RCS – II Plastic Moment Redistribution Chapter I

CHAPTER I

Plastic Moment Redistribution

1.1. Introduction
It is known that an indeterminate beam or frame normally will not fail when the ultimate
moment capacity of just one critical section is reached. After formation of plastic hinges at the
more highly stressed sections, substantial redistribution of moments occurs at the critical
sections as loads are further increased before collapse of the structure takes place.

Redistribution of moments permits the designer to modify, within limits, the moment diagrams
for which the members are to be designed. This enables the designer to reduce the congestion
of reinforcement, which often occurs in high moment areas, such as at the junction of girders
with columns.

Method of analysis allowed in EBCS -2

i. Elastic, optionally followed by inelastic (plastic) moment redistribution

ii. Plastic analysis
iii. Non – Linear analysis

1.2. Moment curvature relationship

Although it is not needed explicitly in ordinary design, the relation between moment applied to
a given beam section and the resulting curvature, through the full range of loading to failure, is
important to the study of member ductility, understanding the development of plastic hinges,
and accounting for the redistribution of elastic moments that occur in most RC structures
before collapse.

Curvature is defined as the angle change per unit length at any given location along the axis of a
member subjected to loads as seen in figure 1.2-1.

Figure 1.2-1 Curvature

AAiT, Department of Civil Engineering Instructor: Misgun S.

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RCS – II Plastic Moment Redistribution Chapter I


=

 = 

1

=


From similarity of triangles,

 
= ⇒ =


1

= =


Moment of Inertia of Transformed Section

When a beam made of two materials is loaded, the different values of E for the two materials
lead to different stress distribution since one materials is stiffer and accepts more stress for a
given strain than the other .

However, the elastic beam theory can be used if the beam is hypothetically transformed to
either an all steel beam or an all concrete beam, customarily the later. This is done by replacing
the area of the steel with an equivalent area of concrete having centroid at the level of the
centroid of the steel. The replaced concrete will experience the same force and strain as the
steel.

=   = 

  =  

 =   

  =  


 = 


 =  

AAiT, Department of Civil Engineering Instructor: Misgun S.

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RCS – II Plastic Moment Redistribution Chapter I

Figure 1.2-2 Transformed Sections

With the above transformed sections and the idealized stress-strain relationships for steel and
concrete figure 1.2-3 (b) and (c) the usual assumptions regarding perfect bond and plane
sections, it is possible to calculate the relation between M and ϕ for a typical under-reinforced
concrete beam section, subject to flexural cracking as follows.

Figure 1.2-3 Under-reinforced concrete beam section, subject to flexural cracking

In the limit case of figure 1.2-3b


 =    =  =  ≪ 


   $%
  = =  # =
! " "

Where, lut is the moment of inertia of the un-cracked transformed section.

AAiT, Department of Civil Engineering Instructor: Misgun S.

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RCS – II Plastic Moment Redistribution Chapter I

Figure 1.2-4 Moment-Curvature relationship of reinforced beam

These values (ϕcr , Mcr) provide information needed to plot point “1”of the M-ϕ graph of figure
1.2-4.

When the tensile cracking occurs at the section, the stiffness is immediately reduced, and
curvature increases to point “2” with no increase in moment. In the limit case, the concrete
strain just reaches the proportional limit as shown in figure figure 1.2-3 (c) and the steel is
below the yield strain.

 = &' ,  = &'  ) 

 &' &' *+, "

 &' = =  #&' =
! ! 2

(ϕel , Mel) provides point “3” on the graph and the curvature at point “2” can be found from the
ratio Mcr/Mel.

Once the proportional limit is exceeded, the concrete is well into the inelastic range, although
the steel has not yet yielded. The NA depth, C1 is less than the depth a = Kd and is changing with
increasing load as the shape of the concrete stress distribution and the steel stress changes.

It is now convenient to adopt a numerical solution to find the concrete compressive force 'C'
and the location of its centroid for any arbitrarily selected value of maximum concrete strain εc
in the range εel< εc ≤ εcu.

The compressive strain diagram is divided into an arbitrary number of steps and the
corresponding stress for each strain read from the stress-strain curve concrete. The stepwise
representation of the actual continuous stress block is integrated numerically to find C, and its
point of application is located taking moments of the concrete forces about the top of the

AAiT, Department of Civil Engineering Instructor: Misgun S.

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RCS – II Plastic Moment Redistribution Chapter I
section. The basic equilibrium requirement, C =T, can be used to find the correct location of the
NA, for the particular compressive strain selected, following an iterative procedure.

Alternative to numerical integration, formulae for determining the total compressive force as
stated in EBCS 2-1995 can be used and are given below.

i. εcm ≤ 2‰ and N.A. within the section

*4
/ (6 − / )
12
. =

8− /
5 = *4
4(6 − / )

ii. εcm ≥ 2‰ and N.A. within the section

3 / −2
. = *4
3 /

/ (3 / − 4) + 2
5 = *
2 / (3 / − 2 ) 4

iii. εcm ≥ 2‰ and N.A. outside the section

1
. = (125 + 64 − 16 / )
"
189 /

40 ( / − 2)"
5 = 0.5 −
7 125 + 64 / − 16 "
/

Then the total compressive force will be,

? = . @ ,

1.3. Plastic hinges and collapse mechanisms

If a short segment of a reinforced concrete beam is subjected to a bending moment, continued
plastic rotation is assumed to occur after the calculated ultimate moment Mu is reached, with
no change in applied moment. The beam behaves as if there were a hinge at that point.
However, the hinge will not be “friction free”, but will have a constant resistance to rotation.

