Learning Module in

Technology and Livelihood

Education
Industrial Arts

CIVIL
TECHNOLOGY 1

Compiled by

PROF. JULIUS M. AUSEJO

 COURSE OUTLINE
Discipline Exploratory Program BTLED
Course Code BTLED-IA 13 Course Title Civil Technology 1
Credit Units 3 units Duration 3 hours lecture per week
Program
1ST Semester Prerequisite None
Placement
COURSE DESCRIPTION AND COURSE INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
The course is BLED-IA 13- Civil Technology 1 is a (3) Three unit subject to be taught in three hours per week for the
students enrolled in the Bachelor of Technology and Livelihood Education as exploratory courses (CMO 78 s 2017) This
course deals with the concept of Civil Technology with content knowledge and its application (5.1.1.1). It includes
discussions on technology, its evolution, utilization, and significance that develop critical, creative, and other higher-order
thinking skills (5.1.5.1). It also includes knowledge and learning environments that motivate learners to work (5.2.5.1) in
industry, its organization, materials, occupations, resources, and products; and with problems and benefits resulting from
the technological nature of society. As an introductory subject, it enhances knowledge and understanding of differentiated
teaching to suit the learner’s gender (5.3.1.1) which is also designed to develop certain habits, attitudes, and abilities
desirable for all citizens or in groups in a meaningful exploration, discovery, and hands-on activities within the available
physical learning environments (5.2.3.1). This course also covers the basic knowledge and skills in the areas of Civil
Technology related to drafting, carpentry, woodworking, and construction painting which give competence in applying
specialized knowledge and skills with confidence (7.3.1.1).

After completing this course, the student must be able to:

- Demonstrate content knowledge and its application within and or across curriculum teaching areas (5.1.1.1);
- Apply teaching strategies that develop critical and creative thinking, and or other higher-order thinking skills (5.1.5.1);
- Demonstrate knowledge of the learning environment that motivates learners to work productively by assuming
responsibility for their learning (5.2.5.1);
- Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of differentiated teaching to suit the learner’s gender, needs, strength,
interests, and experiences (5.3.1.1);
- Demonstrate knowledge of managing classroom structure that engages learners, individually or in groups, in
meaningful exploration, discovery, and hands-on activities within the available physical learning environments (5.2.3.1);
- Demonstrate competence in applying specialized knowledge and skill with confidence (7.3.1.1).
COURSE OUTLINE
Timeframe Timeframe
Topic Topic
(Week & Hour) (Week & Hour)
st
1 NOrSU Preliminaries 11th – 14th
Woodworking
(3 Hours) Course Orientation (12 Hours)
2nd – 5th 15th -18th
Drafting Construction Painting
(12 Hours) (12 Hours)
th th
6 –9
Carpentry
(12 Hours)
Mid Term Final
(1.5 Hours) (1.5 Hours)
COURSE REQUIREMENTS COURSE GRADING SYSTEM
At the end of the semester, the learners are to The students are graded according to rubrics on the following:
comply with the requirements: Quizzes 20%
1. ATTENDANCE Midterm/Final Exam 40%
2. PASS SUMMATIVE EXAMS Class Participation 5%
Project/Performance 25%
Attendance 10%
Total of 100%
The passing grade is 85%.

References
Fajardo Jr., M. B. (2002). Planning and Designers Handbook Second Edition. Manila: 5138 Merchandising.

Henry C. Spencer, J. T. (1995). Basic Technical Drawing. McGraw-Hill Education.

2|Page CIVIL TECHNOLOGY 1 JULIUS M. AUSEJO

 NORSU VISION, MISSION, GOALS, CORE VALUES, QUALITY POLICY

VISION: A dynamic, competitive, and globally responsive state university.

MISSION: The University shall provide excellent instruction, relevant and responsive
research and extension services, and quality-assured production through competent and
highly motivated human capital.

GOALS

Negros Oriental State University strives to achieve:

N – national development through effective partnership

O – opportunity-laden educational access to poor but deserving students

R – research-based and competency-driven instruction

S – scholarship and innovation

U – unity in diversity of cultures

CORE VALUES

S - Spirituality

A - Accountability

P - Professionalism

P - Patriotism

H- Harmony

I - Integrity

R - Respect

E – Excellence

QUALITY POLICY

Negros Oriental State University commits itself to the provision of quality instruction,
research, extension services, and production as well as compliance with applicable
regulatory requirements and continual improvement of its management system.

