Circulatory System

• Blood is the medium where we transport glucose and gases.

• Color of blood is based on the amount of oxygen is in the blood.
• Blood is important in homeostasis

The HEART is divided into Deoxygenated partition and Oxygenated partition.

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
Veins carry bloody toward the heart.
Capillaries are small blood vessels, carbon dioxide is picked up to travel back to the lungs.

Right side pumps oxygenated blood

Left side pumps deoxygenated blood

CIRCULATORY FLOW

Deoxygenated blood enters the Inferior vena cava and the Superior vena cava, then goes to the
right atrium contracts then blood enters the tricuspid (tri- tright- right) valve, goes to the right
ventricle goes to the pulmonary valve and goes to the pulmonary artery and then to the lungs.
(Left side)

Blood in the lungs takes out the carbon dioxide in blood and makes it oxygenated. There is gas
exchange

The oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the pulmonary vein that bring the blood back to
the heart, and enters the left atrium , it contracts and the blood enters the mitral (l- left)
(bicuspid valve) it enters the left ventricle and then the aortic valve and then to the aorta that
delivers the blood to different parts of the body.

Ways to remember:
Right has more letters than Left thus Tri is right and Bi is left

Systemic circuit happens when the blood flows throughout the body - flows through the
different systems.

Pulmonary artery is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood. Comes from the right
ventricle.

Pulmonary vein is the only vein that carries oxygenated blood. Comes from the lungs.

The heart beats 100,000 a day.

There are heart conditions where the heart does not flow properly. Septum defect can mix with
the oxygenated blood and oxygenated blood.
The Cardiovascular System

Layers of the Heart

Epicardium (Visceral pericardium and Parietal pericardium)

Myocardium
Endocardium

Pulmonary Circuit is the exchange of the gases in the lungs.

Replenish of oxygen in the blood and then carbon dioxide is released.

Apex of the Heart - fifth intercostal space, left, below the nipple, mid clavicular line. Apical
pulse can be heard.

Base of the Heart - at the upper region of the heart.

In the lungs the apex is at the upper region while the base at the lower region.

The heart is the size of the fist.

4 Pulmonary veins

2 Pulmonary arteries
Atrioventricular valves- in the middle of the atrium and ventricle. Ex. Bicuspid and tricuspid
Semilunar valves - the valves look like a half-moon. Between ventricle and arteries. Ex.
Pulmonary and Aorta

Chordae tendineae - "heart strings"

The flow of blood from the atrium will rush in to the ventricle, will open the valves, when full
the valves will close. When the ventricles are filled the atrioventricular valves are closed, the
semilunar valves will open.

The heart can get blood flow because of the coronary artery.

Conduction System

MEDVIZZ

Made up of special muscle fibers. Made up of five components

Sinoatrial node - horse shoe shaped node, known as pacemaker of the heart, generates
impulses
Atrioventricular node - located in the lower atrial septum, capable of generating impulses of 60
per minute.

Atrioventricular bundle- runs along the left and right branches. Separates the muscle of atria

Right and left branches of bundle of his

Tachycardia - fast; over 100

Bradycardia - slow; less than 60
Arrythmia - irregular; abnormal beating
Sinus rhythm - normal rhythm

60-100 normal heartbeat

Cardiac Cycle

Systole - contraction

Diastole- relaxation

Increased heart rate - due to stress; sympathetic nervous system; decreased blood volume

Decreased heart rate - parasympathetic nervous system; high blood volume

Vascular System

Oxygenated blood flows from the arteries; Deoxygenated blood flows from the veins
exceptions to this generalization are the pulmonary arteries and veins.

Blood vessels

• Arteries
• Arterioles
• Capillary - where gas exchange happens where they get the carbon dioxide (the waste
product); this is where the arteries and veins meet
• Venule
• Veins

• The valves help propel the blood upwards towards the heart.
• Walls of the arteries are the thickest due to the rush of the blood.
• Capillary beds is where gas exchange happens.
Respiratory System

Functions of the Respiratory System

Sites of gas exchange, pulmonary circuit

Sites of alveoli - where gas exchange happens the cycle repeats

The Nose

• The only externally visible part of the respiratory system.

• Moistens hair and traps incoming foreign particles.

Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity

The nasal cavity is separated by the oral cavity by the palate

• Anterior hard palate

• Posterior hard palate

Paranasal sinuses
• Frontal sinus
• Sphenoid sinus
• Ethmoid sinus
• Maxillary sinus

Pharynx (throat)

-Nasopharynx - superior region behind nasal cavity

-Oropharynx - middle region behind the mouth
-Laryngopharynx - inferior region attached to the larynx

Larynx (Voice box)

Structures of the Larynx

Thyroid cartilage
• Largest hyalin cartilage
• Protrudes anteriorly (Adam's apple)

Epiglottis

Vocal cords
• vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech)
Trachea (windpipe)
• where the air passes through

Lung
• Occupy most of the thoracic cavity
• Left lung has two lobes
• Right lung has three lobes

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Branches (Bronchi)

Coverings of the lungs

Visceral and Parietal pleura

Respiratory Tree Divisions

Primary Bronchi
Secondary Bronchi
Tertiary Bronchi

Bronchioles
• smallest branches of the bronchi

Alveoli
• where gas exchange happens
• Connects the pulmonary artery and the pulmonary
Vein
• One cell thick; exchange through the process of diffusion

Inspiration
• Movement of diaphragm and intercostal muscles; the lowering of the diaphragm to
accommodate the air; the ribs go up

Exhale
• The diaphragm goes up to release the air; the ribs go down

Non respiratory air movements

• Can be caused by reflexes or voluntary actions

Bradypnea <16 slow breathing

Tachypnea >20 fast breathing

Normal range is 16 to 20 or 12-20 (based from other sources)