facilities is also recommended for well as financing. It would be not wrong to say
the smooth and effective run of the educational that education on the primary level has been
system. The aforementioned findings have also facing negligence from the side of the concerning
been supported by the current study. authorities. Corruption is also faced by the system
Ahmad et al. (2014) conducted a study to due to the involvement of the political
suggest remedies for the issues faced by schools stakeholders. Similarly, they also promote
in Pakistan. It has been suggested by the favoritism in the education department.
researcher(s) that budget allocation should be Furthermore, the curriculum has been reported to
appropriate as per the need of the school be outdated as per the need of the time. Similarly,
education system. Similarly, there should be educational attainment has been assessed while
quality teacher education institutions so that the measuring the students’ memory instead of their
passed out teachers form them could instill the performance. The aforementioned findings have
desired and required knowledge as well as the been supported by the current study.
skills in the students effectively. It was also Saeed et al. (2013) investigated the
suggested that there should be a proper workable problems that have been faced by school teachers.
system of the accountability of the staff so that Although the school teachers’ problems are not
each of the staff members may excel the best of the main topic relevant to the study. However,
the efforts for educating the children. this is one of the indicators/problems that has
Furthermore, it was also suggested that the been studied by the current research too. The
political involvement in schools, especially in the study results revealed that there was a lack of staff
education system must be eradicated so that the in the schools due to which the available teachers
concerning staff and teachers could work had to take on the overburden of the work. This
effectively and efficiently without any unwanted affected the teachers’ performance negatively.
and undesired fear. As far as the policies are Furthermore, there was a lack of the learning
concerned, it was also suggested that the material and necessary aids due to which the
educational policies should be implemented right teachers were facing the problem regarding the
after they are approved by the concerning instructions and their effectiveness. This study
authorities. There must be no delay in their recommended that there must be the provision of
implementation. Then the system of education the learning material and teaching aids to the
could run efficiently and effectively. The teachers so that they could instruct the students
promotion of the research culture in the schools effectively. Furthermore, it was also
should be ensured by the education department. recommended that the teachers should be given
Furthermore, the examination system must be appropriate incentives so that there remains no
invigilated well so that there could be no usage of need for another job to fulfilling their family
unfair means and corruption. The aforementioned
 Dr. Ghazal Khalid Siddiqui 1320

expenditures. The aforementioned findings have Malik, I. A. (2016). Training Manual on

also been supported by the current study. Educational Assessment. Federal Board
Memon (2010) also conducted similar research to of of Intermediate and Secondary
find out the key issues faced by the education Education.
system in Pakistan. It has been brought to light 5. Berkowitz, R., Moore, H., Astor, R. A.,
that there is a need for the provision of proper & BenbenishtyR., A. (2017). Research
infrastructure. There is a lack of qualified staff in Synthesis of the Associations Between
the education department. It has been Socioeconomic Background, Inequality,
recommended by the researcher that Libraries, School Climate, and Academic
Labs and other learning facilities should be Achievement. Eview of Educational
provided to the schools so that they could educate Research, 87(2), 425–469.
the students effectively. The aforementioned 6. Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (2018).
findings have been supported by the current study Classroom assessment and
as the current study have also similar results. pedagogy,Assessment in Education:
Principles. Policy &Practice, 25(6), 551–
Recommendations 575.
On the basis of the results, it has been 7. Bruns, B., Filmer, D., & Patrinos, H. A.
recommended that the electric water coolers (2011). Making schools work: New
should be provided to the primary schools by the evidence on accountability reforms.
School Education Department. Furthermore, the World Bank.
schools should be accommodated on the main 8. Day-Ashley, L., Mcloughlin, C., Aslam,
roads so that the students’ mobility could be no M., Engel, J., Wales, J., & Rawal, S.
issue for them. (2013). ‘The Role and Impact of Private
Schools in Developing Countries: A
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