3|Page CIVIL TECHNOLOGY 1 JULIUS M. AUSEJO

 NORSU HEALTH ADVISORY FOR COVID-19
(Coronavirus Disease 2019 Prevention/ 2nd Edition: August 2020)
How to Protect Yourself and Others
As of August 2020, there are currently no vaccines available and no proven antiviral drugs to
protect us against COVID-19. However, we may be able to reduce the possible risk of its infection by
doing the following:
1. Wash your hands anytime as needed with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. You can
also use a hand sanitizer or alcohol with a 70% solution antiseptic disinfectant if soap and
water are not available.
2. Avoid touching your eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands.
3. Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing (a cough etiquette), then
throw the tissue into the trash bin. Do not forget to wash your hands after.
4. Use a face mask while in public areas. This face mask has to be used when we feel sick with
fever, cough, cold, sore throat, and other respiratory symptoms. The use of a face shield is
recommended as additional protection.
5. Clean and disinfect objects and surfaces using alcohol with 70% solution antiseptic
disinfectant or 0.5% chlorine solution (DOH: 900ml water mixed with 100ml bleach or 90ml
water and mixed with 10ml bleach) Note: Chlorine solution is not recommended for misting
and spraying as well as hand washing or for any skin contact. Wiping objects with cloth for
disinfection is recommended by the Department of Health (DOH).
6. Maintain social distancing especially in public areas by observing a 1-meter space (DOH
Recommendation) apart from each other (front and back) to comply with the social distancing
protocol.
7. Avoid handshaking, touching, hugging, kissing, or any form of physical contact. These are
discouraged.
8. Avoid unnecessary travel.
9. Postpone mass gatherings to curb the spread of the virus. It is suggested strongly that you
follow the recommendations of the DOH/Local Government with the number of people allowed
to gather following social distancing.
10. Without proper PPE (Personal Protective Equipment), avoid close contact with sick people.
11. Seek advice and get a proper assessment from City Health doctors/Hospitals or any equipped
and accepting physician if you have a fever, cough, cold, sore throat, difficulty breathing, or
any respiratory illness.
12. Be aware that OFWs and LSIs are subjected to fourteen (14) Days of self-quarantine with
proper coordination with the Inter-Agency Task Force (IATF)/City Health or Barangay Health
Unit starting from the date of arrival in this province/country for proper guidance and
assessment.
13. Seek advice from the Inter-Agency Task Force (IATF)/City Health or Barangay Health Unit if
you have possible exposure to a probable or confirmed COVID-19 patient.
14. Be aware that “No Smoking” health advice is encouraged because smokers are more
vulnerable to COVID-19 infection as it increases the chance for bilateral viral pneumonia in
which 25% of them have been admitted to ICU (Intensive Care Unit) needing mechanical
ventilation or, worst, they could die once infected with COVID-19 based on recent studies.
15. Drink enough water and eat healthy foods like fruits and vegetables.
16. Cook food thoroughly.
17. Wash the spoon, fork, and other eating utensils properly.
18. Avoid close contact with sick or dead farm/wild animals. Avoiding contact with live wild animals
is also recommended (e.g., bats, snakes, etc.).
19. Try not to worry too much if you are not truly at risk.
20. Stop posting or sharing false/fake news as well as inaccurate information that may lead to
panic and undue distress.
21. Pray always for each other, for our families and friends as well as for our community, country,
and loved ones. Seek divine protection from Him against this COVID-19 pandemic.

Note: For Clinic Consultations, please call the University Clinic first for advice, guidance, and triage
to determine who will be referred to the Hospital/City Health and who will be catered for at the clinic
for a physical consultation. Here is the University Clinic’s contact number: (035) 225-9400 local
187.

4|Page CIVIL TECHNOLOGY 1 JULIUS M. AUSEJO

 THE CONTENT OF THIS MODULE

This module contains the following units and lessons:

UNIT 1 - Drafting
Lesson 1: Introduction of Drafting
Lesson 2: Perform basic mensuration and calculation
Lesson 3: Interpret Working Plans and Sketches
Lesson 4: Technical Drafting
UNIT 2 - Carpentry
Lesson 1: Prepare / Stake-out building lines
Lesson 2: Fabricate formworks
Lesson 3: Install formwork components
Lesson 4: Strip formwork components
Lesson 5: Install framing works
UNIT 3 - Woodworking
Lesson 1: Preparation and Measuring of Wood
Lesson 2: Joinery
Lesson 3: Wooden Floor, Stairs, Doors, Windows, Ceiling, and Roof Framing
Lesson 4: Wood Finishing
UNIT 4 – Construction Painting
Lesson 1: Prepare tools, painting materials, and equipment
Lesson 2: Prepare the surface for painting
Lesson 3: Perform painting works
Lesson 4: Perform re-touching works

DIRECTIONS ON HOW TO USE THIS MODULE PROPERLY:

To gain many benefits from this module, you should follow all the key points carefully:
1. This module is divided into four (4) units with different lessons. Each lesson is
explained thoroughly so that you can understand it fully.
2. On the first page of the lesson, you will find the learning objectives. Read them
carefully.
3. Each part has student activities which you should do. For teachers/tutors, you can
modify each activity or follow it as it is.
4. Feel free to chat, call, text, or send me an email if you have questions, reactions, or
reflections about the module’s content or activities.
5. The practice task/ assessment and the assignment shall be checked by me.

