Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics

Vol. 11, No. 4, August 2022, pp. 2243~2252

ISSN: 2302-9285, DOI: 10.11591/eei.v11i4.4195  2243

A cloud GIS-based framework implementation in developing

countries

Wawan Hendriawan Nur1, Ida Narulita2, Yugo Kumoro3, Yuliana Susilowati2, Yuliana4,
Faiz Rohman Fajary5, Sekar Nur Wulandari6
1ResearchCenter for Data and Information Science, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung, Indonesia
2Research Center for Climate and Atmospheric, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung, Indonesia
3Research Center for Geological Disaster, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung, Indonesia
4Regional Development Planning Agency and Research Development of South OKU, South Sumatera, Indonesia
5Atmospheric Sciences Research Group, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
6Regional Development Planning Agency and Research Development of Riau Islands, Batam, Indonesia

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: Cloud computing technology has successful cost savings, business
effectiveness, and higher scalability in various fields, including the
Received Jul 31, 2021 government field. The pandemic Covid-19 era has been accelerating the
Revised Apr 15, 2022 adoption of cloud technology; the enterprises have instructed the employees
Accepted Jun 15, 2022 to work from home to reduce transmission. The cloud-based framework for
government in developing countries was developed. However, it was
arduous to apply in Indonesia as a developing country, especially in areas
Keywords: where technology infrastructure, human resources, and funding are
insufficient. Thus, the study of the cloud implementation framework in
Developing countries developing countries is essential. This paper used the enterprise architecture
GIS cloud-base planning method for designing a cloud GIS-based framework. The
GIS-cloud framework developed framework successfully implemented the cloud-based GIS
technology in Indonesia with limited ownership and infrastructure of
technology, resources, and funding.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Wawan Hendriawan Nur
Research Center for Data and Information Science, National Research and Innovation Agency
Komplek LIPI Sangkuring Gedung 80, Bandung 40135, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Cloud computing technology has success costs savings, business effectiveness, and higher
scalability in various fields significantly, and one of them is the government [1]–[9]. The government's
priority service is providing technology services that are easy to access, cost-effective, efficient, and timely.
And sometimes, the high cost is not an obstacle if it offers significant benefits to the community [2], [10],
[11]. On the other hand, the community desperately needs accurate, reliable, and timely information that can
be accessed anywhere and anytime to support daily activities [12].
The infrastructure and technology of the cloud are commonly used in government activities
considering efficient response times, low costs, and technology solutions in developed countries [11], [13],
[14]. Cloud computing plays an essential role in the new era of public service and infrastructure provision.
Cloud-based features such as on-demand services, broad network access, and rapid elasticity make
government services great and affordable [1], [6]. Cloud computing provides a diversity of services for
various industries, large companies, and even governments. Complex problems can be solved by leveraging
the latest technological solutions such as data mining, knowledge management, and big data as part of cloud