If such a plastic hinge forms in a determinate structure, as shown in figure 1.3-1, an

uncontrolled deflection takes place and the structure will collapse. The resulting system is
referred to as a mechanism. This implies that a statically determinate system requires the
formation of only one plastic hinge in order to become a mechanism.

AAiT, Department of Civil Engineering Instructor: Misgun S.

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RCS – II Plastic Moment Redistribution Chapter I

Figure 1.3-1

In the case of indeterminate structures, stability may be maintained even though hinges have
formed at several cross sections. The formation of such hinges in indeterminate structures
permits a redistribution of moments within the beam or frame.

For illustration let us see the behavior of an indeterminate beam of figure 1.3-2. It will be
assumed for simplicity that the beam is symmetrically reinforced, so that the negative bending
capacity is the same as the positive. Let the load P be increased gradually until the elastic
moment at the fixed support, 3PL/16 is just equal to the plastic moment capacity of the section,
Mu. This load is

A = A&' =
16#% #%
 5.33 01.13
3B 3B
C
At this load the positive moment under the load is D" PL, as shown in figure 1.3-2.

Figure 1.3-2

The beam still responds elastically everywhere but at the left support. At that point the actual
fixed support can be replaced for purpose of analysis with a plastic hinge offering a known
resisting moment Mu, which makes the beam statically determinate.

AAiT, Department of Civil Engineering Instructor: Misgun S.

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RCS – II Plastic Moment Redistribution Chapter I
The load can be increased further until the moment under the load also becomes equal to Mu,
at which load the second hinge forms. The structure is converted into a mechanism, as shown
in figure 1.3-2 c, and collapse occurs. The moment diagram at collapse is shown in figure 1.3-2d.

The magnitude of the load causing collapse is easily calculated from the geometry of figure 1.3-
2d.

#% AB
#% + =
2 4
From which

6#%
A = A% = (1.2)
B
By comparison of equation 1.2 and 1.1, it is evident that an increase of 12.5% is possible
beyond the load which caused the formation of the first plastic hinge, before the beam will
actually collapse. Due to the formation of plastic hinges, a redistribution of moments has
occurred such that, at failure, the ratio between positive moment and negative moment is
equal to that assumed in reinforcing the structure.

1.4. Rotation Requirement

It may be evident that there is a direct relation between the amount of redistribution desired
and the amount of inelastic rotation at the critical sections of a beam required to produce the
desired redistribution. In general, the greater the modification of the elastic-moment ratio, the
greater the required rotation capacity to accomplish that change. To illustrate, if the beam of
figure 1.2-2a had been reinforced according to the elastic-moment diagram of figure 1.2-2.b, no
inelastic-rotation capacity at all would be required. The beam would, at least in theory, yield
simultaneously at the left support and at mid-span. On the other hand, if the reinforcement at
the left support had been deliberately reduced (and the mid-span reinforcement
correspondingly increased), inelastic rotation at the support would be required before the
strength at mid-span could be realized.

Reinforced concrete members with bending are designed to have certain ductility, which
ensures that the member is capable of undergoing a certain amount of rotation after yielding of
the tension steel reinforcement and before crushing of the concrete in compression.

Generally, the amount of redistribution depends on

• Hinge sections must be able to undergo necessary inelastic deformation. Since the
inelastic rotational capacity is a function of reinforcement ratio as in figure 1.4-1, this
implies an upper limit on the reinforcement,
• Hinges should not occur at service load since wide cracks develop at hinge location, and

AAiT, Department of Civil Engineering Instructor: Misgun S.

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RCS – II Plastic Moment Redistribution Chapter I
• Equilibrium must be maintained.

Figure 1.4-1 Moment-curvature diagram

To ensure that designs remain under-reinforced (ductile), EBCS-2 recommends that the ratio
x/d, at sections of largest moment, does not exceed the values given by the following equations
as functions of percent plastic moment redistribution.

E F 0.44 9 1.25
G G E 2 0.44
⇒ H , IJ  H 35#A
  1.25
G G E 2 0.56
E F 0.56 9 1.25 ⇒ H , IJ  K 35#A
  1.25
Where

LMJM, NIN
E
#IN ,IJ JMJ,MI

For example, for 20% redistribution

G 0.8 2 0.44
E  0.8 ⇒   0.288 0IJ  H 35#A
 1.25
G 0.8 2 0.56
  0.192 0IJ  K 35#A
 1.25
In moment redistribution usually it is the maximum support moments, which are (adjusted)
reduced so that economizing in reinforcing steel and also reducing congestion of bars at the
column.

Requirements for applying moment - redistribution are:-

AAiT, Department of Civil Engineering Instructor: Misgun S.