EACH LESSON CONTAINS THE FOLLOWING PARTS:

1. OBJECTIVES - These are learning objectives for a particular lesson.
2. MOTIVATION - These are questions or ideas that will stimulate you before you begin your
journey to the content or new information that you are to learn.
3. DISCUSSION - This contains new information for students to learn (substantial
discussion/information with proper citation.
4. STUDENT ACTIVITY 1/ SUGGESTED LEARNING ACTIVITY - This is a learning activity that
can enrich student learning since this will facilitate in-depth discussion, sharing, or
experiencing the topics to be learned.
5. ASSESSMENT/PRACTICE TASK - (Write your summative assessment test for the whole
lesson.)
6. FEEDBACK TO ASSESSMENT (Pre-test/Posttest) - Write your answer key here. This is a
self-corrective test.

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 UNIT 1: Drafting

Lesson 1: Introduction of Drafting

OBJECTIVES

1. Define drafting and drafting common terms;

2. Identify drafting materials and tools/ drawing instruments applicable to a specific job;
3. Order, accept and inspect drafting materials and tools/ drawing instruments.
4. Illustrate the proper manipulation of the T-Square and setting up of drawing paper on
the drawing table or drawing board.

MOTIVATION
1. What is the difference between drafting and drawing?
2. Which pencil is used for lettering by a draftsman?
3. Should I accept incomplete drafting tools and materials delivered to me?

DISCUSSIONS

1. Definition of Drafting and drafting common terms

Drafting is the principal means of expression of ideas in a technical world with a
graphic language which has its own alphabet, grammar, and penmanship (Henry
C. Spencer, 1995).

2. Drafting Common Terms

Drawing is considered as an international language of industry.
Freehand Drawing or Sketching is a graphic language with the use of a pencil, eraser
and paper only. A good freehand sketch should not be drawn with rigidly straight
lines. The line should have a certain freedom and variety.
Mechanical Drawing are used to express the graphic language with the aid of
precision drawing instruments like T-square, triangles, compass, scale, drawing
pencil, technical pen, etc. It is the next stage after the freehand sketch is drawn in
preparing working drawings.
Working Drawing is a complete drawing or set of drawings such that the object
represented can be built from it alone without additional information. Such a
drawing is a description of the object and is composed of two parts, the views and
the dimensions.
Orthographic Projection is the method of representing the exact shape of an object
into two or more views on planes generally at right angles or 90 degrees to each
other by extending perpendicular lines from the object to the plane.

6|Page CIVIL TECHNOLOGY 1 JULIUS M. AUSEJO

3. Identification of Drafting materials, tools, and drawing instruments applicable to a specific job.
Did you know that?
Pencils – one of the draftsman’s most important tools. They come in different grades of hardness by
numbers and letters.
Grades of Pencil
Soft – 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B
Medium – 3H, 2H, H, F, HB, B
Hard - 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H
Grades of pencil used for general drafting
HB – used for lettering
2H – used for line work
4H – used for general layout purposes
The minimum requirement for drafting students
4H – used for re-penciling light-finished lines (center lines, dimension lines, and visible
object lines)
F or H – used for all lettering and freehand work
6H – used for light construction lines in layout work where accuracy is required
2H – used for visible object lines