Journal homepage: http://beei.org

2244  ISSN: 2302-9285

computing [3], [11]. Cloud computing solutions are generally used for large-scale data storage, application
processing, and information sharing cost-effectively compared to other technology architecture solutions
currently available [2], [4].
Various problems constrain cloud technology in developing countries, including infrastructure,
human resources, security challenges, and technology transfer to cloud adoption [7], [15]–[17]. In some
developing countries, cloud technology is limited for the public sector because of a lack of education,
income, and age as significant predictors of access to technology [18], [19] and limited access to computers
and the internet infrastructure for specific communities [18].
The era of the Covid-19 pandemic has an enormous disadvantageous impact, but also give benefits
in accelerating new technology adoption, especially cloud computing [19], [20]. The enterprises or
government instructed the employees to work from home to reduce transmission [19], [21]. Almost all
sectors, including small, large enterprises, health care, education, and governments, have been forced to
change their work approach and business processes. Dependence on the virtual world is getting higher in
supporting daily activities. With the pandemic, the demand for online services is increasing rapidly, and the
requests for digital services are getting higher [19]. Various online services introduced worldwide make it
easier to support work activities, but this needs time to adapt, especially in some developing countries. In
decision-making, information is more accurately depicted in a map and easy-to-digest visualization of the
Geospatial information system [5], [22]–[24].
The cloud-based framework to support government activities in developing countries was developed
[1], [5]. Previous research has proposed the integrated geographical information system (GIS) and hybrid
cloud computing framework. This framework collaborates cloud computing concepts to overcome the
shortcomings associated with desktop GIS, including high startup costs and storage capacity and provides
features accessibility of location independence that can be accessed anywhere and anytime. However, it was
severe to apply in some areas of Indonesia as a developing country, especially in areas where technology
infrastructure, human resources, and funding are insufficient. The previously developed frameworks require a
high mastery of technology so that qualified resources are needed to implement it. In terms of financing,
some of the applications developed require paid software which requires a fee to pay for the license for the
application. Last, some remote areas have limited technology infrastructure. These facts will be the obstacles
to the successful implementation of cloud technology in developing countries. Thus, the study of the cloud
implementation framework in developing countries is essential. This paper will discuss a framework that
integrates GIS and cloud computing based on cheaper open-source technology that can be implemented in all
regions in Indonesia, especially in the government sector.

2. RESEARCH METHOD
2.1. Research method
The research method is a literature review, interview & observation, case study, data collection, data
analysis, framework design, system design, application design, and evaluation. The literature review focuses
on cloud computing issues in government application [2], [6]–[8], [10], [13], [14], [20], [25], [26], a
framework for cloud computing in developed countries [1], [5], [27], and GIS for the enterprise [22], [28].
Today, the choice of cloud computing has grown exponentially in a developing country. Enterprises
in the region use cloud computing to provide elevated standardization of their IT infrastructure and the cost-
effective delivery of technology solutions. The advantage of using cloud computing in government sectors
[20]: i) Reducing costs associated with upgrading legacy technologies; ii) Boosting the agility of
governments to respond to the needs of communities and businesses; iii) Improving resilience and recovery
capabilities pandemic events; iv) Ensuring that the public sector's human resources keep up with technology
development.
GIS is an integrated system of hardware, software, data, method, and people. Moreover, the GIS-
based cloud or web GIS has been an approach to upgrade the conventional GIS applications to provide
comprehensive services to users across the globe. Web GIS capabilities and services are combined on a cloud
infrastructure called GIS Cloud [29]. An example of a GIS cloud is Google map which combines maps,
satellite imagery, other geospatial data and presents an application programming interface (API). Another
example is ArcGIS Server which allows the deployment of web GIS or GIS Servers. The GIS-based cloud
has advanced capabilities in collecting, processing, analyzing, and publishing geospatial data. Most of the
mature GIS cloud application is not free and sometimes is expensive for a particular area or region in
Indonesia. So if the user is concerned about low-cost services, they can develop their GIS-based cloud or web
GIS using open-source software.
Interviews were conducted with the users to get their adoption point of view on the challenge and
barriers of cloud computing technology implementation, current problems, and solutions to those problems.

Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 11, No. 4, August 2022: 2243-2252
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285  2245

Observations were made to analyze the results of interviews with facts on the ground. After that, particular
case studies are determined to be applied in a cloud computing application as a pilot project. Data collection
is carried out for a predetermined case study, various data formats have been collected related to the case
study. The data consists are non-digital or digital tabular data and spatial data. The non-digital tabular data
was converted using the digitation or rectification method. Then converted to spatial data format and join
with tabular data. All of the data is stored in a folder. Finally, all data is ready to be standardized spatial data.
The analyzed data was done for collecting data for a particular case study. The data analysis is
carried out to design a spatial database system and choose and adopt cloud computing and spatial database
technology. The priority of selecting database technology is open-source, which does not require a license.
Framework design uses enterprise architecture planning to get a structured diagram that helps organize data
and conceptions of a problem to do it more effectively. System design focuses on the various stages of
system design, database, and application architecture. Application design focuses on the stage to build the
Web GIS and geodatabase application cloud-based. After building GIS Web applications and geodatabase, it
was evaluated to assess the satisfaction of what to expect. Furthermore, if there is a shortage, it can be done
earlier analysis stage.

