Energy Sources

INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Energy sources
Lecture 3

Fuel Natural sources Special natural sources

 Hydraulic  Nuclear
Solid Liquid Gas  Solar
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yüksel HACIOĞLU  Wood  Petroleum  Natural
 Wind
 Coal

Hydroelectric power plant

In the hydroelectric power plants, the water collected in dams is sent to Hydroelectric power plant
the turbine located below using channels or pipes.

Thus the potential energy of the water collected in dams is converted into
kinetic energy as it flows downwards.
Reservoir

The water flow rotates the rotor of the turbine that is connected to the rotor
of electric generator.

Then generated electricity is send to the consumption locations via

high voltage transmission lines (power lines). Water channel /

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 Thermal power plant
Fossil fuels such as coal, fuel-oil and natural gas are generally used in Electricity generation in thermal power plants
thermal power plants.
Kinetic
Power
Steam is obtained by burning the fuel in boilers. energy
transmission
Boiler Steam Steam turbine Generator
lines
The steam is send to steam turbine and rotates its rotor.

Heat
The rotor of the electrical generator that is connected to the turbine’s rotor
is also rotated and the electricity is obtained. Fuel Electricity

Generated electricity is send to the consumption locations via

high voltage transmission lines (power lines).

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Nuclear power plant

The fission of uranium in nuclear power plants produces large amount of
In nuclear power plants, that high pressure and heated water is used,
energy.
after heating the water in reactor it is send to the heat exchanger where
neutron steam is obtained from low pressure water.
For the fission reaction the neutrons are
collided with the nucleus of the uranium Then the steam is send to the turbine and rotates its rotor.
element with high speeds.
The uranium
element, splits
The rotor of the electrical generator that is connected to the turbine’s
This collision causes the nucleus to into fast-moving rotor is also rotated and the electricity is obtained.
lighter elements
pass to an unstable case (excited atom),
Generated electricity is send to the consumption locations via
and then the fission reaction takes high voltage transmission lines (power lines).
place that releases large amount of
energy. released free neutrons

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 Wind power and energy

Use of wind for transportation Use of wind for agricultural

Containment structure
purposes

Pressurizer Steam
Generator secondary cycle
primary cycle Generator

turbine
pump

pump Cooling cycle

reactor pump
container
condenser
Sailboat
Mill

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Solar energy

Electricity generation using wind

Propeller blade tower
Solar radiation
Casing
Hub
Solar cell (panel)

low-speed high-speed Charge controller

Inverter
shaft shaft
Trans-
mission Battery

AC loads
DC loads
Transformer

Generator

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 Internal combustion engines Four-stroke engines
In the internal combustion engines, high pressure is produced via
There are four separate strokes in working cycle of the four-stroke internal
combustion of the fuel.
combustion engines namely, intake, compression, power and exhaust.

This pressure affects the piston and forces it to make a linear movement,
Mechanical work is obtained during power stroke.
and therefore mechanical energy is produced.

The whole working period including the four strokes is called as work cycle.
There are two types for that engines namely, gasoline and diesel.

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Some parts of engine

A : Intake valve
B : Cylinder head
C : Intake pipe Intake (suction) stroke:
E : Cooling water
F : Cylinder block Intake valve opens,
G : Crankcase
H : Oil Piston moves downwards from top dead center
I : Cam shaft to bottom dead center and that movement
J : Exhaust valve produces vacuum pressure and therefore
K : Spark plug air-fluid mixture is pulled into the cylinder.
L : Exhaust pipe
M : Combustion chamber This stroke continues up to the bottom dead
N : Piston center.
O : Balancing weight
P : Crankshaft 15 16

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 Power (combustion) stroke:
Compression stroke:
Air-fuel mixture is ignited when the piston
Intake valve is closed reaches the top dead center

Piston moves upwards and compresses the The pressure inside the cylinder increases after
air-fuel mixture the combustion of the air-fuel mixture.

This stroke continues up to the top dead center. This pressure affects the piston and resulting
force moves the piston to the bottom dead center

Therefore, mechanical work is obtained during

this stroke.

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The straight (linear) movement of the piston is converted to a

Exhaust stroke: rotational motion via a crank mechanism.

Exhaust valve is opened For the four strokes of the four-stroke engine the crank
Piston moves again towards top dead center shaft rotates two full 360° revolutions. That is for one
and this action exhausts the spent / waste air stroke the crankshaft rotates 180°.
fuel mixture through the exhaust valve.
Only one stroke namely power stroke produces
Exhaust valve is closed after the piston mechanical work. The energy obtained in power stroke
reaches the top dead center, and intake valve provides necessary energy for the other strokes.
opens and becomes ready for new work cycle.

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Diesel engines Two-stroke engines

There is only air suction in diesel engines during intake stroke; A two-stroke engine completes a work cycle with two strokes (up and
down movements) of the piston during only one crankshaft revolution.
Then during compression stroke air is compressed and air temperature
increases to a higher level than the ignition temperature of the fuel; There is no valves in two-stroke engines, instead they have transfer ports
that are opened and closed by the piston.
Then, fuel is injected into the cylinder and the fuel is ignited due to the
high air temperature. Two-stroke engines are generally manufactured with one or two
cylinders.
Diesel engines are manufactured in two-stroke and four-stroke versions.

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Some parts of the two-stroke engine

A Intake-Compression stroke:
A : Spark plug
B : Air-fuel mixture intake
D
C : Exhaust During motion of the piston from the
C
D : Piston B
E bottom dead center to the top dead
F
E : Cylinder block G center burnt gases are exhausted and
F : Transfer port simultaneously air-fuel mixture from the
H
G : Piston arm I crankcase is introduced into the cylinder.
H : Crank shaft
I : Balancing weight After the transfer port is closed then real
compression takes place.

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Power-exhaust stroke:
During this stroke, when the piston is in Compared to four-stroke engines,
the vicinity of top dead center, the intake two-stroke engines have a greatly
port is opened and air-fuel mixture reduced number of moving parts,
enters to the crankcase; and so can be more compact,
at the same time ignition of the air-fuel significantly lighter and low cost.
mixture takes place in combustion chamber.
Two-stroke engines are not successful in
Piston moves towards the bottom dead economical and environmental issues
center and in a certain point of the stroke because some portion of the air-fuel mixture
the intake port is closed and exhaust port (unburnt mixture) is exhausted.
is opened and burnt gases are exhausted.

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Engine types according to placement of cylinders

Straight (in-line) engine Boxer engine

V engine

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