Common drawing tools and materials

PENCILS Are too soft to be used in mechanical drafting. They are very
(soft) useful for the artwork of various kinds.
PENCILS
Used for general-purpose work in drawing.
(medium)
PENCILS Used where extreme accuracy is required especially when
(hard) working on graphs, diagrams, and charts.
Used for drawing vertical and oblique lines. Common types of
TRIANGLE
triangles are 30̊ᵒ X 60ᵒ and 45ᵒ X 45ᵒ.
Used for drawing horizontal lines and serves as a guide for
T-SQUARE
triangles when drawing other kinds of lines.
Eraser Used to clean the dirt off the drawing.
Used to protect the rest of the drawing when clearing up
Erasing Shield
smudges, unnecessary pencil lines, and other erasures.
Used to reproduce the dimensions of an object full size, reduced,
Triangular Scale
or enlarged to some proportion.
Used for measuring and laying out arcs of circles as well as
Protractor
angles that cannot be measured by either of the triangles.
A curved ruler (called an irregular curve) is used to draw curves
French Curves
except for circles and arcs.
Used for dividing lines into any number of equal parts and
Divider
transferring measurements and spacing points or lines.
Compass Used for drawing arcs and circles.
A thick white paper that is specially prepared for use in pencil and
Drawing Paper
ink drawings.
Sketch Pad A pad of paper is used for sketching.
A paper is ruled usually into small squares of equal size for use in
Graph Paper
drawing charts, graphs, or diagrams.
Used for fastening the drawing paper on the drawing table or
Masking Tape
drawing board.
Pencil Sharpener Used to sharpen drawing pencils.
A large flat board on which drawing paper can be spread for
Drawing board
drawing.
A table having a surface consisting of a drawing board adjustable
Drawing Table
to various heights and angles.
The figures above show the different kinds of drafting tools and materials with their name and
use. Most of them are used in drawing.

7|Page CIVIL TECHNOLOGY 1 JULIUS M. AUSEJO

 4. Order, accept, and inspect drafting materials and tools/ drawing instruments.

PROCEDURES IN RECEIVING AND STORING TOOLS AND MATERIALS

The Receiving Department has the function to unload and unpack incoming materials; check quantities
received against the shipper's packing list; identify goods received with descriptions on the purchase order;
prepare a receiving report; notify the purchasing department of descriptions discovered; arrange for
inspection when necessary; notify the purchasing department of any damage in transit, and rout accepted
materials to the appropriate manufacturer’s location.
The form also provides a space for the inspection department to note either the complete approval of
the shipment or the quantity rejected and the reason for the rejection, If inspection does not take place
immediately after receipt of the materials, the receiving report is distributed as follows:
1. The receiving department keeps one copy and sends another copy to the purchasing department
as notice of the arrival of the materials.
2. All other copies go to the inspection department and are distributed when the inspection is
completed.
3. After inspection, one copy of the receiving report, with the inspection result is sent to the
accounting department, where it is matched with the purchase order the vendor's invoice, and the
paid.
4. Other copies go to various departments such as materials and production planning.
5. One copy accompanies the materials so that the storekeeper knows the quantity and the kind of
materials received.
Now, if you are going to buy drawing tools, materials, and equipment for your use, just skip the
procedures above. Have a list of the stuff before going to the store.

INVENTORY
Inventory is an idle stock of physical goods that contain economic value, and are held in various forms
by an organization in its custody awaiting packing, processing, transformation, use, or sale at a future point
in time

INVENTORY FORM
The Inventory form contains information about items (name, number, sales and purchase information,
and cost of goods sold account information) that any business purchases for sale, tracks in inventory, and
displays on a balance sheet.

VARIOUS FORMS
Accurate entry in different forms used in drafting works is essentially important to purchase the right,
accurate, and complete number of drawing materials, tools, and instruments needed in a specific drafting
job.

Please take note

1. Do not accept incomplete delivery of materials, tools, and equipment.
2. Alternative items not listed in the requisition form shall be rejected.
3. Proper documentation shall be implemented.

8|Page CIVIL TECHNOLOGY 1 JULIUS M. AUSEJO

Cleaning and storing of measuring tools

Good workmanship is associated with the use of quality hand tools. Maintaining effective use
of drafting tools in the production of quality projects is the concern of every craftsman. A good tool is
a lifelong investment and the craftsman’s best friend. Treat it as such and you’ll be repaid a thousand
times through the results you will obtain from its use.

What to do?

1. Be sure to inspect tools before using them. This is to check if they are in working condition.
This can be detected when there is ease and speed when in use.
2. After using a tool, clean it thoroughly with a damp cloth. Wipe it dry with another piece of cloth
before keeping it.
3. When not in use, the T-square is preferably hung by inserting the hole into a nail (attached to a
wall) at the end of its blade.
4. Do not abuse or misuse any piece of drawing instruments.
5. Avoid throwing a tool at anybody; instead, hand it over to him carefully.
6. Avoid setting off the distances individually by moving the scale to a new position from time to
time, because slight errors in the measurements may accumulate and give rise to a large
error.
7. Avoid unnecessary sliding of T-square or triangles to protect the drawing. Pick up the triangle
by its tip and tilt the T-square blade upward slightly before moving.
8. Do not pull too much of the steel tape of the pull-push rule to the coil spring to avoid damage.
9. Oil the movable parts of the measuring tools such as zigzag rules, calipers, dividers, and
compasses to avoid stock-up.
10. Report defective measuring tools and any hazards to the instructor immediately.

