G11 Physics TG 2023 Web
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Teacher Guide
Grade 11 Teacher
Teacher
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11
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FDRE
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FDRE
Ministry
Ministry
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Ministry
ofofEducation
of
Education
of
Education
Education FDRE
FDRE
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Ministry
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Ministry
Ministry
ofofEducation
of
Education
of
Education
Education
2023
2023
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2023 2023
2023
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2023
Physics
Teacher Guide
Grade 11
Writers
Fresenay Misker (MSc)
Zinaye Tefera (MSc)
Editors
Hagos Tsegaye (Ph.D), Content Editor
Abharam Zelalem (Ph.D), Curriculum Editor
Daniel Taye (Ph.D), Language Editor
Illustrator
Getasew Admasu
Designer
Geda Hoka (M.A.)
Evaluator
Girmaye Defar (MSc)
Dessie Melese (MSc)
Zafu Abraha (MSc)
FDRE, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION HAWASSA UNIVERSITY
First Published in 2023 by the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia,
Ministry of Education, under the General Education Quality Improvement
Program for Equity (GEQIP-E) supported by the World Bank, UK’s Department
for International Development/DFID-now merged with the Foreign, Common
wealth and Development Office/FCDO, Finland Ministry for Foreign Affairs,
the Royal Norwegian Embassy, United Nations Children’s Fund/UNICEF),
the Global Partnership for Education (GPE), and Danish Ministry of
Foreign Affairs, through a Multi Donor Trust Fund.
©2023 by the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Education.
All rights reserved. The moral rights of the author have been asserted. No
part of this textbook reproduced, copied in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means including electronic, mechanical, magnetic,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission
of the Ministry of Education or licensing in accordance with the Federal
Democratic Republic of Ethiopia as expressed in the Federal Negarit Gazeta,
Proclamation No. 410/2004 - Copyright and Neighboring Rights Protection.
The Ministry of Education wishes to thank many individuals, groups, and
other bodies involved – directly or indirectly – in publishing this Textbook.
Special thanks are due to Hawassa University for their huge contribution to
the development of this textbook in collaboration with Addis Ababa University,
Bahir Dar University, and Jimma University.
Copyrighted materials used by permission of their owners. If you are
the owner of copyrighted material not cited or improperly cited, please
contact the Ministry of Education, Head Office, Arat Kilo, (P.O.Box 1367),
Addis Ababa Ethiopia.
Printed by:
GRAVITY GROUP IND LLC
13 th Industrial Area,
Sharjah, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Under Ministry of Education Contract no. MOE/GEQIP-E/LICB/G-01/23
ISBN: 978-99990-0-038-3
Table of Contents
Unit 5: Heat Conduction and Calorimetry 87
5.1. The concept of heat 89
5.2. Heat transfer mechanisms 91
5.3. Heat capacity and specific heat capacity 94
5.4. Thermal expansion 96
5.5. Change of phase 102
5.6. Calorimetry 105
Unit 6: Electric Current and Circuits 114
6.1. Coulomb’s Law 117
6.2. Electric Fields 124
6.3. Electric Potential 129
6.4. Electric Current, Resistance and ohm’s law 132
6.5. Capacitors and Capacitance 141
6.6. Electric Circuits in Our Surroundings 146
Unit 7: Nuclear Physics 151
7.1. The nucleus 154
7.2. Radioactivity 159
7.3. Use of nuclear radiation 166
7.4. Nuclear reaction and energy production 169
7.5. Safety rules against hazards of nuclear radiation 173
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How long….? Time
How far …..? Distance or displacement,
Where…… ? Position
How fast…? Speed or velocity
At the instant… Incidence of time when some phenomenon takes place
At what rate…? ˜ e change in some quantity per unit of time
From rest …. Initial velocity is zero
Stopped ˜ e velocity at that moment is zero
How much…. Quantity of energy, force, etc.
At thermal equilibrium, No heat exchange
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Ability Symbol Marks
Knowledge K 45
Comprehension C 26
Application A 17
Skills S 6
Analysis & Synthesis A/S 6
Total 100
Question type Symbol Questions Marks
Short answer SA 17 44
Structured /workout ST 4 56
Total 21 100
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Content area Marks
PHS 38
V 11
K 12
D 15
T 24
E
N
Total 100
Content area Abilities
K C A S A/S Total
Content area SA ST SA ST SA ST SA SA ST
Physics and Human 10
Society
Vectors 12
Kinematics 14
Dynamics 17
Heat and Calorimetry 21
Electrostatics and 14
Electric circuits
Nuclear Physics 11
Total 100
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Content area Marks Marks alloted PERIODS ALOT-
TED
PHS 10 10
V 12 13
K 14 15
D 17 18
T 21 22
E 14 15
N 11 12
Total 100 105
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At the end of this section the student will be able to:
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Begin with some brainstorming questions or activity
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1. Some of the mission of high school physics would be:
• Appreciate the workings of the physical world.
• Cooperate
• Communicate their ideas meaningfully
• Evidence based decision making.
• Critical thinking.
• Discern facts from fiction especially in web-based information
• IT skills
• To be flexible and appreciate cultural values.
2. Some of the career opportunities at higher level are:
• Researcher at Research institutions
• University Teacher
• Consultant or researcher in manufacturing Industries, etc.
1. For 12th Grade completes
I. Manufacturing field II. Construction field
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III. Information technology and IV. Agriculture field
computer science field •
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V. Health Science field VI. Possibly self-employed
•
•
•
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⦿ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_fundamental_physics_discoveries#21st_
century.
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⦿ https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-30415007
⦿ https://physicsworld.com/a/physics-world-announces-its-breakthrough-of-the-
year-ÿnalists-for-2020/
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q
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(b) (c)
(a)
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N
40 units
W q E
35 units
S
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N 60o
R= =
= 39 km
q
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b = velocity of boat
w = velocity of water
R = Resultant velocity
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q
q q
y
37o x
30o
53o
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After completing this section, students will be able to:
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Dot product
q
q
q
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▷ q
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q q
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q
q
q
q
q
. = A.A cos0o = A2
q q
q
q
q q
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+ + = 0. Choice ‘d’ is not correct.