2.2. Cloud computing

Cloud computing is a concept in which an organization can "plugin" to a virtual environment and
use available computing resources as needed. Applications running on these platforms can be accessed via a
web client, while application software and data are stored on the server-side. Scenarios are application
components, which are dynamically selected from a pool of services and the coordination. Computation was
performed in the cloud, on the client-side, or both. Cloud computing has five key characteristics (on-demand
self-service; rapid elasticity; location-independent pooling of resources; ubiquitous network access; and pay-
per-use), three cloud computing models, namely software as a service (SaaS), platform as a service (PaaS),
and infrastructure as a service (IaaS). Its application can be private, public, community, and hybrid [30].
SaaS enables consumers to deploy applications running on cloud infrastructure. Applications can be
accessed from multiple client devices through the web browser, smartphone, PC, laptop, or a program
interface. Consumers are limited to control the cloud infrastructures such as operating systems, networks,
servers, storage, or application configuration settings. PaaS enables consumers to deploy acquired
applications created into the cloud infrastructure by the provider's libraries, services, and instruments. The
consumer is limited to managing or controlling the cloud infrastructure, including operating systems,
network, servers, or storage, but presides the deployed applications, possibly configuration for the
application-hosting environment settings. PaaS allows consumers to provide processing, storage, networking,
or primary computing sources where consumers can use and run optional software, including operating
systems and applications. The consumer is limited to control the cloud infrastructure, but can handle storage,
operating systems, deployed applications, and probably limited control of specific networking components.
Now, cloud computing is significantly solving obstacles in an extensive range of different sectors. It
became easier to handle a massive amount of data and services with cost-saving using the utility of pay-as-
you-go (PAYG). It is easier for the customer to scale up or scale down, customize, and reserve computing
resources, including software, storage, and development platforms where the resource charges are based on
the used services. Cloud computing furthermore provides access to these data and services without time or
location reliance [5].
The adoption of cloud computing is not easy, especially in developing countries. A study by Gartner
discovered that interests in data privacy and security as two of the top barriers to cloud adoption in the public
sector [31]. In the cloud, cloud services must recognize the behavior of users to prevent the potential
disclosure of sensitive data to unauthorized persons [32]. For security reasons, data classification is a tool that
governments can use to assign various security models to different categories of data based on their perceived
risk impact (the criticality or sensitivity of data). Data classification for security reason is shown in Table 1.
Data with a high level of sensitivity is usually a small amount and can be handled by a private cloud.
Meanwhile, the public cloud model can handle data with low sensitivity levels that are generally massive.

Table 1. Data classification and government data[20]

Data classification type Amount of government data Cloud deployment
Low sensitivity High Public cloud
Medium sensitivity Few Hybrid cloud
High sensitivity Rare Private cloud

A cloud GIS-based framework implementation in developing countries … (Wawan Hendriawan Nur)

2246  ISSN: 2302-9285

2.3. Case description

The case study was conducted in South Ogan Komering Ulu regency, located in South Sumatra
Province shown in Figure 1. South OKU regency is 260 KM from the center of the provincial capital and 358
KM from the Indonesian capital. Geographically it is located 103 o 22'-104o 21' East Longitude and 04o14'-
04o55' south latitude has an area of 5493.94 Km2 [6]. As an area far from the national and provincial capitals,
the available information technology infrastructure is also limited. It has been a challenge in implementing
cloud computing in government activities. The topography of the South OKU Regency is primarily hilly and
mountainous highlands. The altitude ranges from 45 to 1,643 meters above sea level (masl), with the spread
concentration of settlements over several sub-districts, low density.

