(

POJER UNIT- VI) 4 UNLT-VU) STABILITY

TRANcIENTSTATE
POUER sysTEM CTEADY STATE
ANALYSIS;

biity ofa dyoamic spiteo to rýan

Stasiity is se distusbane
Opeaaing stete even ater_a
T5e synchTonmsry v) Scme
I5t occuTYs în ie systen icdantiedred
behawio qeneay
t5ere ase Iyee oodes of (ondition., Ihey áe
då ncm)c
foLIe touet system yndes
d)steady state ctobity
3 Fansíent ste Stbuty

i) Steady state stabiuty: maiti lia cynchroniim of

I5e abiuty of a systey to
mactinec duing a qsaduas diatulbance is cled ciody
a Veey saa
stte stsiy oi5 to find ot Ite rqirnur)
ConceLn
Staay state Grsity Q5o loosing
ny Dqcwne
Poce I5t Can be toamsfeued frorm)
vey cml qsadua'' distuwbance, tts
I5e synchsonisro duing a
Stealy stete stbi 4ty
oqLiouro Powe tsanfeed is kooun qr
Lmt.

J) Tromsiet stte
5e syochsonís
iota
I5e abity of (ue system to
Stcte distubo ce, Ihe
of al e nacines duing a losge
SFeg duoing lage distwthamce ic know s
mein owe ton
tarnsiet stasiúty init of(e syste).
 nosauy dueto Folloing
YQasOs.

7eqise hpping o
(o Beause of fat in te cy cHeo. Jwch @ay

Sudden fawt

(Ú» Dyoaác stabíuty i <ysten to mand

(5e Dynaic stessuty abi iry of e
IGe synchsonis of l he me chines duing
distuubamces is Caled bynaic st asihy.
e
t5is study is Concesned eo fiadot
al consal
PoweL tsansfe tsom te Maeine by Consideain^g
afangeo)etr.
Metzods oF Lnprouing steady te stubutyi
(5e me5od< to be adoped qe based on
(El·E)
înorease eise Sending end Voltage
X
we Can Yeduce a xand
end voltag e
) Yeciung end
Ln praCACe e oeltods adopted ae:

â) Reducing e impedeuce betweey a Stions - ngade possible

-by add?g maclines s) Lines in Palel (@) by ucing meclines
CF (ower ínhesent inpedence.
 Opimu CoodiHons of X=N2R for mqiNUN Pow tÑamsfeL
Is appscached by (e use of se ies Capaitors Fog ouuhea ¢
Linec and sesfes sea ctos fol undergaund Cables.
Gi) Hguey ex Gtaion Volleqes.
(iv) Qick Yepot se exition sySFem.

of Steaty tte

Stsiuty: Po9esf oQ. 4| 5e Quauti tier have been

5e Calcyio Of
Bapress ed in polafos).

Appy lhe KUL FOLIle /

2 1

Pawer is seeieved is iven by

Pa = RetVa 1 ] (:s@) ssinEWo

V2.V) o-6 Va
2-+

Le =90-d 2

3P,= -Vz cos(90-d-6) Va Cos (40-a)

2 2

2 2
-
 Of (a impedence op (o no. 5eseti
Now is Io he function
G46=qo O) (4o-o)
reGevet Is r i M u ) Jhen
I5e po) Pa
qiven by
P max s)n90 -
2

V
2

I5e împedence tiamgi e

sÉng=

Va

- T. E) (4).ax
22
+
(r4)
- V.x (4g)-a3 =0
(Tt)L
 50 above eoLo,thon hor 5 I5e 0)A)u) Po)es cu be ty fered
fro end '?' enda'
Secistance
Nosmy is Qite (auge qt ompcued to
(5esesi stam(e.
t5e poweL (ay be ts nsfeed ony if eatance is Presu.
Tn Cqse Teatwce is 3e0 PoWe caynot be tansmitted
Fox alossdess ine s-o avd ue tansnitted Þou