Some Tricks and tips:

1. To move T-Square, tilt the blade up then slide.

2. To move the triangle, pick it up with fingernails.
3. Never sharpen the pencil overdrawing piece.
4. Remove graphite from the pencil with a clean cloth or tissue paper.
5. Keep a sandpaper pad or file inside an envelope.
6. Never place articles on drawings.
7. Wash hands frequently using soap.
8. Do not rub off eraser crumbs with your hands. Use a dusting brush or flick with a clean
cloth.
9. Avoid perspiring on drawing.
10. Do not run your fingers through your hair. Hair oils can damage your drawing.
11. When erasing, protect other lines with an erasing shield.
12. When discussing, touch drawing only with the back of your fingernail.
13. When not drawing, cover your piece with a sheet of paper or cloth.
14. When lettering, place a sheet of paper under your hand.
15. Clean T-squares and triangles with art gum, not water.
16. Rolling a drawing smears the lines. Carry it flat in a large envelope.
(Henry C. Spencer, 1995)

9|Page CIVIL TECHNOLOGY 1 JULIUS M. AUSEJO

 STUDENT ACTIVITY 1/ SUGGESTED LEARNING ACTIVITY

Proper manipulation of T-Square, setting up drawing paper, and drawing horizontal and
vertical lines.
Needed stuff:
1. T-Square 4. Pencils
2. Drawing board or table 5. triangles
3. Drawing paper
What to do?
a. Place the head of the T-square against the edge of the drafting table. (The left side of the table if you
are right-handed and the right side of the table if you are left-handed).
a. Slide the working head of the T-square against the working edge of the drawing table. The two edges
should be in constant contact until the desired position.

(Henry C. Spencer, 1995)

b. Place the drawing paper close to the working edge of the drawing table and working head of the T-
square depending on if you are right or left-handed, while the paper is placed on the top edge of the T-
square.
c. Fasten the upper left portion of the drawing paper followed by the lower right portion and finally the
remaining corners.

(Henry C. Spencer, 1995)

d. Press the head of the T-square against the working edge of the drawing table and lean the pencil to
the desired direction of the line inclined at more or less 60 degrees with the drawing table.
e. Maintain the position of the pencil while you glide lightly on the blade of the T-square.
f. Draw the line from left to right rotating occasionally to produce uniform line weights.

(Henry C. Spencer, 1995)

h. Place the 30ᵒX60ᵒ triangle on top of the blade of the T-square with the vertical edge on the left.
i. With the left hand pressing the T-square and the triangle against the drawing board, draw the line
upward, rotating the pencil slowly between the thumb and forefinger.

(Henry C. Spencer, 1995)

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 ASSESSMENT/PRACTICE TASK

Instructions: Read and analyze the problem below and

provide answers in the space provided.

1. A drawing instrument that serves as a guide in drawing vertical and diagonal lines as in
triangles and is generally used in drawing horizontal lines.

a. Triangular Scale c. Triangle

b. T-square d. Ruler

2. It refers to the most common tool used by students but not listed in the drawing tools.

a. Pencil c. Masking tape

b. Ruler d. Eraser

3. Which instrument is used in drawing curves except for circles and arcs?

a. Compass c. French Curve

b. Divider d. Protractor

4. The drawing pencil of a draftsman is graded the softest, medium, and hardest. Which of the
following grades is the softest?

a. 6B c. 3B
b. HB d. 9H

5. Which grade of a pencil is commonly used in lettering by a draftsman?

a. 2H c. 4H
b. HB d. 6H

6. The main function of this tool is to reproduce the measurements of an object to any size.

a. Triangular scale c. Protractor

b. Divider d. Triangle

7. When discussing, touch drawing only with _________________.

a. Back of your fingernail c. Thumb

b. Pointing finger d. Pencil

8. It refers to a complete drawing or set of drawings such that the object represented can be built
from it alone without additional information.

a. Drafting c. Mechanical drafting

b. Drawing d. Working drawing

9. This refers to a table having a surface consisting of a drawing board adjustable to various
heights and angles.

a. Drawing board c. Drawing

b. Drawer d. Drawing table

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10. A delivery of drawing instrument has arrived, during an inspection, it was noticed that one of
the items is missing. What should you do?

a. Accept the delivery c. Do not accept the delivery

b. Wait for the complete delivery d. Sign the delivery receipt

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 Lesson 2: Perform basic mensuration and calculation

OBJECTIVES

1. Identified the importance of measuring tools;

2. Enumerated the functions of the specific measuring tools;
3. Explained the rationale for cleaning and storing measuring instruments;
4. Valued the importance of the conversion of a fraction to decimal and English to metric and vice versa.