Figure 1. South OKU map location

Interviews and observations were conducted at the Regional Planning and Development Agency and
Research and Development. This agency was chosen because it is an excellent center for data processing in
South OKU Regency. So, the framework implementation in the agency chosen can be applied to other
agencies in the future. The interviews conducted in South OKU Regency were related to the available
technology infrastructure, the applications used, and the existing human resources. Questions about the
currently available technological infrastructure relate to the internet network, servers, and storage. Questions
related to the application used are associated with GIS applications in spatial analysis activities for daily
activities. Questions about human resources are whether particular employees manage networks, spatial
databases, and operators or analysts who specifically operate GIS applications. The result of the interview
and observation is shown in Table 2.

Table 2. The maturity about infrastructure, application, and human resources

Question Low Moderate High
IT infrastructures V
GIS application V
GIS human resources V

2.4. Enterprise architecture planning

The data collected is a particular case study that will be analyzed and used as a reference in
developing a cloud-based GIS framework. The data collected with a specific thematic is obtained in various
formats, ranging from hardcopy, digital, image, and spatial data already in digital format. Identifying of the
collected data is vital to creating the system design, shown in Table 3. In the era of information technology, a
system that provides fast and accurate data and information are necessary for government and society.
Currently and in the future, there is a need for data that can be accessed quickly, anywhere and anytime,

Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 11, No. 4, August 2022: 2243-2252
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285  2247

accurate and integrated, responsive in adapting to changes, and easy sharing or accessing. A good
information system is an information system that can produce good quality data and information that
supports decision-making systems. To produce quality data and information requires meticulous planning.
enterprise architecture planning (EAP) is an approach to produce quality data and information in the
information systems planning.
EAP defines the architecture to optimize information to support business processes and plan to
implement the architecture. The main components of EAP are architecture and planning. Architecture can be
the form of blueprints, designs, or models. The architecture in EAP is divided into three parts: data,
applications, and technology architecture. As well as in the architecture also defines planning so that the EAP
can be implemented in an organization correctly.
Data architecture aims to define and identify data related to the database system model to be built.
It’s the first stage in EAP because quality data is the main foundation in developing information
systems/database systems. Data is the basis for the physical, logical design and implementation of the spatial
database system. Data architecture is related to a conceptual data model, conceptual schema, conceptual
database design, enterprise data model, global data model, object definition, logical data model, and
information model [33]. The steps in the data architecture stage are as follows: i) create a list of candidate
entities; ii) define entities, attributes, and relationships; iii) relate entities into business functions; iv) istribute
data architecture from data collected
Excellent data analysis will provide suitable identification and definition, resulting in a good
database system model built. In the era of the data paradigm, data is very decisive in developing applications
needed to support information needs for an organization. Then data is classified using a decision tree method
to create an appropriate classification. The data classification was used as a reference in the spatial database
system design. The application architecture defines the applications needed in management and analysis data
to support the information needs of an organization. Technology architecture discusses matters related to
planning, designing, and implementing spatial database systems.

Table 3. Summary of data collection format

Name Format Type
Regency administration shp spatial
District administrations shp spatial
Province road shp spatial
District road shp spatial
Local road shp spatial
Land cover Shp spatial
Infrastructure shp spatial
Infrastructure description Excel Non spatial
Infrastructure photo Image Non spatial
Road photo Image Non spatial
Work program Excel Non spatial