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RCS – II Plastic Moment Redistribution Chapter I
• Equilibrium between internal and external forces must be maintained; hence it is
necessary to recalculate the span moments.
• Maximum redistribution is 30% ... (E/OP = 0.7)

Redistribution δ kx μ* kz *
0 1.0 0.450 0.295 0.814
10 0.9 0.368 0.252 0.840
20 0.8 0.288 0.205 0.880
30 0.7 0.208 0.143 0.914
Table 1.4-1 Moment Redistribution Design Factors

Design procedure using table No. 1a & 1b (with moment redistribution)

Steps

R
Q SU
T
• Calculate */ = 

a) If */ < */ ∗ , where km* is the value of km shown shaded in general design table No. 1a,
corresponding to %age moment redistribution, section is singly reinforced.

Enter the general design table 1a using km and concrete grade.

Read ks from general design table No. 1a corresponding to steel grade.
* #@W

Evaluate  = 

b) If */ > */ ∗ , the section has to be doubly reinforced.

Calculate km⁄km*

Read ks and ks' corresponding to km⁄km* and steel grade from table No. 1b and No.
1a respectively.

Assume d2=d" and read ρ (correction factor) from table No. 1a using km⁄km* and
d2/d.

Read ρ' corresponding to d2/d and %age moment redistribution from table No. 1b.

Calculate

* #@ 
 = (MX JMIJN)

* ′#@ ′
 ′= (INZJM[ JMIJN)

AAiT, Department of Civil Engineering Instructor: Misgun S.
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RCS – II Plastic Moment Redistribution Chapter I
Design procedure using general design chart (with moment redistribution)

#@
Calculate \ = W, " 
@
•

a) If\ < \ ∗ , section is singly reinforced.

Evaluate Z from chart using *] = ^/

#

Evaluate  = @`^
@

b) If\ > \ ∗ , section is doubly reinforced.

Evaluate Z* from chart using *]∗ = ^ ∗ /

Evaluate #%∗ = \ ∗ @ , "

Calculate

#%∗ a#
 = + (MX JMIJN)
!
^@ ( − " )@

a#
 = (INZJMI JMIJN)
"
( − " )

AAiT, Department of Civil Engineering Instructor: Misgun S.

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RCS – II Continuous Beams, One-Way Solid And Ribbed Slabs Chapter II
CHAPTER II

CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND ONE-WAY RIBBED SLABS

2.1. Introduction
Continuous beams, one-way slabs and continuous one-way ribbed slabs are indeterminate
structures for which live load variation has to be considered. This is because dead load is always
there but live load might vary during the life time of these structures.

One-way slabs transmit their load mainly in one direction (i.e., the direction. of span). A 1m
strip is taken in the direction of span and treated similar to continuous beams.

Elastic analysis such as slope-deflection, moment distribution and matrix method or plastic
analysis or approximate method such as the use of moment coefficient or such methods as
portal or cantilever can be used.

2.2. Analysis and design of continuous beams

The three major stages in the design of a continuous beam are design for flexure, design for
shear, and design of longitudinal reinforcement details. In addition, it is necessary to consider
deflections and crack control and, in some cases, torsion. When the area supported by a beam
exceeds 37m2, it is usually possible to use a reduced live load in calculating the moments and
shears in the beam.

Figure 2.2-1 One-way slab and continuous beam

The largest moment in continuous beams or one-way slabs or frames occur when some spans
are loaded and the others are not. Influence lines are used to determine which spans should be
loaded and which spans should not be to find the maximum load effect.

Figure 2.2-2a shows influence line for moment at B. The loading pattern that will give the
largest positive moment at consists of load on all spans having positive influence ordinates.

AAiT, Department of Civil Engineering Instructor: Misgun S.

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RCS – II Continuous Beams, One-Way Solid And Ribbed Slabs Chapter II
Such loading is shown in figure 2.2-2b and is called alternate span loading or checkerboard
loading.

The maximum negative moment at C results from loading all spans having negative influence
ordinate as shown in figure 2.2-2d and is referred as an adjacent span loading.

Figure 2.2-2 Influence line for moment and loading patterns

Similarly, loading for maximum shear may be obtained by loading spans with positive shear
influence ordinate and are shown in figure 2.2-3.

AAiT, Department of Civil Engineering Instructor: Misgun S.

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RCS – II Continuous Beams, One-Way Solid And Ribbed Slabs Chapter II

Figure 2.2-3 Influence line for shear

In ACI code, it is required to design continues beam and one-way slabs to be design for the
following loading patterns,

1. Factored load on all spans with factored partition load and factored live load on two
adjacent spans and no live load on any other span. This will give the maximum negative
moment and maximum shear at the support between the two loaded spans. This
loading case is repeated for each interior support.
2. Factored dead load on all spans with factored partition load and a factored love load on
alternate spans. This will give maximum positive moment at the middle of the loaded
span, minimum positive moments (which could even be negative) at the middle of the
unloaded spans, and maximum negative moment at the exterior support.
3. Factored dead and live load on all spans. Although this condition represents the
maximum vertical loading possible, it is unlikely to cause the maximum reaction, shear
forces, or bending moment for continuous beams.

After obtaining the maximum load effects of continuous beams, the design of continuous
beams is carried out as discussed in reinforced concrete structures I course for no moment
redistribution case and as in chapter I of this course encase of moment redistribution. For
convince, design steps of no redistribution by using km-ks table is recalled below. Note that
charts can also be used for design given in EBCS 2-1995 Part 2.

