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To Temp Coss)aptoy exigh oneg 20-- 1 30% 8 Sain 00» (soup - 30°) a= K (is-20) # Sola ct = MOOD, ang) dex suceved oy cau per unit Hee pet wait oun. i lg ie ak OC ib mined wilh \g ‘Steam at 100% Find Anal seme- Wea tag YO mate Ig A ice + SOcal & Haat 444, 0 comers ( wake to (00% fom Gs + tga Yea 100 , 100 cal beeen g Heat Adleased seam condinces Fully Ge =S4teal Gs Q. +0, Steam — doeint tay > condense comp area, under En-% gph Saal temp =I00% ; om-=mass 8 skeam condensect Pain of Carimelry Hat gsied aye = Weal (st by steam 80+ Amaly ce) Neots law 9 coding Fe Arh By sale in Rind wins Lo ls tg sale ait A cing —> tle ab win emp 4 5 ey —75q we a 0% i ined willn \g slam al W0% - Find final seme Suv eral diflrence oho T 4 To saved sabe A cong of T-To aan ia wat» @, = GOS = HO0cal meen Se ait suitor dt = at Heal released i sham camp esndunsecl = B40ca! Temp 8 bq will be bfw 0% 100 Tee Wallfal temp: To Sura: temp. * Ti lemp alte tne t Te toa CiWE™ \ppronimalien rathed 9, nuwofor: Quo 8, cooling Ua bedy coe fiom > Te in bine + sehen surroundings are ob temp To dake dy canting > K CThody ~“Wuse> i +e (ge -) mip + ms(t-0) = mly + mS(ioo-1) Cee full condense “aavwem (100% wood) pine atkine dap toray um C high le 4 (owlsernp § fig) 5x8De Sa haT = [e54O4 Ux (190-17 400 4 BT = BAO+ 100-7 6t + c40-4o0 tT: 40%Therumedynomicy ‘Anwrmodynamte fystem : «past uninece |p that ¥ % consid for anallyie Surrounding gn owide sycter pe Cloged, tsolabed ‘neumodyrumte vaaF ables Parameters which describe tee sys Cy en i Volume , nro: §, enBls, etihy - 4 ‘Twoxmod yam Slate 4 Stake ev Comirnahion Pv gt shake ayo = Al diw Pv 4 T a Adel gu ey Pv: ORT “Thermodynamic 940% ‘hermodynamic vasiablec desnt change wilh “ime Stole_vaniable Path, variable ays £ Wark done, ‘alent eg Hleak bonsfoned ‘Thermodynamte process Change in siale Ba gm > Get ma Inumedyrante varialxc wil change Srcealor diagram. ~graph © b/w ditt thu: vasabls a PV, VE, Pb graph ‘et 4 Dalherme, ‘onndany low ‘al Hanser doen abled “weal tronst- Zuolh how § Areamodyramics c “wo sys sep + in anekmal 4,0" Dk Shui Diaitumic| woith a #hitd e4s aA Ave | een Anerenad Z eyo qoith each Cadiavate ober Ta = Te Te = > arte ‘Internal EBS G a system Cx) Sum, erolecular KE § PE > Random Molin , vibration 4 inkacckion, boo molecules —> fer an deal gau Wik a fine Gs 1 only UsnyT Cv? mola heat AWM nCvAT tapacily @ const vol: + UW to stole hunt a doemt depend on path sty dopend on initiah 4 Final st- Wark done boy on ideal ga » Parr dunt sg Meath Te Work done “by’ Me gas when pilon mover by Wa! dw fdas Pada ano = P-dUR change in volume dw - PAV Whol work dine by tne gar when vol shady fog Wate ah bcp dvs ave ; we aveSt gas 4 compresied Qu Modulus Weve 5 Weve B-day v Bisothermal =P Molox heat capacthy, c: @ (at=0) wat C208 Wark dore ey the gas: we (Cav eat _Ananstusred { eu: oRT P= ORT + hast ranstened imko s/m. 8 aw: fined wv sve —yluat gained by fm i ve vw -ve > heat lost by s/m AW ARTS dV = Rt fav | MW First haw of Theemodynamics Aw: net on [ue] = RT Ea GQ: ncar G,W, aw Qg FAUT) sPingpte of once” — Grteenal eg change ene 4 owey au. O fatzo$ Heal hransterned , Quari- static prowess Cldel process) AQ: AW AQ: nRTh fy) wal every stage 4 process if dhe gm & ia rd ‘hemodynamic. “29 ~infalely show Seochorie. process Gromelvic proves) —p ~ Ssotnermal Psocss ——————————__ + “const fects! emp + const 4 are — Pye RT Blat | eeacae: [et ink Pus omst dei Oo ET PAN avs Bem eM Bulk modulus B.