(5e sQution (S) shous 5 tte poJ tnsnitted depertc won

I5e sys-e Beattnce amd e angle bween a too rofors.
I5e Cuve dvauo beteen Pad 8 is Knoo c 5e powU agle
Curve amd Shon 3n ig:

-180 -40

40 6’

(5e mcairnu po tiansnitted is qiven byt

Posx
angle of q0. dorQue
'6is positive fos qayeatos acio9 amd neq at7ve fos motoy
ongle
Foo motor Gion, the oto
díretion op ofeion where as
direGon of Yotrion,
Falls ack opPosiCion to (
Caybe Vaied
I5e m<zir) uro value of poes tiancnted
be systen is shable
(e transitted
ifand oy if fo an incsease in otor amgle 6
Posex so increase s. e(e deis tve.
 (5e rauge where 4Bs then
I5etie-úne irmpedence is puroy Capactive. t7e Toge of ngle
Lgõ toa10 ia sted of'
fos devereng po LJerto e sy stea is ro
deqsee is índultive deatucte lhe Poey
foor o'to qo. 4t3es0 ea Casco
asat lgo coe (DaHve
tansmtted is 3ee. bere
is 2en
I509h (
even I5Ogb Poer tobe ransnitod

Assumpion Commonly made ín stebity Studies i

Intancíert stabit invetigtions tse follouing Simpt
qcsumpions oa de:
voltage
4. he synchxonos machine ís Tepsesenged bya Constuyt
e behind dieec ai tsawyset reactemce Xa'
qovesnea and tusbine emins sS$erdi-hy
Podeinpt P; fsor) dmng le ntise
pre-fautt Value
CorStat equa Fo( e
tíansiet penod.
ootor oiOcdes 5 (e elecrsl
(2 mechaical ngle 8i of Cach Teactnce E.
ttege belind (e traysiet
Phase agle op Uo
neglihble.
" bamng e1) Aynchsonos Poweris
medelled
modeled as lump ed circitt ayd
lasarmete xs are
5. e lhe Vaicio
stabiuty studies a
Temin jNed dyinq hegigible.
fiequsucy dróng tsansjet persod is
&. Loadc qte lonvested íngo EQvclet adýtaus ces based onke
re-faut
Voltger at he buses Calneed fro (
PoQ Ho <hudies.

1. yncssonous poeS moy be Calicweted tror aseady-tte

SduutioM ofN to'9vch (lã naCwnes aLe Conne Cted.
oVe s Erp ressiom fog steady stete Stbi üty Gnt wing
ABCD fasameess
Po es troysferred bq lho Systery ndes stsle
5e mqtíMuo)
Con diions is Lnoon as Steadystte stútyLinit.Iy ordes to
Is
Oin staady stode stsjity.
Poat Pota
T o

end Volteges
end and teieoing
end cirutr
Let
Is, I be
s vR be i t
ite sending cending
end and
end
Teiwing
eacive poer respechvey
active andpowsrespechvly c'he
fR@R be e
active and reasve
sending snd
s, G,ke e

toEa^
Tnvesse of aso ve
Va D -BLf L9)

hee
5e comple pou reeiev îng en is

Considee eoution )

Vs LO -A VeLO
B|0 Bo
 AVe'
(oc(o- 6)4VeYc

YKYtoc(8-6)-Arse s(g-6) )

g-A in(-6)-4r n(-6) L)

VA-vs_Ave(eslo-e)| LS)
y sending sndeouson s.
=,vos(o-y)-R
VeNsS (o+6)

-140=18
Cot(o+ ) =
os(e-) Ves
Psmsa vews9 e is
locres aund negis'ble s h t acdntt
ine t ot
If atcuySmssjo,
Co s+deed.
poer, Ma40)lodert recáevig
(btitbng as ov e s of rec
Gnd sonding end eges
Coslo-6) - 4Ve cos(g-0)

- Vers (os (q0-6) )ve' o (at-o)= R,E- o

Ke poj Po= NRYS

cin8
Poe
 5e soing eQuahon :
Pe

Pe Te AltesncVUr
moto

Pe= inp poe of moto ) electromagneht po

Ps= shF+Pow
Te = Elechsomagneic toQ ue
Tc = Sheft toQue
)= ngua Velocty.