AAiT, Department of Civil Engineering Instructor: Misgun S.

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RCS – II Continuous Beams, One-Way Solid And Ribbed Slabs Chapter II
Steps for design using design table (no moment redistribution)

1. Evaluate Km
2. Enter the general design table No 1.a using Km and concrete grade.
a. If Km ≤ Km*, the value of Km show shaded in design Table No 1.a, then the section is
singly reinforced.
- Enter the design table No 1.a using Km and concrete grade
- Read Ks from the table corresponding to the steel grade and Km
- Evaluate As
b. If Km ≥ Km*, then the section should be doubly reinforced.
- Evaluate Km / Km * and d’’/d
- Read Ks, Ks’, ρ and ρ’ from the same table corresponding to Km / Km *, d’’/d and
concrete grade
- Evaluate

b #@ 
 = cMX JMIJN

b′ #@ ′
′ = ?INZJMI JMIJN

Design using general design chart
R
1. Calculate \ @, = T@edS
f gS
2. Enter the general design chart,
• If \ < \ ∗ , section is singly reinforced.

Evaluate Z from *] = ^/ by reading value of *] from chart using \
R

Evaluate  = hfdS
iS

• If \ > \ , section is doubly reinforced.

∗

• Evaluate Z from chart using *] = ^/

• Evaluate #%, ∗
= \ ∗ @ , "
• Calculate

#%,
∗
# @, − #%,
∗
 = + (MX JMIJN)
!
^@ ( − " )@

# @, − #%,
∗
 = (INZJMI JMIJN)
"
( − " )

AAiT, Department of Civil Engineering Instructor: Misgun S.

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RCS – II Continuous Beams, One-Way Solid And Ribbed Slabs Chapter II
2.3. Analysis and design of one-way slabs
Slabs are flat plates used to provide useful horizontal surfaces mainly for roofs and floors of
buildings, parking lots, airfields, roadway etc.

Classification: Beam supported slabs may be classified as:

1. One-way slabs - main reinforcement in each element runs in one direction only. (Ly/Lx
>2). There are two types· one way solid slabs and one way ribbed slabs.
2. Two-way slabs - main reinforcement runs in both directions where ratio of long to short
span is less than two. (Ly/Lx ≤ 2)

Others types of slab include flat slab, flat plates, two way ribbed or grid slabs etc.

One-ways slabs are considered as rectangular beams of comparatively large ratio of width to
depth and ratio of longer span to width (short span) is greater than two.

When Ly/Lx > 2, about 90% or more of the total load is carried by the short span, i.e., bending
takes place in the direction of the shorter span.

Figure 2.3-1 One-way slab

AAiT, Department of Civil Engineering Instructor: Misgun S.

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RCS – II Continuous Beams, One-Way Solid And Ribbed Slabs Chapter II
Analysis and design is than carried out by assuming a beam of unit width with a depth equal to
the thickness of the slab, continuous over the supporting beam and span equal to the distance
between supports (in the short direction or strip A and B) as shown in figure 2.3-2. The strip
may be analyzed in the same way as singly reinforced rectangular sections. Near the ends the
panel adjacent to the girders, some load is resisted by bending in the longitudinal strips (strips
C) and less by the transvers strips (strip A). But for design purpose the effect is ignored and is
indirectly accounted by extending top reinforcements into the top of the slabs on each side of
the girders across the ends of the panel.

Figure 2.3-2 One-way and two-way slab action

The load per unit area on the slab would be the load per unit length on this imaginary beam of
unit width. As the loads being transmitted to the supporting beams, all reinforcement shall be
placed at right angles to these beams. However some additional bars may be placed in the
other direction to carry temperature and shrinkage stresses.

Generally the design consists of selecting a slab thickness for deflection requirements and
flexural design is carried out by considering the slab as series of rectangular beams side by side.

Remarks:

• The following minimum thicknesses shall be adopted in design:

a) 60 mm for slabs not exposed to concentrated loads (e.g inaccessible roofs)
b) 80 mm for slabs exposed mainly to distributed loads.
c) 100 mm for slabs exposed to light moving concentrated loads (e.g slabs accessible to
light motor vehicles)
d) 120 mm for slabs exposed to heavy dynamic moving loads (eg. slabs accessible to heavy
vehicles)
• Unless conditions warrant some change, cover to reinforcement is 15 mm.
• The ratio of the secondary reinforcement to the main reinforcement shall be at least
equal to 0.2.
• The geometrical ratio of main reinforcement in a slab shall not be less than
AAiT, Department of Civil Engineering Instructor: Misgun S.
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RCS – II Continuous Beams, One-Way Solid And Ribbed Slabs Chapter II

/OP =
0.5
, jkJ  M M #A


• The spacing between main bars for slabs shall not exceed the smaller of 2h or 350 mm.
• The spacing between secondary bars shall not exceed 400 mm.

2.4. Analysis and design of one-way ribbed slabs

Long-span floors for relatively light live loads can be constructed as a series of closely spaced,
cast-in-place T-beams (or joists or ribs) with a cross section as shown in figure 2.4-1. The joists
span one way between beams. Most often, removable metal forms referred to as fillers or pans
are used to form the joists. Occasionally, joist floors are built by using clay-tile fillers, which
serve as forms for the concrete in the ribs that are left in place to serve as the celling.