. = Px , . = Py
S= m, q = tan-1 = 56.3o, above the positive x axis
q
D
D q
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3
1
2
The results obtained from the scale diagram will approximately show the
following:
1
= 3 km N, 2 = 4 km, E, 3 = 2 km NE
= 1+ 2+ 3
x
= 1x + 2x + 3x = 0 km + 4 km + (2) cos 45o) = 5.41 km
= 1y + 2y + 3y = 2 km + 0 km + (2) cos 45o) = 3.41 km
y
= = 6.39 km ,
q = tan-1 (0.63) = 32.2o
55o 60o
q 55o
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x comp. y comp
91.77 N -131.06 N
173.20 N 100.00 N
-114.68 N 80.30 N
Dx Dy
0N 0N
Dx = -150.29 N, Dy = - 41.24 N, = 155.84 N,
q = 15.3 below the negative x direction
o
X= ,Y=
Answer: (a) q = cos-1 = cos-1 = 12.5o
(b) Component = = = 4.03,
Ay = Acos q = cos(12.5o) = 4.03 units
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=a 1.4
= m / s 2 , vi 0
= v 2=m / s, t ?
f
v f - vi 2m / s - 0
= t = = 1.43 s
a 1.4m / s 2
v f 0,=
= t 0.8 s=
,a ?
v f - vi 0 - 2m / s
a= = = -2.5m / s 2
t 0.8 s
2
v(=
t ) 20t - 5t
Dv v(t + D t) - v(t)
= = lim
a (t ) lim
Dt → 0 Dt Dt
Dt → 0
Sin ce, v(=
t ) 20t - 5t 2
⇒ v(t + D=
t ) 20(t + Dt ) - 5t 2 - 5(Dt ) 2 - 10t Dt
v(t + D t) - v(t)
a (t ) = lim
Dt → 0
Dt
(20t + 20Dt - 5t 2 - 5(Dt ) 2 - 10t Dt - 20t + 5t 2
= lim
Dt → 0
Dt
20Dt - 5Dt - 10t Dt
= lim
Dt → 0
Dt
= lim ( 20 - 5Dt - 10t ) , Since Dt ≈ 0
Dt → 0
= 20 - 10t
v (=
t ) 20t - 5t 2
=
v (3) 20(3) - 5(3) 2
v (3) = 15m / s
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a (t=
) 20 - 10t
a (3)
= 20 - 10(3)
a (3) = -10m / s 2
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•
v2
sb =
2µ g
sr = vt
sr + sb
t = your reaction time
22.22t
(22.22) 2
=sb = 36m
2(0.7)(9.8)
16.67t
(16.67) 2
=sb = 20.25m
2(0.7)(9.8)
8.33t
(8.33) 2
=sb = 5.06m
2(0.7)(9.8)
5.56t
(5.56) 2
=sb = 2.25m
2(0.7)(9.8)
v = 60 km / h = 16.67 m / s
v 2f - vi2 0 - (16.67) 2 277.8889
=s = = = 30.4m
2a 2(-4.57) 9.14
vi = 30 m / s, =
v f 0,=
s 100m, =
a ?
v 2f - vi2 0 - (30) 2 900
a= = =
- -4.5m / s 2
=
2s 2(100) 200
vi = 18 m / s, reactiontimet = 0.7 s
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Re action dis tan ce
= = vt 18 m / s × 0.7 s = 12.6m Teacher Guide
=vi 18
= m / s, v f 0, a = 4.6m / s 2
Braking dis tan ce( sb )
v 2f - vi2 0 - (18) 2 324
=
sb = = = 35.2m
2a 2(-4.6) 9.2
vi = 40 m / s, v f =
0, a =
-2m / s 2 , s =
?
v 2f - vi2 0 - (40) 2 1600
=s = = = 400m
2a 2(-2.0) 4.0
1 1
sn = un + an 2 – [u ( n - 1) + a ( n - 1) ]
2
2 2
1 1
= un + an ² – [un - u + a (n 2 - 2n + 1)]
2 2
1 1 1
= un + an 2 – un - u + an ² - an + a
2 2 2
1 1 1
= un + an 2 – un + u – an 2 + an – a
2 2 2
1 1 1
= u + an – a = u + a n – = u + a ( 2n –1)
2 2 2
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s = at 2
2 s ∝ t 2
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1
A=
1 s=
1 (v f - vi )t
2
A=
2 s=
2 vi t
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1 1 1 1 1 v + vf
S= s1 + s2= (v f - vi )t + vi t= v f t - vi t + vi t= v f t + vi t= i t
2 2 2 2 2 2
s
t1 = 1
s2 v
t2 = 1
v2
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=v0 10m= / s, h 15
= m, g 10m / s 2
2v0 2 ×10m / s
= t = = 2s
g 10m / s 2
v= 10m / s - 10m / s 2 × 2 s =
v0 - gt = -10m / s
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v =2 gh =2 × 10m / s 2 × 450m =
94.9m / s =
341.5km / h
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=v0 20m=
/ s, h 25
=m, g 10m / s 2
v02 (20m / s ) 2
(a )=
h = = 20m
2 g 2 ×10m / s 2
1
(b) =
h v0t - gt 2
2
- 25 = 20t - 5t 2
t 2 - 4t - 5 =0
=h1 10=
m, h2 2.5
= m, t 0.01s
vi = 2 gh1 = 2 ×10m / s 2 ×10m = 200m / s =14.14m / s
v f =2 gh1 =2 ×10m / s 2 × 2.5m =50m / s =7.07 m / s
Dv 14.14m / s - 7.07 m / s
=
=
a = 707 m / s 2
Dt 0.01s
= v 10 m=/ s , h 60
= m, t ?
0 1 2
=
h v0t + gt
2
60
= 10t + 5t 2
t 2 + 2t - 12 =
0
-b ± b 2 - 4ac
Quadratic formuula : t =
2a
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3 = 9
2
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2π r 2 × 3.14 × 6.4 ×106 m 4.0192 ×107
=v = = m / s = 465.185m / s
T 24 × 60 × 60 s 8.64 ×104
( b ) the angular velocity (ω ) = 1rev / day = 2π rad / 8.64 ×104 = 7.27 ×10-5 rad / s
( c ) centripetal acceleration (ac ) = ω 2 r = (7.27 ×10-5 )2 × 6.4 ×106 m = 1.26 ×10-3 m / s
=
r 40
= cm 0.4=
m, v 20km
= / h 5.56m / s
2π r 2 × 3.14 × 0.4m 2.512m
=
T = = = 0.45s
v 5.56m / s 5.56m / s
ω v=
= / r 0.45m / s / 0.4m = 1.125 / s
v2 -1 152
q tan = tan ( 0.015 ) =
-1 -1
= = tan
rg 1500 ×10
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v f
2 5 sec
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q
q
mg sinq = µs mg cosq
tan q = µs
10. A block of mass m is placed on a horizontal surface as shown in Figure 4.16.
What is the normal force in each of the following cases?
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µ
70 N = µs ( 25 kg) ( 10 m/s2), µs = 0.28
Kinetic frictional force Fk = 60 N, Fk = µkmg,
60 N = µs ( 25 kg) ( 10 m/s2), µs = 0.24
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q
q
q
F (mg sinq + µkmg cosq) = ma, where
(a) For a constant speed a = 0, µk = coefficient of kinetic friction
F = mg sinq + µkmg cosq = mg (sinq + µk cosq)
(b) When the mass accelerates up the plane,
F = mg (sinq + µk cosq) + ma
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Applying Newton’s second law for m1 and m2 we have
T – m1g = m1a
m2gsinq T = m2a
Rearranging these equations we get m2gsinq - m1g = (m1 + m2) a
a = g (m2sinq - m1)/ (m1 + m2)
Fnet = Ff
µmg = - ma
a = -µg
2 2 2
Using v – u = 2as, we write, 0 – u = 2ad,
d= = =
(a) The stopping distance does not depend on the mass.