MOTIVATION

1. Can I use a ruler to measure the height of a building?

2. What substance shall I use for cleaning measuring tools?
3. How to convert metric to English system?

DISCUSSIONS

Measuring accurately is a skill that should be developed. Inaccurate measurement would

mean a waste of time, effort, and materials. The development of the skill starts with the ability to read
measurements.

Measuring tools
Measuring tools are essential for examining a finished product or semi-finished product. The inspection
or examination operations include checking or testing an object based on the required dimensions given on a
diagram or sketch. Measurements taken must be accurate.

List of some measuring tools and functions

1. T-Square— used as a guide for triangles and protractor and to measure horizontal lines
2. Triangles— used to measure angles like 30ᵒ, 45ᵒ, 60ᵒ, and 90ᵒ
3. Triangular scale— used to reproduce the dimensions of an object full size, reduced, or enlarged to some
proportion.
4. Protractor— used for measuring and laying out arcs of circles as well as angles that cannot be measured
by either of the triangles.
5. Pull push Rule—used to measure long distances
6. Divider and compass—used to measure arcs and circles

13 | P a g e CIVIL TECHNOLOGY 1 JULIUS M. AUSEJO

Definition of terms
1. Angle - geometrical figure composed of two straight lines intersecting at one of their extremities.
2. Calculation - act or process of or result of calculating
3. Circle - closed curve where all points are equally distant from the center
4. Concentric circles - consist of two or more circles with a common center.
5. Decimal - a number expressed in a counting system that uses units of 10, especially a decimal
fraction
6. Dimension - the measurable extent of length, thickness, and width
7. Eccentric circles - circles having no common center.
8. English system – scaled in inches where one foot equals 12 inches.
9. Formula - a special kind of equation. It is a mathematical rule expressing the relationship of two
or more quantities using numerals, variables, and operating symbols
10. Geometric shapes - characterized by straight lines, regular curves, and angles
11. Graduation - a scale of a measuring tool
12. Mensuration – an act of art of measuring
13. Metric system – a system of measurement based on the meter
14. Perpendicular lines – lines that make a 90⁰ angle with each other
15. Radius - length of a straight line connecting the center of a circle with a point on the
circumference of a circle.
16. Standard - a measure of reference.

TRADE MATHEMATICS / MEASUREMENT

Measuring accurately is a skill that should be developed. Inaccurate measurement would
mean a waste of time, effort, and materials. The development of the skill in measuring starts with the
ability to read the measurement.

Two systems of measurement

There are two systems of measurement: the English system which originated in England and
the Metric system or Systems International (S.I) which originated in France.

English System of Measurement

The figure above shows an example of a linear measuring calibration using the English system. Where
1/16 is the lowest calibration.
Below is an example of an English system measurement with description, abbreviation, and equivalent.
Description Abbreviation Equivalent
Inch In. (") 16/16 inch
Foot Ft. (') 12 inches
Yard Yd. 3 feet
Mile Mi. 5,280 feet

Conversion of linear measurements - English System

To Convert Into Multiply by
inches Foot 12
inches Yard 36
foot Yard 3
Example:
1inch x 12 = 1 foot 1inch x 36 = 1 yard
1inch x 24 = 2 feet 1foot x 3 = 1 yard

14 | P a g e CIVIL TECHNOLOGY 1 JULIUS M. AUSEJO

Fraction to decimal (English System)

Fraction Solution Decimal

1/16" 1 ÷ 16 .0625"
1/8" 1÷8 .125"
1/4" 1÷4 .25"
1/2" 1÷2 .50"
3/4" 3÷4 .75"
5/16" 5 ÷ 16 .3125"

Metric System of Measurement

The figure above is an example of a Metric System linear measurement with the smallest
calibration of one (1) millimeter (mm).
The table below illustrates the metric system description, abbreviation, and equivalent.

Description Abbreviation Equivalent

Millimeter mm Smallest calibration
Centimeter cm 10mm
Decimeter dm 10cm, 100mm
Meter m 100cm, 10dm
kilometer Km 1000m

Metric System to Metric System Conversion

To Convert Into Multiply by

millimeters centimeter 10
millimeters decimeter 100
millimeters meter 1000
centimeters meter 100
meter kilometer 1000

Example:
1mm x 10 = 1cm 1cm x 100 = 1m
1mm x 100 = 1dm 1m x 1000 = 1km
1mm x 1000 = 1m

As shown in the tables and examples above, you have noticed that we are talking about the
conversion of English to the English system and metric to the metric system only.