Figure 2.4-1 Typical ribbed slab cross-section

General Requirements:

• Because joists are closely spaced, thickness of slab (topping),

40NN
= l1
k XJ M ,j JM,
10

• Ribs shall not be less than 70 mm in width

• Ribs shall have a depth, excluding any topping, of not more than 4 times the minimum
width of the rib.
• Rib spacing shall not exceed 1.0 m
• The topping shall be provided with a reinforcement mesh providing in each direction a
cross sectional area not less than 0.001 of the section of the slab.
• If the rib spacing exceeds 1.0 m, the topping shall be designed as a slab resting on ribs
considering load concentrations, if any.
• Transverse ribs shall be provided if the span of the ribbed slab exceeds 6.0 m.
• When transverse ribs are provided, the center-to-center distance shall not exceed 20
times the overall depth of the ribbed slab.

AAiT, Department of Civil Engineering Instructor: Misgun S.

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RCS – II Continuous Beams, One-Way Solid And Ribbed Slabs Chapter II
• The transverse ribs shall be designed for at least half the values of maximum moments
and shear force in the longitudinal ribs.
• The girder supporting the joist may be rectangular or T-beam with the flange thickness
equal to the floor thickness.

Procedure for design of ribbed slabs

1. Thickness of toppings and ribs assumed based on minimum requirement.

2. Loads may be computed on the basis of centerline of the spacing of joists.
3. The joists are analyzed as regular continuous or T -beams supported by girders.
4. Shear reinforcement shall not be provided in the narrow web of joist thus a check for
the section capacity against shear is carried out. The shear capacity may be
approximated as 1.1 Vc of regular rectangular sections.
5. Determine flexural reinforcement and consider minimum provision in the final solution.
6. Provide the topping or slab with reinforcement as per temp and shrinkage requirement.
7. Design the girder as a beam.

AAiT, Department of Civil Engineering Instructor: Misgun S.

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RCS – II Columns Chapter IV
CHAPTER III

TWO-WAY SLABS

3.1. Introduction
Slabs with the ratio of the longer to the shorter span, between 1 & 2 transfer their load in
two orthogonal directions. i.e. some portion of the load in the short direction and the
remaining portion of the load in the long direction. These slabs are called two-way slabs and
they deflect into a dish shaped curvature. This means that they have curvature in both
directions and because moments are proportional to curvature, there are moments in both
directions, which require reinforcement in the tension zone.

3.2. Analysis and design of two way beam supported slabs

For the slab shown in figure 3.1.-1, if beams are incorporated within the depth of the slab
itself the slab carries load in two directions. The load at A may be thought of as being carried
from A to B and C by one strip of slab, and from B to D and E, and so on, by other slab strips.
Because the slab must transmit loads in two directions it is referred to as two way slab.

Figure 3.2-1 Two-way slab

Consider the simply supported panel under uniform load w.

Figure 3.2-2

Let wx and wy be load in the x and y direction in which,

AAiT, Department of Civil Engineering Instructor: Misgun S.

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RCS – II Columns Chapter IV
j4 + j = j

X j4 = *4 j  j = * j

(*4 + * )j = j

(*4 + * ) = 1

Where kx and ky are load distributing factors in the short and long directions respectively.

Because the imaginary strips actually are part of the same slab, their deflections at the
intersection point must be the same. Equating the center deflections of the strips in the
short (x) and long (y) directions gives

5 j4 X m4 5 j X m
=
384 $ 384 $
j4 X m4 *4
= =
j X m *

B4
X . =
B

*4 = . m *

 *4 + * = 1

(. m + 1)* = 1

1 .m
 * = ,  * =
.m + 1 4
.m + 1

Analysis using Table coefficients [EBCS 2-1995]

The coefficients kx & ky as obtained using the previous discussion are approximate because
the actual behavior of a slab is more complex than the two intersecting strips. The outer
strips not only bend, but also twist. The twisting results in torsional moments and stress
pronounced near the corners.

Moments for individual panels with edge simply supported or fully fixed may be computed
from:-

#O = .O Z@ B"4

Where: Mi : is the design initial moment per unit width at the point of reference.

AAiT, Department of Civil Engineering Instructor: Misgun S.

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RCS – II Columns Chapter IV
αi : coefficient given in Table A-1 (EBCS 2-1995) as a function of Ly/Lx ratio and
support condition

pd: design uniform load

Lx ,Ly : shorter and longer span of the panel respectively

Figure 3.2-3 Notations of critical moments

The subscripts have the following meaning.

• s – Support
• f - field (span)
• y, x - directions in the long & short span, respectively.

Division of slabs into middle and edge strips is illustrated in Fig. A-4.

The maximum design moments calculated as above apply only to the middle strips and no
redistribution shall be made.

Reinforcement in an edge strip, parallel to the edge, need not be less than minimum areas
of tension reinforcement.

AAiT, Department of Civil Engineering Instructor: Misgun S.

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RCS – II Columns Chapter IV

Figure 3.2-4 Division of slab into middle strip and edge strip

Moment adjustment
For each support over which the slab is continuous, there will be two adjacent support
moments. The difference may be distributed between the panels at either side of support to
equalize their moments as in moment distribution method for frames.