(b) If the initial velocity is doubled, the stopping distance will be 4 times as large.
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D
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µ
D
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ME = KE + PE
DME = 0
DKE + DPE = 0
Wnc = DKE + DPE, where Wnc is work done by non-conservative forces
As work done by non-conservative forces is denoted by f is Wnc = – f.S, we write
– f.S = ½ (mv22 – ½ mv12) + mg (h2 – h1) + ½ k(x22 – x12)
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(a) The particle’s speed at points B, mgA = mghB + ½ mvB2, vB = 6.32 m/s
The particle’s speed at points C mghA = mghC + ½ mvC2, vC = 8.36 m/s
(b) The net work done by the gravitational force in moving the particle from A
to C
WG = FG h = -DPE
= -mg(hC – hA) – (8 kg) (10 m/s2) (4.5 m – 8m)
= 280 J
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D
q
q
q
Wd = DME
fk d = (KEf KEi) + (PEf PEi)
(µmgcosq) S = (0 KEi) + (PEf 0)
KEi = PEf + (µmgcosq) S
½ mu2 = mgS sinq + (µkmgcosq) S
u2 = 2gS[sinq + µkcosq]
S = 0.28 m
D
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6. Answer: d, action reaction pairs of force do not cancelled to each other.
7. Answer: No, for two equal and opposite forces to constitute action and reaction pair,
they must act on two different bodies (the force of one body on the other one and
vice versa)
8. A player running to kick the ball.
Answer: a) a = = = 3.2 m/s2 b) The player experiences a force of F = ma = 224
N
10. Dust is removed from a carpet by shaking is explained by Newton’s first law.
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According to Newton’s first law of motion, the dust particles stay in a state of rest,
while the carpet moves. Hence, the dust particle comes out of the carpet due to inertia.
11. Why is it advised to tie a rope on the luggage to a luggage rack while you travel by
the bus?
Due to inertia, the luggage may fall off the bus depending on its mass and the
magnitude of the force (the acceleration of the bus and the friction force between the
luggage and the surface on which it is placed). The luggage will be secured and will
not fall off the bus if it is tied up.
12. A man standing on a scale in an elevator
Answer: a) For acceleration upward P = m(g + a) = 840 N
b) For motion ata constant speed, P = mg = 750 N
14. A block on a an inclined plane
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µmg cos q
mg sin q
Answer: a) when the mass is at rest,
mg sinq = µsmg cosq, tan q = µs, q = tan-1(µs)
b) when the mass accelerates down the plane,
a = g(sinq - µk cosq),
The acceleration does not depend on the mass placed on the inclined plane.
If the surface is frictionless, the block starts to accelerate for any angle q of
inclination.
15. Three blocks are in contact with each other on a frictionless horizontal surface.
m2 m3
m1
F
12
= force exerted on m2 by m1, 21
= force exerted on m1 by m2, 12
=- 21
23
= force exerted on m3 by m2, 32
= force exerted on m2 by m3, 23
=- 32
(a) The acceleration of each of the blocks ( moving together) is calculated as
Fnet = ma
F = (m1 + m2 + m3) a, a = 3 m/s2
(b) The net force on m1 = m1a = (1 kg) (3 m/s2) = 3N,
The net force on m2 = m2a = (2 kg) (3 m/s2) = 6N.
The net force on m3 = m3a = (3 kg) (3 m/s2) = 9N
(c) The contact force between m1 and m2, F21 is
F – F21 = m1a, F21 = F – m1a = 18 N – 3 N = 15 N
The contact force between m2 and m3
F12 – F32 = m2a, F32 = F12 – m2a = 15 N – 6 N = 9 N
18. No. Impulse depends on the force and the time for which it is applied.
19. The momentum doubles since it is proportional to the speed.
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The kinetic energy increases by a factor of 4 (quadruples), since it is proportional to the
square of the speed.
20. KE = ½ mv2 = ,
P2 = 2m KE,
= , for KE1 = KE2 , we have =
Their momenta are equal if both mass and direction of motion are the same
21. Answer: KE = ½ mv2 , 1600 J = ½ (200 kg) v2, v = 4 m/s,
P = mv = (200 kg) ( 4 m/s) = 800 kg m/s
22. Answer: KE v2
To double the KE, the speed must change by a factor of .
23. A 120 N force applied on a 30 kg block.
D
24. Answer: Raising a mass straight upward requires more force than doing the same
along an inclined path. The same PE will be gained by the mass.
25. Three objects are located in a coordinate system as shown.
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Grade 11 | Physics
Answer: 5 kg at (-0.5, 0) m
2 kg at (0, 0) m
4 kg at (1, 0) m
Center of mass is x = = = , and
y=0
Center of mass is at ( , 0) m
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Grade 11 | Physics
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Grade 11 | Physics
D
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Grade 11 | Physics
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D
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▷ D
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▷ D
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Grade 11 | Physics
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Teacher Guide
D
▷ = C Q / DT
▷ = c C= / m Q / m DT
° ° °
D ° ° °
T0 ° TAu ° cCu = c Au =
D ° - 10 °
C Au 2580 J / K
=
m = = 20kg
c Au 129J / kg.K
= Q mcCu ( TCu - T0 )
TAu TCu = Q mc ( T - T0 )
Q 103200J
TAu= + T= + 10°C =50°C
mc Au 20kg ×129J / kg.°C
0
Q 103200J
TCu= + T= + 10°C= 23.4°C
20kg × 385J / kg.°C
0
mcCu
m Al m w T0
a) Heat required to bring about this temperature,
=
Q m Al c Al DT + m w c w DT
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Grade 11 | Physics
=Q ( 0.80kg × 900J / kg.K + 0.20 kg × 4200J / kg.K ) × (85.0 °C - 25.0 °C )
b) Heat absorbed by the pan is
Q pan
= ( 0.80kg × 900J / kg.K ) × (85.0 °C - 25.0=
°C ) 43200J
Q pan 43200J
Q pan % ×100%= ×100%= 46.15%
Q 93600J
D
gh 10m / s 2 × 50m 1000J / kg
DT = = = = 0.56°C
2c 2 × 448J / kg.°C 896J / kg.°C
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This section focuses on one of the primary effects of heating; namely, thermal expansion.
Students learned about thermal expansion in their grade nine physics. The commonly
observed phenomenon of heating is objects expand when heating and contract when cooling.
The peculiarity of water around 4°C is that water expands when it loses heat and contracts
when heat is added to it. Some applications of heating are discussed in this section as well.
Reading through the minimum learning objectives with students is very crucial.
Let students try to answer brainstorming questions on . Since these questions
are not new to students, you may expect complete answers from them. Focus on concepts
which are new to them.