6= amgs dis platement.

otosq is
nder 9050e Opeseons. ereletive posistioo of
Stetos ()agneic Heid qu 1Cixed. (5e agle beheen ke
and 5e angle denOted bs 6
locd amgle 6) to8que
t00 is Knoun as(e 5e Loq ding
and depesdc upon (aloading cf acune. aLger
ngle &. Some load is added
aine, te sot
Ved for ashaft OFI e syocono 4s
(G) ormo
decet te G)4ccelcte oespe cively
Stetor feld ad a rlave sMotion beging
Sqnchtonoucly Totating
feld.
I+is scjd to be Ge Yotoris Singing il5 Tespe ct to e ctatUs
I,e 2Quotion desnbing le Telive moicn of (e Totor
ine is Knons
5espect to lue stcor Held qse funcon Of
Sing eQuation.
electronagnehe Tos@e
To
qssumed 4ve foY a qeneLtor.

Ta= Ts-Te
 la le tve' if chaf4 Toxoue inpt is
qreter Hay le elecso mag netiC
Powe otpt

Pa = Ps-Pe
Pa isis
COhese Pa acel ahing Po
omgos VeloGty
I5e Poer is eQal to toQ Ue tirgec I5e
Pa=Ta qccelaion.
I5e am qw
TOsQue Ís DoNet of inestia tines

(M Pw) Tadicm s pe sec

. Hese co' is 5e amqwa Velocity i0 (echamica

60
e achine in Dp.m
Q5ere ds s 5e syncbTOn Oys speed oe
adinms /sec2
x=ísle accelaion in mechaic
M=T
M= MJ-sec/Mech-Tad
M= MJ-Sec/ p, x Mech.rad
= MI-sec/ elecicl tadians
M= MJ-sec/s4.l|X elecTad
M= MI-Sec/ elecical deqrees y Roto
e r tl

Here 1s knon as Ihe amqwa Merety 9.

dr
led
6)
Ie angle &chamges coninous y d 94).)
->RaFerer
. r t to tËme

yd Repeseyce ait
sererence aynchson0nsly 6oeing qi
in elechcal deyrees tron Synchrenoysy
ic Ie amqda displacergent
ais.
YOtasg reteToyce
 taing (Ge deivetive ofF eQuahion.
de

d'e
d
fsom Bauhion
= Pe- Pe Lo)
Sying equaion.Ii angle
he
dieçesence behjeey inten Gmqle of qcic: 045ch in care oTespos
?s 5e Synchsoncutky rotSng YeFfer
Yeference

Ho te initebusi
ystes)
sbstiting for Pe forlocsles
Ps is fxed and
eQueton beormes.

dt2
negy
Lnertic Constnts Taio of e goeic
ae la
H Ls deied ie
Lnettia Constint OF(ue macine,
to be ated a pgseut Power
at oted speed io meqcjowes
Stored energy
H=
called os i9eh onstet
someHmes
4 s also
Relation b/ MB Hi

of le sys ters Storedenergy in )ega JoeS.

GxH =

mRgautode-second/sadian.
ttf

MegaToJegeeond eie chicl. degsce

 tuoa ao
si3e oF Dacline 4s oela on it
Mtepemds upon Ge
doecnot Yasg oidely l5 size
as H Ch clacs of malines.
o Vaues For ea
(ON) s t
state ctebiity imit
Calicuon Of cteads
Sieata stte shoih)
Of PoweT sy stem invalvec lhe ctudy
I5e'study stefe stbi ity
Of orroll ion
descsbed by
dynamice Of lu syste) ay be
e Srl
Ln case ue Changec
Och
Suing zqustion aOund lhe Ihh opescting pCint
Cheaied
5ese EQuatíos Canbe (onnecGed to ay înfire
qeyrtos
ofa qeyeator
cysrers consisring NetyoTK
4sq
busbe ough a losslecs
CPosbo)
Powes Conqle cuve as Re,tP4 Poueu amgqle
Cysve.