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

During a time of accelerating digital transformation and fast adoption of the digital era, the
government is adjusting to the new paradigm brought by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.
Internet and digitally connected communities demand the best and fastest service from their government to
support their businesses with the latest digital tools. Governments worldwide respond to the change by
modernizing their services, improving their data analytics capacities, and realizing digital economy
development plans.
The era of the Covid-19 pandemic has forced the adoption of cloud technology. The use of cloud
computing significantly increases the volume, speed, variation of data generated in the world of several
applications and services. Those data are classified as structured, semi-structured, or unstructured data. Data
is stored in various formats that are not easy to integrate due to the size and speed of data flow [34]. A digital
transformation era needs fit technologies, while the present abilities might not advise them well.
Organizations require to control the challenges associated with big data to persist in the new digital era.
To successfully design and implement cloud-based GIS framework implementations, this adopts the
framework for cloud migration by Frost and Sullivan [9]. There are three-stage in this framework are identify
stage, implementation stage, and improve stage. The identify stage is to determine which can be private and
shared with the public. The implement stage is to aggregate the demand of users and ensure to integrate the
existing infrastructure. Moreover, the improve stage clearly conveys the successes and failures to the user, as
shown in Figure 2.

A cloud GIS-based framework implementation in developing countries … (Wawan Hendriawan Nur)

2248  ISSN: 2302-9285

Figure 2. A framework cloud migration [9]

The identification stage is used to determine the existing conditions to determine the supporting and
inhibiting factors in cloud computing implementation. The method used in this stage is interviews and
observation of the study location to find more details and facts about the success of cloud computing
implementation. The data and information generated in this stage is the primary key to building a framework
using EAP. The implementation phase is carried out for alignment and integration between business
processes and existing infrastructure with business processes and infrastructure planned to be implemented.
After the framework is built and tried to be implemented in new business processes, the existing functions
and benefits or shortcomings can be seen to be evaluated and improved. The results of data from the
interview and observation analysis show that the readiness of infrastructure, technology, human resources,
and financing is at a low level. However, if implemented cloud-based using the previous framework [1], [5],
it seems extremely hard to implement because the three main success factors in the case study are not enough
to support implementing these frameworks.
First, the technology infrastructure in the case study area is limited to meet the requirement of these
frameworks. The area study has limited infrastructure such as computer server infrastructure and network
infrastructure. Second, there are no human resources are mainly work as the network and gis application
specialists. Last, it is not easy to buy expensive software licenses for web gis server application and desktop gis in
terms of limited financing. Need modifications or redesign from the previous framework to be implemented by
adjusting the South OKU Regency condition. One of the solutions to these problems is selecting open source
technology as an alternative in developing a cloud-based gis. By utilizing cloud technology, gis functions can be
implemented properly according to user requests, making daily work easier. Regarding the COVID-19 pandemic,
where employees have to WFH, the resulting cloud technology implementation framework can be an excellent
alternative to encourage the rapid adoption of technology. Moreover, to keep developing the effectiveness of work
without being interrupted by the pandemic. Cloud technology allows work anywhere and anytime by connecting to
data and applications using the internet network.
There are two main parts in the framework, namely on the client-side and the server-side. Three
interfaces are used to communicate with data and applications: Web GIS, Desktop GIS, and spatial database
interfaces. On the server side, spatial database servers and backend applications are using an open-source
platform. The open source reduces costs during application development and implementation. The database
applications used PostgreSQL as an open source relational database system that is reliable in managing and
storing complex data, one of the most famous is excellent spatial data management. And one that makes it
reliable in managing spatial data is the PostGIS extension, which provides the primary support in managing
geographic or spatial data.
In the backend applications used GeoDjango as a module of the Django framework specifically
made for creating web applications to manage or display spatial data in web GIS. Django is a programming
framework based on the Python language. With ease and open source, it is hoped that the development or
implementation of the framework is easy and possible to be applied in areas with limitations in purchasing
software licenses.

Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 11, No. 4, August 2022: 2243-2252
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285  2249

On the client-side, to display spatial data in the form of web gis using OpenLayers, renders spatial
data from PostgreSQL converted in GeoJSON format. To display, access, and manage data in desktop mode
using open-source desktop GIS software QGIS as one of the leading in spatial data processing currently
available. PgAdmin or PostgreSQL Maestro software is reliable for data and user management in
management, data management, and users on the client-side. Finally, and most importantly, besides being
reliable, it is open source. The proposed framework is shown in Figure 3.
Based on the framework that has been built, then create a spatial database and application for case
studies in spatial infrastructure data of South OKUS. The spatial database and application could be accessed
through several media: personal computer (PC), tablets, and smartphones. The ease of access from several of
these devices is simulated. Where in the field, you can input data with a smartphone or tablet, or PC. Then for
the leveraging stage, it is done using QGIS as an open-source desktop GIS Figure 4(a). And the information
is displayed to the public using web GIS in Figure 4(b). And for managing data and users used by PgAdmin
shown in Figure 4(c).

Figure 3. A cloud GIS-based framework proposed

(a) (b)

(c)
Figure 4. The applications interface (a) QGIS interface, (b) web GIS interface, and (c) spatial database
management interface
A cloud GIS-based framework implementation in developing countries … (Wawan Hendriawan Nur)
2250  ISSN: 2302-9285

One of the main points used in the design of this framework is the use of an open source in cloud
technology implementation because one of the success factors for implementing cloud is in areas with
limitations in infrastructure, human resources, and financing.
With the developed framework, it is easier to apply in these areas because it is cheaper financing.
However, even though it is more affordable, it is not inferior in terms of features or capabilities compared to
non-open-source technology. With cloud computing technology, it is still possible to stay productive during a
pandemic because it can still be accessed from anywhere and anytime as long as it is connected to the
internet.

4. CONCLUSION
The framework has been designed using EAP method, which is the main point to note is that it is
based on open source. In this framework on the server-side and client-side using open-source software.
PostgreSQL and PostGIS for spatial database management, GeoDjango for creating web applications to
manage or display spatial data in a web GIS, and QGIS as open-source desktop gis used for visualizing and
managing and spatial data analysis. Based on the framework that has been built, a spatial database and
application were successfully implemented, which can be accessed by a smartphone, PC, laptop using the
internet connection anytime and anywhere. Based on the framework in obstacles in the implementation of
cloud computing, especially the limitations of infrastructure and costs can be minimized.
For further research can evaluate performance such as speed, security, and readiness of the system's
adaptation, which is not done in this research. It is hoped that the framework created can be implemented in
various regions in Indonesia as a developing country.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We wish to thank the head of the Research Center of Oceanographic-LIPI with staff, the coordinator
of the DDRF-Coremap CTI LIPI 2021 with staff who have provided fund and facilities in carrying out this
research. We would also to thank the head of the Research Center of Geotechnology LIPI for approving the
research proposal, technicians who had collaborated in fieldwork.