Ask students but do not tell them answers immediately
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Teacher Guide
If a cube of original side length L0, experiences a temperature change DT
• length, DL / L 0 αDT , α is the coefficient of linear expansion
• area, DA / A 0 DL2 / L20 βDT β is the coefficient of area expansion
• volume, V / V0 DL3 / L30 γDT γ is the coefficient of volume xpansion.
γ a
r
c r = ca + cc
γ c
▷
▷
▷
= γ 2= β 3α
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Grade 11 | Physics
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Teacher Guide
Volume expansion
transformed in to
linear expansion
Volume expansion of
liquids.
▷
▷ Take a metal stand with a hook and a burner. Suspend the ball by a chain from the
hook. Heat the ball and try to pass through the ring. Now cool it and try again.
▷
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Grade 11 | Physics
α st = 11× 10-6°C -1
= L L 0 (1 + α st D= (
T ) 60m × 1 + 11×10-6°C-1 × 40°C )
L = 60.0264 m
d p d s α o C -1
D d p
=d p d s (1 + αs DT )
d p - ds 10 cm - 9.9 cm
DT = = = 91.83 °
αs ds 11×10-6°C-1 × 9.9 cm
DT ≥ 91.83°C
V0 c a = c r,ethyl - c steel = 107.8 # 10 -5 O C T0 ° T
°
°
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Teacher Guide
V =V0 γ a ΔT = 300L 107.8 105 C 1 100C 1 10C 1
29.106L
L 0 T0 DL1 DL 2 DL3
DL3 = α1x + α 2 ( L0 - x ) DT
DL3 - α 2 L0 DT
x=
( α1 - α 2 ) DT
DL DL
α1 = 1 α 2 = 2
L 0 DT L 0 DT
DL3 - DL 2 0.06cm - 0.05cm
=x = L0 × 40.0cm
= 13.3cm
DL1 - DL 2 0.08cm - 0.05cm
L 0=
- x 40.0cm - 13.3=
cm 26.7cm
D = α 1.2 × 10-5 °C-1
Dd =αd 0 DT =1.2 × 10-5 °C-1 ×12,742km × 5°C = 0.76452km
1
Dr = Dd = 0.38226km = 38.226cm
2
L 0 α b α s L 0 D
α b α s L 0
L0s - L0Cu °
Ls = L Cu
L0Cu 1 + α Cu ( T - =
T0 ) L 0s 1 + α s ( T - T0 )
=
L0s L0Cu + 0.05cm
L0Cu 1 + α Cu ( T -=
T0 ) ( L0Cu + 0.05cm ) 1 + α s ( T - T0 )
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Grade 11 | Physics
L0Cu (1 + α
= Cu T ) ( L0Cu + 0.05cm )(1 + αs T )
0.05cm
T=
100cm × (17 ×10 °C - 11×10-6°C-1 ) - 11×10-6°C-1 × 0.05cm
-6 -1
T = 83.41°C
α ° D °
D β D 2α A 0 DT
D 2 × 9 x 10-6°C-1 × 0.05 m 2 × 96°C =0.864cm 2
14. D γV0 DT ° °
D
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Teacher Guide
latent heat,
L, and is given
L = L f L = L v
°
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Grade 11 | Physics
Substance Triple point tem- P (kPa) Boiling point
perature (°C) at SP (°C)
Mercury −39.0 1.65 ×10-7 356.7
Water 0.01 0.6117 0.0
Zinc 419.50 0.065 907
CO2 −56.60 517 −70
L f ,Al L v,Al c Al J/kg.°C D
L v,Al c Al D L f ,Al
J/kg.°C
CO 2
°
−
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Teacher Guide
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Qgain = -Qlost
▷ cs
ms DT cs
Pt
cs =
ms DT
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Grade 11 | Physics
▷ c L
cc m c of
the liquid, m L . Then, c L is calculated by
1 Pt
=cL - m c cc
m L DT
▷
ms
Th
m w Tf
m c + m c cc Tf - Tc
cs = w w
ms Th - Tf
106
Teacher Guide
Measuring specific latent heat
L f
107
Grade 11 | Physics
mi Li + mi ci ( Tf=
- T0i ) m hw c w ( T0w - Tf ) + m c cc ( T0w - Tf )
( m hw c w + mc cc )( T0w - Tf ) - c
Li = i ( Tf - T0i )
mi
m m = 1.0 kg,
= Tm Tw
400.0°C, m w = 2.0 kg, = 15.0°C,
T
= 20.8°C
-Qlost =Qgain
-m m c m ( T - Tm ) = m w c w ( T - Tw )
m w c w ( T - Tw )
cm =
m m ( Tm - T )
2kg × 4186J / kg.°C × ( 20.8°C - 15°C )
cm = = 128.05J/kg.°C
1kg × ( 400°C - 20.8°C )
= =
m c 250 g 0.25kg = m w 200= g 0.2kg
T=w 20 ° C
Pt= m c cc ( T - Tw ) + m w c w ( T - Tm )
1 Pt
cc = - mw cw
m c T - Tw
1000w × 300s
cs =×
0.25kg - 0.2kg × 4186J / kg.°C
80°C - 20°C
cs = 16651.2J/kg.°C
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Teacher Guide
m m = 0.25 kg T
=m 200°C m c = 0.02 kg Vw =150 cm3
Tw= 25°C T= 40°C
-m m c m ( T - Tm=
) mc cc ( T - Tw ) + m w c w ( T - Tw )
m w =
ρw Vw =
1g / cm3 ×150cm3 =
150g =
0.15kg
cm =
( m c cc + m w c w )( T - Tw )
m m ( Tm - T )
cm =
( 0.02kg × 385J / kg.°C + 0.15kg × 4186J / kg.°C )( 40°C - 25°C )
0.25kg × ( 200°C - 40°C )
c m = 238.35J / kg.°C
m Cu = 20 kg T=
Cu 500°C L=
f ,w 3.33 ×105 J / kg
mi Li = m Cu cCu ( TCu - T )
m Cu cCu ( TCu - T ) 20kg × 385J / kg.°C × ( 500°C - 0°C )
mi = =
Li 3.33 ×105 J / kg
mi = 115.62kg
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Grade 11 | Physics
▷
▷
°C
°C
C Q / DT
=
▷
C Q
c= =
m mDT
▷ DT
▷ he fractional change in length, DL / L 0 αDT , where α is the
coefficient of linear expansion of the material, and L0 is original length.
▷ he fractional change in area, DA / A 0 βDT where β is the
coefficient of area expansion and A0 is original area.
▷ he fractional change in volume, DV / V0 γDT where γ is the
coefficient of volume/cubic expansion and V0 is original volume.