There are two alternatives: -

a. When ΔMs ≤ 0.2 Ms,large

The average of initial moments may be used.

b. When ΔMs ≥ 0.2 Ms,large

Apply moment distribution only to adjacent spans.

Steps to be followed
1. Support and span moments are first evaluated for individual panels using
coefficients from Table A-1 .
2. The unbalanced moment is distributed using the moment distribution method.
3. When the support moment is decreased, the span moments Mxf and Myf are then
increased to allow for the changes of support moments (equilibrium). This increase
is computed as: -
a#4f = 4 a#4 + 4 a#
a#f =  a#4 +  a#
Where cx and cy are coefficient from Table A-2 (EBCS-2)

Flexural reinforcement

• The ratio of the secondary reinforcement to the main reinforcement shall be at least
equal to 0.2.
• n/o4,&@p& H 5 ∗ n/oOP
• The geometrical ratio of main reinforcement in a slab shall not be less than
AAiT, Department of Civil Engineering Instructor: Misgun S.

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RCS – II Columns Chapter IV
0.5
/OP = , jℎJ  M M #A


• The spacing between main bars for slabs shall not exceed the smaller of 2h or 350
mm.
• The spacing between secondary bars shall not exceed 400 mm.

Load on beams
The design uniform loads on beams supporting solid slabs may be computed using: -

q4 = 5r4 A@ B4

q = 5r A@ B4

Where 5r4 and 5r are load transfer coefficient given in Table A-3 (EBCS-2)

The shear force carried by concrete in slab can be taken as the one given for beams.

q = s. 25@ *! *" ,

3.3. Analysis and design of flat slabs

3.3.1. Introduction
Concrete two-way slabs may in some cases be supported by relatively shallow, flexible
beams, or directly by columns without the use of beams or girders. Such slabs are generally
referred as column supported two-way slabs. Beams may also be used where the slab is
interrupted as around stair, walls or at discontinuous edges.

In practice column supported two-way slabs take various forms:

Flat Plates: they are flat slabs with flat soffit. Such slabs have uniform thickness supported
on columns. They are used for relatively light loads, as experienced in apartments or similar
buildings. Flat plats are most economical for spans from 4.5m to 6m (see Fig. 3.3.1-1a).

Flat Slabs: they are slab systems with the load transfer to the column is accomplished by
thickening the slab near the column, using drop panels and/or by flaring the top of the
column to form a column capital. They may be used for heavy industrial loads and for spans
of 6m to 9m (see Fig. 3.3.1-1c)

Waffle Slabs: they are two-way joist systems with reduced self-weights. They are used for
spans from 7.5m to 12m. (Note: for large spans, the thickness required to transmit the
vertical loads to the columns exceeds that required for bending. As a result the concrete at
the middle of the panel is not efficiently used. To lighten the slab, reduce the slab moments,
and save material, the slab at mid span can be replaced by intersecting ribs. Near the

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RCS – II Columns Chapter IV
columns the full depth is retained to transmit loads from the slab to the columns (see Fig.
3.3.1-1b)

In this chapter, consideration will be given to flat slabs with or without drop panels or
column capitals.

Figure 3.3.1-1 Types of two way column supported slabs

For analysis and design purpose the panel in flat slab is divided in to column strips and
middle strips as shown below (EBSC 2)

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RCS – II Columns Chapter IV

Figure 3.3.1-2 Division of panels in Flat slabs

A column strip is a design strip with a width on each side of a column centerline equal to
0.25 Lx or if drops with dimension not less than Lx/3 are used, a width equal to the drop
dimension. A middle strip is a design strip bounded by two column strips.

The drop panels are rectangular (may be square) and influence the distribution of moments
in the slab. The smaller dimension of the drop is at least one third of the smaller dimension
of the surrounding panels, Lx/3 and the drop may be 25 to 50 percent thicker than the rest
of the slab.

3.3.2. Load Transfer in Flat Slabs

Consider the following column supported two way slabs. If a surface load w is applied (see
Fig. 3.3.2-1a), it is shared between imaginary slab strips la in the short direction and lb in the
longer direction. Note that the portion of the load that is carried by the long strips lb is
delivered to the beams B1 which in turn carried in the short direction plus that directly
carried in the short direction by the slab strips la, sums up to 100 percent of the load applied
to the panel. The same is true in the other direction.

A similar situation is obtained in the flat plate floor (see Fig. 3.3.2-1b) where broad strips of
the slab centered on the column lines in each direction serve the same function as the

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RCS – II Columns Chapter IV
beams. Therefore; for column supported construction, 100 percent of the applied load must
be carried in each direction, jointly by the slab and its supporting beams.

Figure 3.3.2-1 Column Supported two-way slabs (a) with beams (b) without beams

3.3.3. Moments in Flat Slabs Floors

Consider the flat slab floor supported by columns at A, B, C, and D as shown in Fig. 3.3.3-1a

Figure 3.3.3-1 Moment Variation (a) critical-moment section (b) moment variation along a
span (c) moment variation along the width of critical section
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Longitudinal Distributions of moments

For the determination of moment in the direction of span l1, the slab may be considered as a
broad, flat beam of width l2.

The load, P2 = wl2 per m length of span.