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 Let’s now convert the English system to the metric system and vice versa

English to Metric
English System Multiply by Metric system
inch 2.54 centimeters
inch .0254 meter
feet 30.48 centimeters
feet 304.8 millimeters
feet .3048 meter
yard .9144 meter
miles 1.609 kilometer

Metric to English
Metric Multiply by English
millimeters .03937 Inches
centimeters .3937 Inches
centimeters .0328 feet
meters 3.28 feet
meters .000621 miles
kilometers .621 miles

English, Decimals, and Millimeters equivalent

M
F
D i
r
e l
a
c l
c
i i
t
m m
i
a e
o
l t
n
s e
s
r

1/16 0.062 1.588

5
1/18 0.125 3.175
0
3/16 0.187 4.762
5
1/4 0.250 6.350
0
5/16 0.312 7.938
5
3/8 0.375 9.525
0
7/16 0.437 11.11
5 2
1/2 0.500 12.70
0 0
9/16 05625 14.28
16 | P a g e CIVIL TECHNOLOGY 1 JULIUS M. AUSEJO
 8
5/8 0.625 15.87
0 5
11/16 .0.687 17.46
5 2
3/4 0.750 19.05
0 0
13/16 0.812 20.63
5 8
7/8 0.875 22.22
0 5
15/16 0.937 23.81
5 2
1 1.00 25.40
0

17 | P a g e CIVIL TECHNOLOGY 1 JULIUS M. AUSEJO

 STUDENT ACTIVITY 1/ SUGGESTED LEARNING ACTIVITY

Instructions: Read and analyze the problem below and provide solutions to your answers in the space
provided.

1) 12 inches = ______ centimeters

Solution:

2) 3 feet = ________ meter

Solution:

3) miles = _________ kilometers

Solution:

4) 30 millimeters = _________ inches

Solution:

5) 3 meters = ________ feet

Solution:

18 | P a g e CIVIL TECHNOLOGY 1 JULIUS M. AUSEJO

 ASSESSMENT/PRACTICE TASK

Solve the following by providing solutions in the space provided

1. How many centimeters is a foot-long hot dog?

2. If your cell phone is 15.24 centimeters long, how many inches is it?

3. The learner walked from the gate to his classroom and counted 45 steps. The average distance of
his steps is 2 feet. What is the approximate distance from the gate to the classroom in meters?

4. Mango fruit is about 4 times your height from the ground. If your height is 1.65 meters, what is the
height of the mango fruit from the ground in feet?

5. An electrician is estimating the length of service drop wire from the transmission port to the house.
He counted 30 times by using a stick of about 1 total reach sideward equivalent to 64 inches. How
long is the service drop wire from the post to the house in meters?

19 | P a g e CIVIL TECHNOLOGY 1 JULIUS M. AUSEJO

 Lesson 3: Interpret Working Plans and Sketches

OBJECTIVES

1. Identify assembly and detailed drawing;

2. Enumerate the alphabet of lines and functions;
3. Recognize appropriate drawing symbols and applications;

MOTIVATION

1. How to interpret a floor plan?

2. What lines are used in a drawing?

DISCUSSIONS

A drawing is made up of different lines. Each line represents something. A surface, a

hidden surface, an extension of a surface, the center of a hole, or a line with dimension on it. To make the
drawing easier to read and understand, each kind of line is drawn with different line weights.

Alphabet of lines
1. Visible line – a thick line that represents the visible edges or outline of the object; also known as the
object line.
2. Hidden line – a medium-thick line composed of short dashes about 2-3 millimeters long with space
between dashes about 1-2 millimeters wide; it represents the surface or edges that cannot be seen
3. Centerline – a thin line consisting of two long dashes and a short dash drawn alternately with a gap of
at least 2 millimeters in between; it represents the axis or center of symmetrical shapes like a ball,
washer, rectangular block, or cube.
4. Section line – a thin lines to show the surface that has been cut; they are spaced evenly at 45 degrees
with the horizontal to make a shaded effect
5. Extension line – a thin line that extends from the object to show dimension limits.
6. Dimension line – a thin line with an arrowhead in one end used to indicate the measurements of the
object.
7. Long-break line – a medium-thick line consisting of broken and straight lines drawn alternately. This is
also known as the limiting line. This limits the length of an elongated object without changing the size
of its view.
8. Short-break line – a thick line drawn in freehand to show details that a part has been cut off or broken
out.
9. Leader line – a short inclined thin line with an arrowhead at the end and a short horizontal line on the
other end.
10. Phantom line – a thin line that shows the position(s) of part of an object that moves drawn by two
short dashes and one long dash.
11. Cutting-plane line –thick lines used to indicate an imaginary cut through an object along the line.
Made up of two long dashes broken in one end with an arrowhead and two short dashes drawn in
between the long dashes.