γ = 2β = 3α
▷ γ r
ãr = ãa + ãc
γ a γ c
▷
L = L f
L = L v
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D
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Grade 11 | Physics
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▷
T0 = 20.0o C A 0 = 100.0cm × 50.0cm = 5000.0cm 2 α =11× 10-6 o C -1
T = 100.0o C
DA = A 0 αDT (
= 5000.0cm 2 × 11× 10-6 o C-1 × 100.0o C - 20.0o C = )
4.4cm 2
T = 100.0o C
=
A A 0 + A 0 αD=T 5000.0cm 2 + 4.4cm= 2
5004.4cm 2
D
D
Q 9000J
= c = = 900J / kg.°C
mDT 1kg ×10.0°C
= m m 200= g 0.2kg T= 0 20°C
=Pt m m c m ( T - T0 )
Pt 20W ×100s
cm = = = 11.76 J / kg.°C
m m ( T - T0 ) 0.2kg × (105°C - 20°C )
112
Teacher Guide
ms = Ts 100.0°C m c = 0.2kg =
Tw 30.0°C °
c w = 4200.0J / kg.K cCu= c=
c 420.0 J / kg.K L v,w
▷ Ts - T = -DTs = 100.0°C - 80.0°C = 20.0°C
▷ T - Tw= 80.0°C - 30.0°C= 50.0°C
▷
ms L v,w + ms c w ( Ts - T )
0.5kg × 2.26 × 106 J / kg + 0.5kg × 4200.0J / kg.°C × 20°C
1.172 × 106 J
▷
Q w + c= m c cc DTw + m w c w DTw
Q w=
+c 0.2kg × 420.0J / kg.°C × 50.0°C + m w × 4200.0J / kg.°C × 50.0°C
Qw +c = 4200.0J + 210000.0J / kg × m w
▷
Q w + c
m w = 5.56kg
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By the end of this section, you will be able to:
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Grade 11 | Physics
▷
▷
q 2.0 ×10-9 C
n= = = 1.25 ×1010 electrons
-19
e 1.6 ×10 C
q 0.5 ×10-6 C
n= = = 3.125 ×1012 electrons
-19
e 1.6 ×10 C
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Teacher Guide
Fe kq1q2 / r 2 kq1q2 9 ×109 ×1.6 ×10-19 ×1.6 ×10-19
= = = = 2.27 ×1039
Fg Gm1m2 / r 2 Gm1m2 6.67 ×10-11 × 9.1×10-31 ×1.67 ×10-27
2. 2.
2.27 × 1035
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Grade 11 | Physics
q1 q2 .
q3 q1
9 6 × 10 × 2 × 10
-6 -6
q1q3
F31 = k = 9.0 × 10 =43.2 N
(5 ×10 )
2 -2 2
r13
q2 q1 F21
9 5 × 10 × 6 × 10
-6 -6
q2 q1
F21 = k 2 = 9.0 ×10 = 42.1875 N
(8 ×10 )
-2 2
r21
q3 q1 F31 =
43.2
Ni
=
q2 q1 F21 42.1875 N - i
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Teacher Guide
FR q1
FR= F31 + F21= 43.2 Ni + (-42.1875 Ni)= 1.0125 Ni
q1 1.0125N
q1 q2
9 5 × 10 × 6 × 10
-6 -6
q1q2
F12 = k = 9.0 × 10 =42.1875 N
2
r21 (8 × 10 )
-2 2
q3 q2 F32
9 5 × 10 × 2 × 10
-6 -6
q2 q3
F32 = k = 9.0 × 10 = 100.0 N
(3 ×10 )
2 -2 2
r23
F12 = 43.2 Ni
q1 q2
q3 q2 F31 = 100.0 Ni
FR q3
FR = F13 + F13 = 43.2 Ni + 100.0 Ni = 143.2 Ni
q3 143.2N
q2 q1
F =k in scalar form
r2
qq
F12 = k 1 2 2 r
21 in vector form
r
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Grade 11 | Physics
µ C , q 12µ C , and q = -2µ C
Let q 3=
= 1 2 3
= r23
q3 q1 and q2 r13 = 0.5m
q1q3 3µ C × 2 µ C
=
F13 k= 2
9 ×109 2
0.216 N (-i )
=
r13 (0.5m)
q2 q3 12 µ C × 2 µ C
=
F23 k= 2
9 ×109 2
0.864 N (i )
=
r23 (0.5m)
q3 = -2 µ C
Fnet = F13 + F23 = 0.216 N (-i ) + 0.864 N (i ) = 0.648 N (i )
= =
F1 0.05 N , r1 0.25m
qq qq
k 2 2 1 ⇒ 0.05 =
F= 9 ×109 2 1 2
r (0.25)
⇒ q2 q1 = 0.35 ×10 12 C 2
q1 + q2
q=
'
1 q=
'
2
2
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Teacher Guide
Then, applying Coulomb’s law
q1 + q2
2
' '
=
q1q2
F k= k 2
r2 r2
q1 + q2
2
9 2
⇒ 0.06 =
9 ×10
(0.25) 2
⇒ q1 + q2 = 1.3 ×10-6
Finally combining the above two equation, q=
2 q1 0.35 ×10-12 C 2 , with
q1 + q2 = 1.3 ×10-6 simultaneously gives:
q1 = 0.92 µ C or q1 = 0.38µ C and q2 = 0.38µ C or q2 = 0.92 µ C
1. The free body diagram of the problem will be:
T sin q = mg
mg 1kg (10kg / m 2 )
⇒T
= = = 11.55 N
sin q sin 600
q2
T cos q = k
r2
T cos q r 2 11.55(0.5)(0.5) 2
⇒
= q2 = = 0.16 ×10-9
k 9 ×10 9
⇒q= 0.013mC
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− μ
7.2 × 105 N / m 2
=F qE = -0.25 µ C × 7.2 ×105 N / m 2
= -0.25 ×10-6 × 7.2 ×105 N
= -0.18 N
q1 q2
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Teacher Guide
q1 q2
2 5 × 10 C
-9
q1
E1 = k = 9 × 10 9
N .m 2
/ C 2
1.8 ×104 N / m
=
r12 (0.05 m )
2 4 × 10 C
-9
q2
E2 = k 2 = 9 ×10 N .m / C
9 2
2
1.44 ×104 N / m
=
r2 (0.05m)
q1 q2 E1
E 2
Enet = E1 + E 2 = 1.8 ×104 N / m (i ) + 1.44 ×104 N / m (-i ) = 3.6 ×103 N / m (i )
q1 q2 E1
E 2
Enet = E1 + E 2 = 1.8 ×104 N / m (-i ) + 1.44 ×104 N / m i = 3.6 ×103 N / m (-i )
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1
▷ 2
r
1
▷
r
▷
▷
▷
P
1.0 µ C
2 1.0 × 10 C
-6
q1
E1 = k 2
= 9 × 10 9
N .m 2
/ C 2 =1.0 ×103 N / m
r1 (3.0m)
E1
E=1 1.0 ×103 N / m(i )
-3.0 µ C
2 3.0 × 10 C
-6
q1
E1 = k 2
= 9 × 10 9
N .m 2
/ C 2 =3.0 ×103 N / m
r1 (3.0m)
E2
E2 = 3.0 ×103 N / m(-i )
Enet = E1 + E2 =1.0 ×103 N / m(i ) + 3.0 ×103 N / m(-i )
= 2.0 ×10-36N / m(-i )
F 4 ×10 N
E= = -8
= 2 ×102 N / C
q 2 ×10 C
F =qE =-1× 10-8 C × 2 × 102 N / C =-2 × 10-6 N
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Teacher Guide
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▷
Q1 Q
V =V1 + V2 = k +k 2
(a) r1 r2
Q1 Q2 9 2 × 10
-6
-5 ×10-6
V=
k + = 9 ×10 +
r1 r2 1.5 0.5
-7.8 ×104 V
V=
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Grade 11 | Physics
(b) V =V + V = k Q1 + k Q2 = 0
1 2
x 1- x
Q1 Q2
⇒ = -
x 1- x
2 ×10 -6
-5 ×10-6
⇒ =-
x 1- x
⇒ 2(1 - x) = 5x
⇒ x= 2 / 7= 0.29m
VB - VA
W DU
VB - VA = =
q q
newton per coulomb ( N / C , from E = F / q, and volt per meter (V / m, from E = V / d ).