From the requirement of statics:

In the longitudinal direction (see fig. 3.3.3-1b)

! !
(#oT + #@ ) + #&f = (jX" X!" )
" t

In the perpendicular direction

1 1
(#o + #T@ ) + #pu = (jX! X"" )
2 8
From the above static moment in each direction, the moment in the long direction is larger
than those in the short direction unlike to the situation for the slab with stiff edge beams.

Lateral Distributions of moments

The moments across the width of critical sections such as AB or EF are not constant as
shown qualitatively (see fig. 3.3.3-1c). For design purpose, moments may be considered
constant within the bounds of a middle strip or column strip, unless beams are present in
column lines.

3.3.4. Practical Analysis of Flat slab Floors

The two methods for the analysis of flat slabs are:

a) Direct Design method

b) Equivalent Frame Method

Generally, for both methods of analysis, the negative moments greater than those at a
distance hc/2 from the center-line of the column may be ignored provided the moment Mo
obtained as the sum of the maximum positive design moment and the average of the
negative design moments in anyone span of the slab for the whole panel width is such that:

(w@ + x@ )B" 2ℎ "

#v F yB! − z
8 3

Where L1 is the panel length parallel to span, measured from centers of columns.

L2 is the panel width, measured from centers of columns

hc is the effective diameter of a column or column head (see below)

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RCS – II Columns Chapter IV
When the above condition is not satisfied, the negative design moments shall be increased.

The effective diameter of a column or column head hc is the diameter of a circle whose area
equals the cross-sectional area of the column or, if column heads are used, the area of the
column head based on the effective dimensions as defined below. In no case shall hc be
taken as greater than one-quarter of the shortest span framing in to the column.

The effective dimensions of a column head for use in calculation of hc are limited according
to the depth of the head. In any direction, the effective dimension of a head Lh shall be
taken as the lesser of the actual dimension Lho or Lh,max, where Lh,max is given by:

Bu,/o4 = B 9 2u

For a flared head, the actual dimension Lho is that measured to the center of the reinforcing
steel (see Fig. 3.3.4-1)

Figure 3.3.4-1 Types of Column Head

3.3.5. Direct Design Method as per EBCS 2, 1995

According to the EBCS 2 specification, the direct design method of analysis is subjected to
the following restrictions.

• Design is based on the single load case of all spans loaded with the maximum design
ultimate load.
• There are at least three rows of panels of approximately equal span in the direction
being considered.
• Successive span length in each direction shall not differ by more than one-third of
the longer span
• Maximum offsets of columns from either axis between center lines of successive
columns shall not exceed 10% of the span (in the direction of the offset)

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RCS – II Columns Chapter IV
Longitudinal Distribution

The distribution of design span and support moments depends on the relative stiffness of
the different sections which in turn depends on the restraint provided for the slab by the
supports. Accordingly, the distribution factors are given in the following table.

Outer support Near First Center of Interior

Column Wall center of interior interior support
first span support span
Moment -0.040FL -0.020FL 0.083FL -0.063FL 0.071FL -0.055FL
Shear 0.45F 0.40F - 0.60F - 0.50F
Total Column 0.040FL - - 0.022FL - 0.022FL
moments
Table 3.3.5-1 Bending Moment and Shear Force Coefficients for Flat slabs of Three or
More Equal Spans.

NOTE:

• F is the total design ultimate load on the strip of slab between adjacent columns
considered.
• L is the effective span = L1-2hc/3
• The limitations of Section A.4.3.1(2) of EBCS 2, need not be checked
• The moments shall not be redistributed

Lateral Distribution

The design moment obtained from the above (or equivalent frame analysis) shall be divided
b/n the column and middle strips according to the following table.

Apportionment been column and middle strip expressed as

percentages of the total negative or positive design moment
Column Strip (%) Middle Strip (%)
Negative 75 25
Positive 55 45
Table 3.3.5-2 Distribution of Design Moments in Panels of Flat Slabs

NOTE: For the case where the width of the column strip is taken as equal to that of the drop
and the middle strip is thereby increased in width, the design moments to be resisted by the
middle strip shall be increased in proportion to its increased width. The design moments to
be resisted by the column strip may be decreased by an amount such that the total positive
and the total negative design moments resisted by the column strip and middle strip
together are unchanged.

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RCS – II Columns Chapter IV
3.3.6. Equivalent Frame Method
The direct design method is applicable when the proposed structures satisfy the restrictions
on geometry and loading. If the structure does not satisfy the criteria, the more general
method of elastic analysis is the equivalent frame method.

In the equivalent frame method, the structure is divided in to continuous frames centered
on the column lines on either side of the columns, extending both longitudinally and
transversely. Each frame is composed of abroad continuous beam and a row of columns.

Figure 3.3.6-1 Building idealization for equivalent frame analysis

Equivalent Frame Method as per EBCS 2, 1995

According to the EBCS 2 specification, Equivalent Frame Method of analysis is treated as

follows:

(1) The width of slab used to define the effective stiffness of the slab will depend upon
the aspect ratio of the panels and the type of loading, but the following provisions
may be applied in the absence of more accurate methods:
• In the case of vertical loading, the full width of the Panel, and
• For lateral loading, half the width of the panel may be used to calculate the
stiffness of the slab.
(2) The moment of inertia of any section of slab or column used in calculating the
relative stiffness of members may be assumed to be that of the cross section of the
concrete alone.