-dP-v 200 a Mola heat Capacity ak const: volume Cow) slope 9 Pv dv VvWerk done Pleat transferred, wf edvs 0 4Q~ nCpar * ate Ceabarie. process) I luo 1" tow ag: AW AG: Ay + AW (pat = ntots net Heat transferred Cp: Gv+R AQ = nCvAT Cp-v= t+ mayer’ qa Cisocnorie. process’) Aniernal energy change Adiaivalic Process AW n¢vbT Sapp Sor alt paccess, — No Neat transfer: Gls a st fun’ 4 only depend AQ +0 om AT) = dQ-0 at every instant Acobaric. Process stale eqn PV": const Prconst ‘T= Ce ss adiabatic canst PuenRT ov vet Tok 2 ee |G ek Ge Mh ro aw] ort Yh wt Mmonoahmic gas | diatmic gas slope § PV ape 1g 2166 bea ae <0 2 +19 dv Pvt sconst Balk modulus (net) v" ~eonet B.-deve0 al av WT" econgt Molar Heal Capacity ak const peersus (tp) ert T* = const Co Gisotaric fs BN nat wes by" monoatmic 1 diahomic spe PV gph tppgel | t | tose ae: -12, 2 ‘ 2 wy slope adiahalic + 7 slope isothermak work dane ° \ cia. x AWs fav . 9 fu Aw: PAV =Pu-W) Aw Pua -Ps Aw: aR, = ORT Aw = 9R(T-%) Aw: a Rat Gaternal trergy AU= 0 vatMolax heat Capacity c= +0 at Het honsfossd Ag+0 4ndernad enugy change AU: aCvAT T two Ag = AL+ AW Ww =~ bw Adiabobic expansion Bw: ave Adiabatic compression Ar 4s -ve au i we LPT Peighopic. prowse Pvt = const: mf 01,4 % Putts const = Ye. ove? s cout, x20 soir dene W- Expansion againd aun wnder adiabaic cde [= > Adiabalic process > on- eqb" process AG =D (tv"feond) ne awio Greta = Genpandin — V04i-St ay ogaini vaccum Sau-0 Uete | aie wey Pa 1 const Geant be ‘Preaieed) N Gyeie process Sv ata te inihah stele ain proces = Auytlic = 0 Isai’ ais0 psa i > bWeyde = AQaycle AwWaycle = oxen, oI edose by lnep Codes Coop ia OV gape >to: He Aati-Cw Love awe et ages Duice in vohicn a system is made undergo a. Convain 8 lic process “ohich result ia wal into work Radrigerator miranster Neat from low emp body high tempCor Coe: § Pertormance) ols f cheind hao §} Thermodynamics Kelvin Planck, slalement No pitt possible , whose only Aesull abrp” 3} heat” fen a Atsorvcir fils. comp conv" into work reideny 8 a Wat engine can never bo + Clousius Salement No pAotess is poseible hoc only sesult u Kanter) neat from a Cow ter body o a hig temp tbody Revesile | leceversile process 4 Process is seversible if it can be Sev je, $0 that the sfm | surround: ing. da ain tv iaihal st oh ‘oi change, anywhere in (he universe —>hnas fe be quasi-stah process ~dissigatie oH Circhon , vixesiy) should be absent All spontaneous processes are Lnreversible Casnot Engine Gt is a Aavesible “tat engine voerking blo two temp > Cainot )dsolhermal emarsion SMMiabohe expanse ‘einermal amprasion Dadi compas. e Juhermal 2x Ware = ORT CnVe 7 3g = ORT Ca V; vs, Sane £m Ot Py, 'Ve Ta