130
Teacher Guide
V
E = 1.5V
= -2 =1.5 ×102 V / m =
150 V / m
d 1.0 ×10 m
Q Q
V =V1 + V2 = k 1 + k 2
r r2
Q1 Q21
= V k +
r1 r2
-5 ×10-6 2 ×10-6
= 9 ×109 +
0.15 0.05
-5 2
=×9 109 ×10-6 +
0.15 0.05
9 × 103 ( -33.33 + 40 )
=
= 6.0 × 104 V
Q Q
=V k 1 + 2
r1 r2
-5 ×10-6 2 ×10-6
= 9 ×10 9
+
0.05 0.15
-5 2
=×9 109 ×10-6 +
0.05 0.15
9 103 ( -100 + 13.33)
=×
=-7.8 ×105V
The potential difference between the potential at the lower left corner and right top
corner is:
VR - VL= 6.0 ×104 V - (-7.8 ×106 V )
= 8.4 ×105V
Q1 Q
V =V1 + V2 = k + k 2 =0
x 1- x
Q1 Q
⇒ =2
x 1- x
3 ×10-8 2 ×10-8
⇒ =
x 15 - x
⇒ 3(15 - x) =
2x
⇒=x 45 /= 5 9.0 cm
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Grade 11 | Physics
Q
V = k
r
Vr -2.0V ×1.0 ×10-3 m 2
=
Q = =- ×10-12 C
k 9.0 ×10 V .m / C
9
9
-12
=0.22 ×10 C = 0.22 pC
Q1 Q2 .
V = V 1 + V2 = k +
r1 r2
10 ×10 C -2.0 ×10-12 C
-12
V = 9 ×109 +
0.5 m 0.5m
10 -2.0
9 109 ×10-12
=× +
0.5 0.5
=9 ×10-3 ( 20 - 4 )
= 144 mV
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Teacher Guide
• Charts , Computer set , Projectors , Video, Library, Internet , Resistors , Rheostat
, Rectangular block , Galvanometer , Ammeter & voltmeter
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Grade 11 | Physics
I
J= = envd
A
I 1.0 A
=
vd =
enA 1.6 ×10 C (8.5 ×1028 m -3 )(5 ×10-6 m 2 )
-19
vd = 0.015mm / s
134
Teacher Guide
V1 V2
=
I1 I 2
V1 I 2 12V × 2 ×10-6 A
⇒ V2 = =
I1 2 ×10-3 A
0.012V
⇒ V2 =
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + .....Rn
1 1 1 1
= + +
R R1 R2 R3
135
Grade 11 | Physics
R2 and R3
R2 and R3 R4
R2, R3 and R4 R1
(a) What is the equivalent resistance of the circuit shown in the figure? (b) What current
flows through the 5Ω resistor?
10 Ω 20 Ω 30 Ω
15Ω 10 Ω
10 Ω 20 Ω
5Ω 4 Ω
5.5Ω 9.5Ω
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Teacher Guide
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V 6V
=
I = = 1.5 A
R 4Ω
V 6V
=
I = = 1.33 A
R 4Ω + 0.5Ω
Ω
R1 20 k Ω
=
V1 = V ×=
6V 4V
R1 + R2 10 k Ω + 20 k Ω
Ω
20 k Ω × 50 k Ω
R= = 14.29 k Ω
20 k Ω + 50 k Ω
R=
T 10 k Ω + 14.29 k=
Ω 24.29 k Ω
V 6V
=
I = = 0.247 mA
R 24.29 k Ω
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Grade 11 | Physics
Ω
V= IR= 0.247 mA × 10 k Ω= 2.47 V
6 V - 2.47 V = 3.53 V
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Teacher Guide
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▷
∑I in = ∑ I out
3 A + 2.5 A + I x =
7A
I x =7 A - 5.5 A =1.5 A
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Grade 11 | Physics
-0.5 R - 0.5(10) - 0.5(10) + 10 - 0.5(20) - 30 =
0
⇒ R = 50 Ω
Ω
Ω Ω
Ω -1
140
Teacher Guide
I x = 0.1A
-10( I ) - 20( I ) + 6 - 40( I ) - 20( I ) + 12 =
0
18
⇒=I =
A 0.2 A
90
Ω Ω
Ig
Rsh =
I - I g
R
g
Rsh ( I - I g ) =Rg I g
Rsh I - Rsh I g =
Rg I g
=
Rsh I I g ( Rsh + Rg )
Ig Rsh 4Ω 4Ω 1
⇒= = = =
I Rsh + Rg 36Ω + 4Ω 40Ω 10
4Ω 2Ω 6 Ω
6 Ω 3Ω
2 Ω 5Ω
1Ω 0.83Ω
⦿
⦿
⦿
⦿
141
Grade 11 | Physics
•
▷
▷
▷
▷
▷
▷
0.05m ×10m =
A= 0.5m 2 , d =
2mm =
2 ×10-3 m, V =
24 V , and k =
5
A 0.5m 2
kε 0
C= = 5 × 8.85 ×10-12 m -3 kg -1 s 4 A2
d 2 ×10-3 m
=C 11.0625 ×10-9 C
Q=CV = 11.0625 ×10-9 F × 24 V
=Q 2.655 ×10-7 C
A
C = kε 0
d
▷
▷
▷
142
Teacher Guide
▷
▷
▷
▷
▷
▷
▷
▷
143
Grade 11 | Physics
3µ F 6 µ F 2 µ F
3µ F 6 µ F
= µ F ,VT 200V
CT 6=
⇒ QT =
CT VT =
=6 µ F × 200V =
1.2 mC
6 µ F
= C 6= µ F ,V 200V
Q4 == 4 µ F × 200V =
C4 V4 = 0.8 mC
1.2 mC - 0.8 mC = 0.4 mC 3µ F
6 µ F
Q 0.4mC Q 0.4mC
V= = = 133.33V V= = = 66.67 V
C 3.0 µ F C 6.0 µ F
▷
▷
▷
▷
▷
▷
▷
144
Teacher Guide
▷
▷
▷
▷
▷
▷
10mm 1×10-2 m, r =
d == 10cm =
0.1m
A π=
= r 2 3.14(0.1m) 2 = 0.0314m 2 , E = 500 V / m
A 0.314m 2
C ε 0= 8.85 ×10-12 m -3 kg -1 s 4 A2
=
d 1×10-2 m
C 2.78 ×10-10 F
=
Q=
CV = 2.78 ×10-10 F × 500V / m ×10-2 m
CEd =
Q 1.39 ×10-9 C
=
2 µ F 4 µ F 6 µ F
6 µ F
3µ F
= µ F ,VT 9V
CT 3=
⇒ QT = CT VT = 3µ F × 9V = 27 µ C
6 µ F
= C 6= µ F , Q 27 µ C
Q6 27 µ C
=
V = = 4.5V
6µ F
6
C6
9V - 4.5V =
4.5V
145
Grade 11 | Physics
2 µ F 4 µ F V=
2 V=
4 4.5V
Q2 = C2V2 = 2 µ F × 4.5V = 9.0 µ C
Q4 = C4V4 = 4 µ F × 4.5V =18 µ C
8µ F 12 µ F 24 µ F 4 µ F
4 µ F
2 µ F 2 µ F 2 µ F 2 µ F
CT = 1.15µ F
⦿
▷
▷
▷
▷
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▷
▷
▷
146
Teacher Guide
±10%
±10% Ω
F / 4
9 5 × 10 × 2 × 10
-6 -6
q1q2
F= k = 9 × 10
r2 (4 ×10-2 ) 2
F = 56.52 N
Since the charges are opposite in sign the force s attractive.