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RCS – II Columns Chapter IV
(3) Moments and forces within a system of flat slab panels may be obtained from
analysis of the structure under the single load case of maximum design load on all
spans or panels simultaneously, provided:
• The ratio of the characteristic imposed load to the characteristic dead load does
not exceed 1.25.
• The characteristic imposed load does not exceed 5.0 kN/m2 excluding partitions.
(4) Where it is not appropriate to analyze for the single load case of maximum design
load on all spans, it will be sufficient to consider following arrangement of vertical
loads:
• All spans loaded with the maximum design ultimate load, and
• Alternate spans with the maximum design ultimate load and all other spans
loaded with the minimum design ultimate load (1.0Gk).
(5) Each frame may be analyzed in its entirety by any elastic method. Alternatively, for
vertical loads only, each strip of floor and roof may be analyzed as a separate frame
with the columns above and below fixed in position and direction at their
extremities. In either case, the analysis shall be carried out for the "appropriate
design ultimate loads on each span calculated for a strip of slab of width equal to the
distance between center lines of the panels on each side of the columns.

Equivalent Frame Method as per ACI Code

According to the ACI Code specification, the Equivalent Frame method was developed with
the assumption that the analysis would be done using the moment distribution method.

A. Basis of Analysis

The equivalent Frame method was developed with the assumption that the analysis would
be done using the moment distribution method. For vertical loading, each floor with its
columns may be analyzed separately by assuming the columns to be fixed at the floors
above and below.

B. Moment of Inertia of Slab Beam

The slab beam includes the portion of then slab bounded by panel centerlines on each side
of the columns, together with column line beams or drop panels (if used).

The moment of inertia used for analysis may be based on the concrete cross-section,
neglecting reinforcement, but variations in cross section along the member axis should be
accounted for (see below).

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RCS – II Columns Chapter IV

Figure 3.3.6-2 EI values for slab with drop

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RCS – II Columns Chapter IV

Figure 3.3.6-3 EI values for slab and beam

C. The equivalent Column

In the equivalent frame method of analysis, the columns are considered to be attached to
the continuous slab beam by torsional members transverse to the direction of the span for
which moments are being found. Torsional deformation of these transverse supporting
members reduces the effective flexural stiffness provided by the actual column at the
support.

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RCS – II Columns Chapter IV

Figure 3.3.6-4 Frame action and twisting of edge member

The above effects can be considered by replacing the actual beam and columns with an
equivalent column having the following stiffness:

1 1 1
 9
b& ∑ b b|

Where: Kec = Flexural stiffness of equivalent column

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RCS – II Columns Chapter IV
Kc = flexural stiffness of actual column

Kt = torsional stiffness of edge beam

The torsional Stiffness Kt can be calculated by:

9 ?
b = }
 D
X" ~1 − "WX 
"

Where: Ecs = modulus of elasticity of slab concrete

c2 = size of rectangular column, capital, or bracket in the direction of l2.

C = cross sectional constant (roughly equivalent to polar moment of inertia)

The torsional constant C can be calculated by:

G GD
? = } y1 − 0.63 z
3

Where: x is the shorter side of a rectangle and y is the longer side.

C is calculated by sub-dividing the cross section of torsional members in to component

rectangles and the sub-division is to maximize the value of C.

The torsional members according to ACI Code are as follows:

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RCS – II Columns Chapter IV

Figure 3.3.6-5 Torsional members

D. Arrangement of Live Load for Analysis

(1) If the un-factored live load does not exceed 0.75 times the un-factored dead load, it
is not necessary to consider pattern loadings, and only the case of full factored live
load and dead load on all spans need to be analyzed.
(2) If the un-factored live load exceeds 0.75 times the un-factored dead load the
following pattern loadings need to be considered.
a. For maximum positive moment, factored dead load on all spans and 0.75
times the full factored live load on the panel in question and on alternate
panels.
b. For maximum negative moment at an interior support, factored dead load on
all panels and 0.75 times the full factored live load on the two adjacent
panels.

The final design moments shall not be less than for the case of full factored dead and live
load on all panels.

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RCS – II Columns Chapter IV
3.3.7. Shear in Flat Slabs, as per EBCS 2
The concrete section (thickness of the slab) must be adequate to sustain the shear force,
since stirrups are not convenient.

Two types of shear are considered

a) Beam type Shear: Diagonal tension Failure and critical section is considered at d
distance from the face of the column or capital and Vc is the same expression given
earlier for beams or solid slabs.

q = 0.25@ *! *" ,€ 

b) Punching Shear: perimeter shear which occurs in slabs without beams around
columns. It is characterized by formation of a truncated punching cone or pyramid
around concentrated loads or reactions. The outline of the critical section is shown in
Fig. below.

Figure 3.3.7-1 Critical section remote from a free edge

The shear force to be resisted can be calculated as the total design load on the area
bounded by the panel centerlines around the column less the load applied with in the area
defined by the critical shear perimeter.

The punching shear resistance without shear reinforcement is:

q = 0.25@ *! *"  

*! = (1 9 50& 3 H 2.0
"
&  ‚&4 & ƒ H 0.015

  ZJMNJ I JMMX MI

1
  04 9  3, [Jw M[ Zk
2

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