REFERENCES
[1] Q. Al-Maatouk, M. S. Bin Othman, M. E. Rana, and W. M. Al-Rahmi, “A cloud based framework for e-government
implementation in developing countries,” International Journal of Engineering and Technology(UAE), vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 3018–
3021, 2018, doi: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14740.
[2] D. T. L. Fan Zhao, Sandra D. Gaw, Nicholas Bender, “Exploring cloud computing adoptions in public sectors: a case study,”
GSTF Journal on Computing (JOC), vol. Volume 3, no. 1, pp. 42–47, 2013, doi: 10.5176/2251-3043.
[3] N. R. Tadapaneni, “Cloud computing-an emerging technology,” International Journal of Innovative Science and Researh
Technology, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 37–40, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ICCDA.2010.5541105.
[4] S. F. Goundar, “Cloud computing: opportunities and issues,” Int. J. Cloud Appl. Comput., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 1–15, 2011.
[5] A. M. Helmi, M. S. Farhan, and M. M. Nasr, “A framework for integrating geospatial information systems and hybrid cloud
computing,” Computers and Electrical Engineering, vol. 67, no. June 2017, pp. 145–158, 2018, doi:
10.1016/j.compeleceng.2018.03.027.
[6] S. Paquette, P. T. Jaeger, and S. C. Wilson, “Identifying the security risks associated with governmental use of cloud computing,”
Government Information Quarterly, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 245–253, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.giq.2010.01.002.
[7] M. A. Alshehri and S. Drew, “Implementation of e-Government: advantages and challenges,” International Conference E-Activity
and Leading Technologies 2010, pp. 79–86, 2010.
[8] N. R. A. Salam and S. Ali, “Determining factors of cloud computing adoption: a study of indonesian local government
employees,” Journal of Accounting and Investment, vol. 21, no. 2, 2020, doi: 10.18196/jai.2102151.
[9] a Chandrasekaran and M. Kapoor, “State of cloud computing in the public sector–a strategic analysis of the business case and
overview of initiatives across Asia Pacific,” Frost & Sullivan, pp. 1–17, 2011.
[10] J. Fan and W. Yang, “Study on E-Government services quality: the integration of online and offline services,” Journal of
Industrial Engineering and Management, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 693–718, 2015, doi: 10.3926/jiem.1405.
[11] T. Feng and Y. Cheng, “Comprehensive research and application of cloud computing in enterprises,” International Journal of
Grid and Distributed Computing, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 191–200, 2014, doi: 10.14257/ijgdc.2014.7.6.15.
[12] A. S. Sife, F. W. Dulle, and G. E. P. Msoffe, “Searching information in the electronic environment,” 2010.
[13] H. Al-Saghier, M. Ford, A. Nguyen, and R. Hexel, “Conceptualising citizen’s trust in e-government: application of q
methodology,” Electronic Journal of e-Government, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 295–310, 2009.
[14] H. Sallehudin, R. C. Razak, and M. Ismail, “Factors influencing cloud computing adoption in the public sector: an empirical
analysis,” Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 30–45, 2015, doi: 10.17687/jeb.0301.03.
[15] Q. K. Kadhim, R. Yusof, H. S. Mahdi, S. S. Ali Al-Shami, and S. R. Selamat, “A review study on cloud computing issues,”
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1018, no. 1, 2018, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1018/1/012006.
[16] N. R. Tadapaneni, “Cloud computing security challenges,” International Journal of Innovations in Engineering Research and
Technology (IJIERT), vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 1–5, 2020.
[17] N. R. Tadapaneni, “Artificial intelligence security and its countermeasures,” International Journal of Advanced Research in
Computer Science & Technology, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 2–4, 2020.

Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 11, No. 4, August 2022: 2243-2252
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285  2251