>8
qs a Dewto
Cingeaset 4 P,
I5eload is Changed by
abfchle bad omgle chenge by Is qiven by.
Cam be Gnecsied qsound le Poin CPo,oo) md
undey sandad cond
M. Peo
d

·48. Cay

netized l4ustity
e
·46 L J2

a6 =0. L5) M JP
 hon oE ILo tooYoott.
Cooioo 6) is I5e chq0 actenchr SQ4

()
posihve tue too rootH se se ir9)agin ay
Casei) : is
motion ic oscilJosy and undanped
(5esotox
owd (oný ug<te.

.,Listeble,

ne tUe
Casem); (o>q0), bolk (e rootr ale Tea
OVe îs Negative.
amd o5e Neqeive Despesvely
stble. lue fsequayg
is cotiay
=0,6z4o le syste
is giveo by

characteis ic Quasio).

EQucl AREA Criterion 3 -

coteson is deved ysing hesng equion
I5e gQyo) Area inte buS.
Dahi (onneted to qn
fos a
qs
I5e suingequaion is qíven

md
MuJtiplying bos sidesot IEe EQueson by d
 idid tos que angle befoe qny dsyobce
0hcse 8 is Me

agn
dt
to ieopeuting at syne sonous speed
and Ko acine oll
ct

Pd6

Le 2u
e Cusve Pa Showc
Ilic eanc 5 t area undes
bols acclng and decel -
Lohen pa is
coich is lessible only IKe grapy l>Pe a d fo
fos a pat oe
Taing toers. ie fos fotve'Area4
qeselator achon Pse
4a For Steste opeation. Hence
aeg
amd tePs for n2gative
Ie nae is eQu asea (oiteion.

Explanotion
5 eqasd
I5e folooing poing qre to be hot od a distubcn ce ocurs.
whenever
Chomge in torque angle
amgle hen te speed
1. (5e7e is 00 Change ia Ie torqe
cpeed
of Totos is he synchsonos
t5eamgle increases in cas
3. I5e ongle
(A0)
 Pm Pa-Pmcin6

Po

e m x cohon IGex is sudden

incseacein
At Pata: l5e Opehations of
Ibe motor is
is opuing ahen le torque angle
Load Iially Po. Le its Load he increased tofs.
is mechanic! Otpt
is Eo
no change in amgle 6' comesponding to elechic
e metaiy I5ere îc
5erefoRe , 5e r9otor deccelauates
amd
nd e Steltr 1c1es cing
as a reswt. e torque anngle increases
torqwe amqle
ferce
Pe=P< amd, BeYefoie de (celetaing
dueto Inesh-of be totos, he torque amgte
force is 3eo bt Toter beycnd b'st3t
e speed of (e
goes on inCyea ging .
incseasing poing 's' .
Sjnchrcnous speed.be yond

A+ pointci- Say ot pointc le soto augle Stops. incresin9.

I5erefore. (he moto aceleetes
c
c d b's Pe >p;
et beeen
Ke peed goer on
an dIte torque agle sth ecreasing.
here ItucHe
?ncceací^gís mcGnu) and ic more 5cw ie cynchsonoS speed.
eSeed

speed H E cher
Sye ed K moseb y spnChs onous
agin le speed is SQuals tolto
synchroneus speed.
 Moto
4 Ccelaion
Posithon Toque powe
amgle Speed
DeccelaLion.

8-8
4t point a'
Deccel-hion
PerPs
fro incs eesing
Pe=Ps De crelesstio).
Cinoreuing) Accel asion
Pe Ps
Fsom boe Socasing
4t Poj
Acel jein
Fom c' 6 PePs

At poit
Pe=Ps

Decelhtion.
PexPs
froro Pot
6cde cresnq decrouing
B+od
At poit (e cycle 6epeat
a'

(5e syse) is cöicy

A-4

Cpm -Pe e Pm)d0=0.

Heyce Tc is Ca o0n s (jh torgue cwgle.