q2 2 ×10-6
E2 = k = 9 × 10 9
r2 (4 ×10-2 ) 2
E2 1.125 ×106 N / C
=
147
Grade 11 | Physics
Similarly, the electric field produced by Q1 at a point where Q2 is placed is:
9 5 × 10
-6
q1
E1 = k = 9 × 10
r2 (4 ×10-2 ) 2
=E1 2.8125 ×106 N / C
R = R1 + R2 + R3 = 36.0 Ω + 50.0 Ω + 700 Ω = 786 Ω .
Smallest resistance is obtained when they are connected in parallel:
1 1 1 1
= + +
R R1 R2 R3
1 1 1 1
= + +
R 36 50 700
1 50 × 700 + 36 × 700 + 36 × 50 35, 000 + 25, 200 + 1,800
= =
R 36 × 50 × 700 1, 260, 000
1 62, 000
=
R 1, 260, 000
1, 260, 000
⇒R= = 20.32Ω
62, 000
Rseries= 10 R1= 10 × 75 Ω= 750 Ω
R1 75 Ω
=
R parallel = = 7.5 Ω
10 10
148
Teacher Guide
I1 (r + R1 ) = I 2 (r + R2 )
2(r + 4)= 1.5(r + 6)
2r + 8= 1.5r + 9
0.5r = 1
1 I1 (r R1 ) 2(2 4) 12V , or
2 I 2 (r R2 ) 1.5(2 6) 12V
3Ω 3R2
+ 23 = 12
3 + R2
9 R2
+6 =12
3 + R2
6(3 + R2 ) =
9 R2
18 + 6 R2 =
9 R2
18 = 3R2
R2 = 18 / 3= 6Ω
149
Grade 11 | Physics
Ω
V = IR = 3 A × 2.Ω =6 V
The remaining 6V, then goes to R2 and the 2.Ω , resistors, which are
connected in parallel.
VR=
2 V=3 6V
V3 6 V
=
I3 = = 2A
R3 3Ω
Since, the source provides a current of 3.0 A, a current of 2.0A flows through
the 3Ω , the current through R2 will be (Kirchhoff’s junction rule), 1A.
V2 6V
R2 = = = 6Ω
I 2 1A
=
A1 100
= mA, A2 50mA, and A3 = 20mA
=I1 0.6
= A, I 2 0.2 A, and I 3 = 0.8 A
12
=
CT = C 0.52C
23
150
Grade 11 | Physics
α, β γ
⦿
⦿
⦿
⦿
⦿
⦿
⦿
⦿
Before you begin the lesson, ask students general brainstorming question on what
of atomic and nuclear physics. Then let the student name important physicists who
151
Grade 11 | Physics
contributed to the discovery of the nucleus and its constituent particles, illustrations
of experiments related to the nucleus.
After giving a short lecture about the historical discovery of the nucleus and its
constituents, let the students discuss in small groups why the electron could be or
could not be constituent particle of the nucleus.
▷
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▷
152
Teacher Guide
▷
▷
▷
▷
▷
▷ …
▷
▷
▷
▷
Then report their finding to the class.
▷
▷
153
Grade 11 | Physics
154
Teacher Guide
▷ mass
AZ X
▷ volume
R=
0 1.2fm= 1.2 ×10-15 m
1/3
R R 0 A=
= (1.2 ×10 -15
m ) A1/3
▷
▷
▷
1.1.1. Historical origins of the nucleus and its constituting particles
α -
155
Grade 11 | Physics
1.1.2. What keeps the nucleus together?
BE = Dmc2
Äm
1aeu = c 2 ×1 amu = 1.44 ×10-10 J 1.602 ×10-13 1aeu = 931.1MeV
Äm = Zm p + ( A - Z ) m n - M
BE = Dmc2 = [Zm p + (A - Z) mn - M] c2 = [Zm p + (A - Z) mn - M # 931.1MeV
mp
m p m n m e =
1836
BE
BEN =
A
156
Teacher Guide
1/3
R1 R 0 A1/3 A1
= = 1
1/3
R 2 R 0A2 A2
A1 : A 2 = 27 :125
1/ 3
R1 27 3
= =
R 2 125 5
16
O, 18 O, 18 F, 18 Ne and 20 Ne.