[18] K. C. Laudon and J. P. Laudon, Management Information Systems Managing The digital Firm Thirteen Edition Global Edition
(SIB). 2014.
[19] Z. R. Alashhab, M. Anbar, M. M. Singh, Y. B. Leau, Z. A. Al-Sai, and S. A. Alhayja’a, “Impact of coronavirus pandemic crisis
on technologies and cloud computing applications,” Journal of Electronic Science and Technology, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 25–40,
2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jnlest.2020.100059.
[20] T. Abell, Cloud Computing as a Key Enabler for Digital Government Across Asia and The Pacific, vol. 77. 2021.
[21] Y. W. Prihatiningtias and M. R. Wardhani, “Understanding the effect of sustained use of cloud-based point of sales on SMEs
performance during covid-19 pandemic,” The Indonesian Accounting Review, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 33, 2021, doi:
10.14414/tiar.v11i1.2300.
[22] I. H. Agustina, “GIS approach to spatial analysis of heritage settlement: case study of Magersari Kasepuhan palace, Indonesia,”
Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 1614–1629, 2021.
[23] W. H. Nur, Yuliana, Y. Susilowati, Y. Kumoro, and Yunarto, “Overview about gis multi-criteria spatial analysis for micro
hydropower plant site suitability in south ogan komering ulu district, south sumatera, indonesia,” Bulletin of Electrical
Engineering and Informatics, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1024–1034, 2021, doi: 10.11591/eei.v10i2.2770.
[24] D. Mulyadi and W. H. Nur, “The analytic hierarchy process application for earthquake hazard in Tanjung Lesung-Panimbang,
Pandeglang,” RISET Geologi dan Pertambangan, vol. 28, no. 1, p. 37, 2018, doi: 10.14203/risetgeotam2018.v28.387.
[25] S. Tweneboah-Koduah, B. Endicott-Popovsky, and A. Tsetse, “Barriers to government cloud adoption,” International Journal of
Managing Information Technology, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1–16, 2014, doi: 10.5121/ijmit.2014.6301.
[26] J. Choudrie and H. Lee, “Broadband development in South Korea: Institutional and cultural factors,” European Journal of
Information Systems, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 103–114, 2004, doi: 10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000494.
[27] M. T. Amron, R. Ibrahim, N. A. A. Bakar, and S. Chuprat, “Acceptance of cloud computing in the Malaysian public sector: A
proposed model,” International Journal of Engineering Business Management, vol. 11, pp. 1–9, 2019, doi:
10.1177/1847979019880709.
[28] M. Paul, S. K. Ghosh, and P. S. Acharya, “Enterprise geographic information system (E-GIS): a service-based architecture for
geo-spatial data interoperability,” International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), pp. 229–232, 2006, doi:
10.1109/IGARSS.2006.63.
[29] R. Nourjou and J. Thomas, “System architecture of cloud-based web GIS for real-time macroeconomic loss estimation,”
Proceedings of the 5th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Mobile Geographic Information Systems, MobiGIS 2016,
pp. 56–63, 2016, doi: 10.1145/3004725.3004731.
[30] G. World, “Cloud for GIS systems geospatial world,” 2014. .
[31] R. van der Meulen, “Understanding cloud adoption in government,” Gartner, 2018. .
[32] Y. Sun, J. Zhang, Y. Xiong, and G. Zhu, “Data security and privacy in cloud computing,” International Journal of Distributed
Sensor Networks, vol. 2014, 2014, doi: 10.1155/2014/190903.
[33] T. Burns and E. Fong, “Reference Model for DBMS STandardization,” 1985. doi: 10.1007/springerreference_23210.
[34] Z. A. Al-Sai, R. Abdullah, and M. H. Husin, “Big data impacts and challenges: a review,” 2019 IEEE Jordan International Joint
Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, JEEIT 2019 - Proceedings, pp. 150–155, 2019, doi:
10.1109/JEEIT.2019.8717484.

BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Wawan Hendriawan Nur is working as a researcher at Research Center for Data

and Information Science at National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia. His research
areas include spatial information systems, geographical information systems, and spatial
databases. He can be contacted at email: [email protected] and [email protected].

Ida Narulita is working as a researcher at Research Center for Climate and

Atmospheric at National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia. Her research areas
include hydrology and climate. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

A cloud GIS-based framework implementation in developing countries … (Wawan Hendriawan Nur)

2252  ISSN: 2302-9285

Ir. Yugo Kumoro is working as a researcher at Research Center for Geological

Disaster at National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia. His research areas include
geology, geological engineering, and natural hazard. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Yuliana Susilowati is working as a researcher at Research Center for Climate and

Atmospheric at National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia. Her research areas
include Digital Image Processing, Remote Sensing, GIS and Environmental Modeling. She
can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Yuliana is working at the Regional Development Planning Agency and Research

Development of South OKU, Indonesia as the head of research and development. Her research
areas include urban and territorial planning. She can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Faiz Rohman Fajary is working as a researcher in Atmospheric Sciences

Research Group, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia. His research areas include
atmospheric science. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Sekar Nur Wulandari is working at Regional Development Planning Agency

and Research Development of Riau Islands, Indonesia. Her research areas include urban and
territorial planning. She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 11, No. 4, August 2022: 2243-2252