20 | P a g e CIVIL TECHNOLOGY 1 JULIUS M. AUSEJO

 The figure below shows the description and application of lines used in drafting

Identify assembly and detailed drawing

Below is a floor plan of a residential house.

(Fajardo Jr., 2002)

The sketch plan above shows a simple floor plan. Indicated in the plan are common areas
found in a residential house that include the living room, bedrooms, dining, kitchen, toilet and bath,
garage, and service area. The thick black lines in the plan represent the wall, while the double light
lines represent the windows. Some figures seen in the plan are labeled as to what are the purposes in
each area.

21 | P a g e CIVIL TECHNOLOGY 1 JULIUS M. AUSEJO

 STUDENT ACTIVITY 1/ SUGGESTED LEARNING ACTIVITY

Instructions: Read and analyze the problem below and provide answers in
the space provided

Direction: Write the names of the kind of lines indicated by numbers 1 to 10.

22 | P a g e CIVIL TECHNOLOGY 1 JULIUS M. AUSEJO

 ASSESSMENT/PRACTICE TASK

Instructions: Read and analyze the problem below and provide

answers in the space provided.

Directions: Read and interpret the given figure below. Identify the lettered lines used (A – N)
to draw the object.

23 | P a g e CIVIL TECHNOLOGY 1 JULIUS M. AUSEJO

 Lesson 4: Technical Drafting

OBJECTIVES

1. Identify the views of a drawing

2. Draw an isometric box

MOTIVATION

1. What are the different views of a drawing?

DISCUSSIONS

A master plan is defined as a visual presentation of conceptual ideas

supported by mathematical calculations aimed at giving convenience and comfort to the
users or occupants (Fajardo Jr., 2002)

Views of Objects

Definition of terms

1. Axonometric – method of projection in which an object is drawn with its horizontal and
vertical axes to scale but with its curved lines and diagonals distorted.
2. Detailed drawing – drawing of a detailed part usually in orthographic projection.
3. Detail dimension – measurements of the detail part or parts of the object.
4. Dimensioning – a process of placing measurements in a drawing in the Metric or English
System.
5. Isometric axes – light lines used as bases in constructing an isometric view of an object.
6. Isometric drawing – pictorial drawing showing the three views of the object tilted 30
degrees in front of the observer.
7. Multi-view drawing – drawing that shows more than one view of an object.
8. Notation – all lettering and other dimensions found in a drawing or working sketch.
9. Oblique drawing – a kind of pictorial drawing of an object one surface of which is shown
parallel to the frontal plane and the other is inclined to it.
10. Orthographic projection – presentation of an object in two or more views by projecting the
outline of the object to the plane of projection perpendicular to each other.
11. Overall dimension – the total width, height, and depth of the object.
12. Perspective drawing – a drawing that shows an object as it appears to our eyes.
13. Pictorial view – the presentation of an object where it is viewed showing the three faces of an
object.
14. Working plan – a freehand drawing showing all the information needed to construct an object

24 | P a g e CIVIL TECHNOLOGY 1 JULIUS M. AUSEJO

Isometric drawing
The figure below shows the isometric box tilted 30 degrees in front of the viewer and is
aligned with isometric axes, three axes spaced at equal angles of 120°.

The figure below is an example of an object drawn in Isometric.

Orthographic projection
The figure below shows the object placed inside the glass box.

Below is an example of an object in two or more views by projecting the outline of the object to
the plane of projection perpendicular to each other.

Presentation of the combination of orthographic and isometric drawing. Only the top,
front, and right side views are presented.

25 | P a g e CIVIL TECHNOLOGY 1 JULIUS M. AUSEJO

 STUDENT ACTIVITY 1/ SUGGESTED LEARNING ACTIVITY

Instructions: Read and analyze the problem below and provide answers in
the space provided

Directions: draw an isometric box.

ASSESSMENT/PRACTICE TASK

Instructions: Read and analyze the problem below and provide answers in the space
provided.

Directions: Complete the table below by pairing the orthographic views (1-10) to their
isometric drawing (A to L).

26 | P a g e CIVIL TECHNOLOGY 1 JULIUS M. AUSEJO