MECH2007.
MM2TF2-E1
The University of Nottingham
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL, MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
A LEVEL 2 MODULE, SPRING SEMESTER 2018-2019
THERMODYNAMICS AND FLUID MECHANICS 2
Time allowed TWO Hours
Candidates may complete the front cover of their answer book and sign their desk card but
must NOT write anything else until the start of the examination period is announced
Answer ALL questions in Section A, ALL questions in Section B
and ALL questions in Section C
Only a calculator from approved list B (or one functionally equivalent) may be used in this examination.
Dictionaries are not allowed with one exception. Those whose first language is not English may use a
standard translation dictionary to translate between that language and English provided that neither
language is the subject of this examination. Subject specific translation dictionaries are not permitted.
No electronic devices capable of storing and retrieving text, including electronic dictionaries, may be
used.
DO NOT turn examination paper over until instructed to do so
In this examination candidates are required to answer ALL questions.
ADDITIONAL MATERIAL: Five printed sheets of formulae
Thermodynamic Properties of Fluids & other data
(in S.I. units, 5th edition)
Enthalpy-Entropy chart – A3 sized photocopy
INFORMATION FOR INVIGILATORS:
Question papers should be collected in at the end of the exam – do not allow candidates to
take copies from the exam room.
Collect each student’s copy of the A3 Enthalpy-Entropy chart tucked into their script for
assessment.
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SECTION A
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION
1. For dry air at 400 K state thermal conductivity in the units of W/m K, the
specific heat capacity at constant pressure, the density and the dynamic
viscosity. [4]
2. A refrigeration cycle uses R134a as the working fluid. The enthalpy at the
evaporator exit is 397.8 kJ/kg and the high pressure in the cycle is 7.7 bar. It
leaves the condenser as saturated liquid at 30C, with enthalpy of 241.7 kJ/kg.
There is negligible pressure drop in the pipes.
(a) Sketch a p-h diagram showing the cycle. [2]
(b) Calculate the rate of heat removed by the refrigerator per kg/s of the
refrigerant flow in the pipes. [2]
3. Briefly describe the meaning of atmospheric air and the effect of water on the
specific enthalpy of atmospheric air. [3]
4. Write the full reaction for stoichiometric combustion of butane, C4H10, in air. [3]
5. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient for a 0.75 m high, vertical, flat plate, for
which the Nusselt number, based on height, is 140 and the gas is hot air with a
temperature difference (error should say average temperature) between the
wall and the free stream of air of 120C. [4]
6. Explain briefly, using a p-V diagram, why it is that multistage compression is
necessary for high pressure air production in the order of 50 bar. [3]
7. A thin flat plate of 2.5 metre length is mounted parallel to the free stream in a
wind tunnel, the free stream velocity is fixed to 42 m/s with high turbulence
intensity. What would be the thickness of the boundary layer at the middle of
the flat plate. (Take =1.2 kg/𝑚3 and =1.8x10−5 kg/ms). [3]
8. For a turbulent boundary layer sketch a graph of the law near the wall region
shear velocity u+ vs. boundary layer y+. Indicate on your sketch the logarithmic
region and the viscous sub-layer region. [3]
9. Describe the factors that affect the total efficiency of a pump. [3]
10. The momentum equation along the x-direction is stated below. Write the full
Navier-Stokes equations for two-dimensional incompressible flow. [3]
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𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑃 𝜇 𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕 2 𝑢
+𝑢 + 𝑣 +𝑤 = − + ( + + )
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜌 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
11. An aircraft flies at 10,000m in the atmosphere, where the air temperature is
223 K, with a speed of 938 km/h.
(a) Calculate the Mach number of the aircraft. [2]
(b) Comment on the significance of the Mach number obtained. [2]
The ratio of specific heat of air 𝛾 may be taken as 1.4, and the specific gas
constant R as 287.1 J/(kgK).
12. For a finite aerofoil, trailing edge vortices will add to the drag. Describe briefly
how the existence of trailing edge vortices leads to an increase in the drag of an
airplane wing, and the effect on the angle of attack. [3]
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SECTION B
ANSWER TWO QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION
13. An airplane cruises at 950 km/h at an altitude of 10,000 m
(density, 𝜌 = 0.413 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ). At mid-cruise the total weight (error should say
mass) of the airplane is 250,000 kg. The fuel in the tanks of the airplane
represents 33% of its total weight (error should say mass). All the lift applied
to the airplane is generated by its wings, which have a total area of 325 m2.