16
O, and 18 O 18 Ne and 20 Ne
18
O, and 18 F
58 58
28 X Y
30
157
Grade 11 | Physics
Binding energy of iron,
BE Fe = [Zm p +(A-Z)m n -M] × 931.1MeV
BE Fe = [26×1.007900u + (56 - 26) × 1.008665u - 55.934939u]× 931.1MeV
BE Fe = 493.8656821MeV
BE Fe 493.8656821MeV
BEN
= Fe = = 8.81MeV/nucleon
A 56
BE Bi = [Zm p +(A-Z)m n -M] × 931.1MeV
BE Bi =[83 × 1.007900u +(209-83) × 1.008665u -208.980388u ] × 931.1MeV
BE Bi =1645.3486722MeV
158
Teacher Guide
BE Bi 1645.3486722MeV
= = 7.87MeV/nucleon
A 209
83 Bi
209
˜
⦿
⦿
⦿
⦿
159
Grade 11 | Physics
(˜),
(°) (˛)
(° –) (° +)
A
Z X→ A
Z +1Y + -01β + υ
A
Z X→ A
Y + +01β
Z -1
160
Teacher Guide
A-4
A
Z X→ Y + 24 He
Z- 2
▷
▷
Dangers of ionizing radiation,
161
Grade 11 | Physics
different different
▷
162
Teacher Guide
˜ ° ˛
▷ °, ˜ a nd ˛
particle
°, ˜ and ˛
° ˜ ˛
° ˜
DN
A= = -lN
Dt
˝ decay
constant −1
10
3.7 × 10 Bq.
N = N 0 e -lt
N 0
=
( t1/2 ) N 0 / 2
N N=
ln 2 0.693
=
t1/2 =
l l
N = 2-n N 0
163
Grade 11 | Physics
E = 6.02214179 × 1023nucleus × 8.2 × 10−14 J/ nucleus
E= 49.381562678×109J = 49.381562678GJ
1 H
3
3
1 H → 23 H + -01β + ν
238
U → 23490Th + 42 He
92
Th-234 decays 100% by beta minus emission, basically to Pa-234 according to the
equation:
90Th → 91 Pa + -1 β
234 234 0
˜
164
Teacher Guide
▷
▷
▷
A = l N = ( 3.84 × 10-12 Bq ) ×108 = 3.84 × 10-4 Bq
l l
A1 2000 l ( 4000 ) e -6 l
= =
A 2 1000 l ( 4000 ) e -12 l
After simplification, we obtain
e6 l = 2
l
ln2 -1
=
l
= hr 0.1155
= hr -1 415.8Bq
6
0.693 0.693
l= =415.8Bq t1/2 = =1.667ms
t1/2 415.8s -1
Alpha is a positively charged particle, beta is negatively charged. On the contrary,
gamma particle has no charge and so is neutral.
According to the currently valid definition, X-rays are emitted by electrons outside
the nucleus, while gamma rays are emitted by the nucleus.
The proton stays in the nucleus but the electron leaves the atom as a beta particle.
When a nucleus emits a beta particle, these changes happen: the mass number
the same the atomic number increases by 1 the nuclear charge increases by 1.
165
Grade 11 | Physics
⦿
⦿
Ask students what they know about radiation therapies and what they know about how
ages of fossils such as Dinkinesh were measured. Let students say what they know
on such questions. But you will not immediately rush into the answers. Tell them that
they are going to learn about these step by step as they go down this section. Then,
explain the different applications of radioactive nuclides, particularly, for diagnosis
and treatment and for radioactive dating.
Some applications of nuclear radiation
166
Teacher Guide
=t (1/ l ) ln ( N 0 / N ) N 0
▷
146 C
▷
167
Grade 11 | Physics
Original Decay Half-life (years) Dated materials
element product
U-238 Pb-206 4.5 billion Zircon
U-235 Pb-207 704 million
Rb-87 Sr-87 48.8 billion Many rock-forming min-
K-40 Ar-40 1.25 billion erals
Sm-147 Nd-143 106 billion Common in very small con-
centrations in any rock
C-14 N-14 5,730 Previously living things
2.
168
Teacher Guide
⦿
⦿
⦿
235
92 U + 01 n → 144 89 1
56 Ba + 36 Kr + 3 0 n + 200MeV
169
Grade 11 | Physics
1.1.3. Nuclear fusion reaction and its uses
4 11 H → 42 He + 2 +01β
2 3 4 1
1 H + 1 H → 2 He + 0 n
170
Teacher Guide
9 1 6 4
4 Be + 1 H → 3 Li + 2 He
105 B + 24 He → 173 N + 01 n
235
92 U + 01 n → 137 95 1
55 Cs + x Rb + y 0 n
235
92 U + 01 n → 137 95 1
55 Cs + 37 Rb + 4 0 n
171
Grade 11 | Physics
A1 = A1 = -l N 0
- lt
A2 =
A2 = -l N 0 e
1 A1 t1/2 A1
= =ln ln
l A 2 0.693 A 2
t
Substituting values, we obtain
30 yrs 5.8 × 10 Bq
15
t = ln
= 1052.54yrs
0.693 1.6 × 10 Bq
6
D ˜−
172
Teacher Guide
⦿
_____
▷
▷
▷
▷
▷
173
Grade 11 | Physics
▷
▷
▷
▷
▷
▷
▷
▷
▷
▷
174
Teacher Guide
▷
1/3
R R 0 A=
= (1.2 ×10 -15
m ) A1/3
R 0
R 0 = 1.2fm femtometer 10-15 m
▷
sotope
▷
▷
▷
175
Grade 11 | Physics
▷
BE = Dmc2
▷
Dm = Zm p + (A - Z) m p - M
BE = Dmc2 = [Zm p + (A - Z) mn - M] c2
▷
1aeu = c 2 ×1 amu = ( 9 ×1016 m 2 /s 2 ) × (1.602 ×10-27 kg ) = 1.44 ×10-10 J
-13
1.602 × 10
1aeu = 931.1MeV
▷
BE = [Zm p +(A-Z)m n -M] × 931.1MeV
▷
BE
BEN =
A
▷
▷
- +
˜ β , or β
A-4
α - emission : AZ X → Z- 2 Y + 42 He
β- - emission : AZ X → A
Y + -01β + υ
Z +1
β+ - emission : AZ X → A
Z -1Y + +01β
▷
▷
▷
176
Teacher Guide
▷
▷
▷
DN(t)
A= = -lN(t)
Dt
decay constant ˜
−
10
3.7 × 10 Bq.
▷
N(t) = N 0 e -lt
▷
t1/2 ln 2=
= / l 0.693 / l
▷
▷
▷
R 238 = R 0 A1/3 = ( )
1.2 ×10-15 m ( 238 ) =
1/3
7.4366 ×10-15 m
R 235 = (1.2 ×10-15 m ) ( 235)
R 0 A1/3 =
1/3
7.4052 ×10-15 m
=
177
Grade 11 | Physics
m p = 1.00728 u, m n = 1.00867 u m nuc = 2u
Dm = Zm p + ( A - Z ) m n - m nuc
Dm = 1×1.00728 u + ( 2 -1) ×1.00867 u - 2u
Dm
BE = [Zm p +(A-Z)m n -M] × 931.1MeV= Dm × 931.1MeV
BE =0.01595u × 931.1MeV/u 14.851MeV
BE 14.851045 MeV
=
BEN = ≈ 7.4 MeV
A 2
42
K → -01β + 42
20 Ca
239
Pu → 4 He + 235 U
19
178
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