Heah is alocorbed, Adiabatic Snpansion \*-c) Ge 20 Wee = -NGvGe-T)) TT" 5 const y Ssothermal Compression C0) Weo = ART: Un Va % snl, fe Va Via Qep == ts $n co heat vidiabatic compression COA) Gorn -9 won = -nCv(%\-1y) Syst tone Tove) = Wye ws aleded ri (us) mY pe Ve = Va » Mas a —® ve TM Ws Was Wee 4 Weo + Wea W Wre + Do wW =A be. p TA Ws nRT On Wy —net fn aRT fa a RT te W nC) be & dleal absrbed G, = 9 fn Me t YN Fi dean ag =%,) fn | Ge Qe MENT Hy, ith qo hete at «7% Gdleal aebriqeralor “+: Q, - Qh TGKINETI€- THEORY OF GASES- = Mell in random moti in alt verelume gases wns Vrms rms" sped dy medecules —Aveage distance bf meleeus ie very | barge” compared be ther size Pe A mack ves > bldshc Collisions with cach en and with ov the walls §) containee Pod OM veiis Mz mdax mass = Cras mndecules dont app'y infemelecslac oa feces on cach other? except the hme Pel SVsms collision 3 Gas hows Boyles law * A const femy Pe i Vv Py-const Charles (aw: ff Pv const vet M+ const I 3 ARI = 1 AM iis Craylussacs, (awe vu const eae ma para LL + const TT Wins i Arrogadids lau Tey ps Wndtr. identical condns J PT eat ™ volumes alk gases tent “eg 0-6 Veg eT. molecules 5 q) At what temp do te moteur A BL4L at STP hav | mol: H, gas Nas same &MS spad as thal “Oat Hoe Meal gar eg Vy, = /3RTH Ve, > [3kte Pus aT RENT oite Min Ma kT ATEN. ey FE 0 a molecules Muy = Vou nR=Nk ke R= k= bellamann Su > Me |a-z Mm Ne const mM, Mo, | 2 # kebase yg, Tw 800 K i Goblou tow A, tasial Prussue vias = fat = JE a Nam ma mass (motel Pur = Pa 4h ak Vas [9K P21 Sve Ng Pressure applied by an ideal gas fe 3 x ff J the pause fan ideal gos divs at Gels temp > 00 Change ta Wins Cra +va4 94-9) Noms = [Sar = [StL PRN aed Ne tot 00-6 mblecule a] | aw m= muss G4 single mole‘wlal_Wanstafional Ke § gas molewle ET, & Single moleaite = mv" 2 total franstakonal KE KE: Zrmvt. imEve 2 2 2 Le 8 Vins z KOA Mat Yams Ke = nM aa 2 M KE = Bakls Bev 22 Kinehic (nkerpselation kext tenp ‘sped dishibutin. NVeloci molecule mg Nar ar My = fection rifle certain vel ‘Ump= mort probable sped <8 7 € shied seund no Ve o§ ire § wn) = KoA i ia vin bor @ maeule Latent Eaniel 44 E-Lmvy’ + poy adm, ee fa ‘Yaanlabional eg I dergaes 6, Keedom Gialomic_mbeute % transl" C=.” 4 Amy +e, az 2], 2 4 sdtewr i i) Kot thy temp © vibXehonl moo are bh be emsidered 2 adaiienal — dypues arise f. 542-4 Pelyatonic 7 343-6 if, n vibrahmal modes are piecent Gram rt 4 equparhlion eg ian oie i bt de degen decd. 4 alecules hd wih =LKE ea f(t) = it Ide - Na (Eq) = £OAKT-£ RT 2 2 lesnal enagy 9 ms tn ~ sit Venfe (a feat (avencvet) co ae Cpelvt R G-Gak 2 Tle = Sen Gi ae Wola teat Capacity 6} salids 3 Vibrationa® modes Andee C= ARs BR E 2 Valid only Ge a paticalar empWl heal capacihy 6, snler Consider 4 viahional med fon Cofe. 4k = 16cm 4 Mean fee_palh. Avg dit trawcllad by a mdecde fw Ine ‘Succegsiye fon A decades per eat vane, Counber duns d maeaies. diane ote Wriaid* Aclanation tine, es Vv cellisic re Minh fh, ideal get MG OG MMe Cp Gn Ne dau ase wrt Met = Mat = tM e M2 Me Taek Tene “AM Cp Cry, ~ —leenzuuns, = Nya V19,Cyot We OT mer