(a) Calculate the lift force generated by the wings. [2]
(b) Calculate the lift coefficient of the airplane. [3]
(c) Before touchdown, the pilot deploys three identical landing gears shown
schematically in Figure Q13, one for the nose and one for each wing. At
that moment the airplane is flying at 400km/h. The drag on each of the
wheels is 406 N. Calculate the drag generated by the long cylinder
representing the strut and hence the drag force due to the three landing
gears. Given drag coefficient of a cylinder in the flow, which is turbulent,
is Cd=0.3, and air density is 1.22 kg/m3. [5]
z height =
1.8m
= 0.2m
x
y
flow
direction,
400 km/h
= 0.8m
width = 0.2m
Figure Q13.
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14. The torque T delivered by a water pump depends on the volumetric flowrate Q,
pressure P, head H, and angular speed .
(a) By using the theory, determine how many dimensions and dimensional
variables are involved in this situation. [3]
(b) Calculate one of the dimensionless ratios by taking T as a base variable
and H, and P as repeating variables. [3]
(c) This pump reaches its maximum efficiency when its discharge is
0.11m3/min, shaft speed 2500 r.p.m. (revolutions per minute) and
pressure head is 20m of water. Use Figure Q14 to judge what kind of
pump this is. [4]
Error y-axis should have label max
Figure Q14
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15. Compressed air at a pressure of 180 kPa and 300 K is contained in a vessel.
The vessel is equipped with a valve which connects the vessel to the
atmosphere. The valve is opened and air starts to exit the vessel. The
atmosphere has a pressure of 101 kPa and temperature of 300 K. The gas
constant R is equal to 287 J/kg K and (ratio of specific heat at constant
pressure and constant volume) is 1.4.
(a) Calculate the speed of sound at the stagnation temperature for this
situation. [2]
(b) Calculate the temperature of the air at the exit pressure. [3]
(c) Check if the flow coming out of the valve is choked or not and state the
Mach number of the flow at exit. [5]
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SECTION C
ANSWER TWO QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION
16. (a) Coal combustion produces a gas stream of proportions 8% CO2, 7% H2O,
2% CO, 5% O2 and 78% N2. Express this as proportions by mass of the
dry products of combustion. [5]
(b) Superheated steam at 50 bar and 450C expands in a turbine to 1 bar,
with an isentropic efficiency of 90% at a flow rate of 20 kg/s. Calculate
the power of the turbine and the thermal efficiency of the power plant,
given that the heat input to the steam is 63 MW.
Note: chart accuracy is sufficient and you should return your chart, if
used, with your plot on it. [5]
17. (a) A reciprocating air compressor has intake at 1 bar and 25C. It
compresses the air to 8 bar in one stage of compression. The polytropic
index of the compression process is 1.3. Calculate the exit temperature
of the air and the specific work. [5]
(b) The relative humidity in a room is 50% and the room temperature is
24C. This condition is achieved by an air conditioning unit drawing in air
from ambient outdoor relative humidity and temperature 80% and 32C
respectively and the pressure is 1 atm.
i) For the atmospheric condition, find the partial pressure of water
vapour and hence the absolute humidity of the air. [3]
ii) Given that the absolute humidity of the room air is 0.014 bar (error
corrected to null units consistent with absolute humidity – question
was intended to say partial pressure is 0.014 bar, but this was
considered the best quick response giving a reasonable solution),
find to the nearest 1C the temperature of the air leaving the
evaporator section of the air conditioning unit. [2]
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18. (a) The heat exchanger in a domestic boiler has thin walled tubes with
diameter 8mm conveying water which is heated up by combustion gases.
The heat transfer coefficient for the water on the inside pipe wall is
determined by the correlation:
𝑁𝑢 = 0.023𝑅𝑒 0.8 𝑃𝑟 0.4
The water flow in the tube has Reynolds number of 4300 at a mean
temperature of 50C. Calculate the inner convective heat transfer
coefficient. [5]
(b) The heat exchanger, depicted in Figure Q18, receives hot gases at 530C
which leave at 140C. The water enters the matrix of tubes at 15C and
leaves at 65C. Given that the overall heat transfer coefficient of the
heat exchanger is 73.7 W/m2K, and that the heat transferred to the
water is 21 kW, calculate the required surface area of the heat
exchanger. It can be assumed that the correction factor for this
calculation is 1. [5]
Figure Q18
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Figure Q1.
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