Pole t0 o shoaded a eqs tobe eao
Condíion Seb<feJ.
Pmsin6d6.
60
 sfo6o Po = Pc
6c 60
d6 c. 46
.+ Ps
=(Om-66)
ro,6
Fahbe
ie d
(qTectamgle) abcd cusve e unde area he
to
loeQual showd
be
stasity cieut toan Fo
A=A Aseas two (e
d
t.faw AteL
he sfn6 PoBgC=
Fawt duing
e B=2Pmsínt
Fat befoRe
te
po0e lee Ite Let
cyoves amale
syster
ic 5e
stesle, un is
+ble. iico5erjíse
lod Inial ie 1f
cleanng Coical is
aIhere
ongle angle: cleamng Critical
beCay hence
P<
(aliCled.
Onuy e is 6oehe, H
(an oich oun unkn
and tesned ob be
6o- (tos Po =So) (om- sidn Pr
bg) (os
6.46 cîn Po(6m-oo)= 6msîn Po,¬
 (os6c] t Og Po Lcor be - (asom1
(6m-So1Pnsinbo =IPo [cosbo -
P ( o s Eo- T(os6c +4 a (os6e- ,CosGm]
(Sm-E%) Phsino =

cosoo + , (os bm = a - ) Cosoc

(6orbo) sin&o-1

(osbc=

NoForm ue cyrves

Cam be obteined.
 Poi -by-Poiat mersod i
solion op (ihcal
lbe Point-by-poit eI5od is ced foo 5e
qssoiated i, (riti( cleaing angle. tis melsod
5me
clecig
Can alo be used Foe he solution of muimacine sycteg, 5e melso!

sotioo of sJng eQon by maeng cetin apprOi

VeQire e
mtions. (5eeqobon Cay be Sdved on
ü) omaloque conpu$eos by Long hand Caliad=
DdigtJ (omptea
mesod Calicjer 5e Chamge in 5e amg
5e poit by -poit time.
Posistion of eoto ashot intera of

at le begining oF cmiterVa
Computed
() 5e aCcel as ging Poses Pa le roddle of 4e preced í ^g itesval
ongtaut tro)
Ís assumed to be unde co ncíderion.
la interv
tole míddle oE
middle of ayitevl,
Veloity, comoted at4i
t) 5e awgsai oveIhe itesVal.
Se)ns Constnt

he acce a1cting Power Re

6 EYalate te L0
Pa lot) = Ps -Pelo+)
eplatio
sang Palot)
aloF)
dte=

in ang reocy Fo le fos îtelwes

iss îatervals
(iV) K5e chamge in Totolamgle foR (lu
 =Oot dot ) 01) C)

(^ay (a)

n-Ve

Correspondig to averaqe
Pali-)- d P l t
( lat-tlat-ot

la ln-)
Pan-)
A0Rs S ,6= 200 |7S , ine dei co-sfficiet.
(VcIVal 21SkU D e t e esyn chroing Poer.

Pouge loctäet
synrDi2ing
(o-8)-(AyR (oslo-e)
(os (S

B) 2

15-6)~ o-85 ta1Sy) (os(s5

la1sx1ß)1215x18) 6os (
ISOKLo6=
(1-6) -l09921ple7
otos
ISOxLo°= 378|2o0
cos (76) o68 7

-6)
(4) vg tos (B
tel

2ing Pagev lo-ctficet

jnron
Cos6

bel o are con tedl

Tuj0tbo 4 t e n j s
46oM ) O.8P.f
\acei; 4Poje sot

BoMW,0RS pFlag
Mauie 2: &Pole s oty
FoaMaine
nenyy torel

M=g-a mometu
H=
2
ofmaehin
Hinte Co.
I20Yso
(204
60
o0radie x xO, o00
370|J.

370 )

2,67 MSMA.
=

Total KoEstoed 8635

Bayemu)
Aapole,soHz ,,
A lkv ,tto-geyesetos hasa Tatiny oF coo, P.f

in NT/slechíc«! degoees.

S - Mw -70S88 Mv

EE-IQ 7x8800x (looh)

(cinese sneugy stoye Ç34:26

C826
70.Sg?

= 6.15 amT/m y
M=