Java

Class: A class is a group of objects which have common properties. It is a template or blueprint

from which objects are created.

Sub Class/Child Class: Subclass is a class which inherits the other class. It is also called a derived

class, extended class, or child class.

-Super Class/Parent Class: Superclass is the class from where a subclass inherits the features. It

is also called a base class or a parent class.

- Reusability: As the name specifies, reusability is a mechanism which facilitates you to reuse the

fields and methods of the existing class when you create a new class. You can use the same fields

and methods already defined in the previous class.

The extends keyword indicates that you are making a new class that derives from an existing class.

The meaning of "extends" is to increase the functionality.

Single Inheritance Example

When a class inherits another class, it is known as a single inheritance. In the example given below, Dog

class inherits the Animal class, so there is the single inheritance.

Multilevel Inheritance Example

When there is a chain of inheritance, it is known as multilevel inheritance. As you can see in the example

given below, BabyDog class inherits the Dog class which again inherits the Animal class, so there is a

multilevel inheritance.

Hierarchical Inheritance Example

When two or more classes inherits a single class, it is known as hierarchical inheritance. In the example
given below, Dog and Cat classes inherits the Animal class, so there is hierarchical inheritance.

Aggregation in Java

If a class have an entity reference, it is known as Aggregation. Aggregation represents HAS-A

relationship.

When use Aggregation?

o Code reuse is also best achieved by aggregation when there is no is-a relationship.

o Inheritance should be used only if the relationship is-a is maintained throughout the lifetime of

the objects involved; otherwise, aggregation is the best choice.

Method Overloading in Java

If a class has multiple methods having same name but different in parameters, it is known

as Method Overloading.

If we have to perform only one operation, having same name of the methods increases the

readability of the program.

Advantage of method overloading

Method overloading increases the readability of the program.

Different ways to overload the method

There are two ways to overload the method in java

1. By changing number of arguments

2. By changing the data type

byte can be promoted to short, int, long, float or double. The

short datatype can be promoted to int, long, float or double. The char datatype can be promoted to

int,long,float or double and so on.

If subclass (child class) has the same method as declared in the parent class, it is known as method

overriding in Java.

In other words, If a subclass provides the specific implementation of the method that has been

declared by one of its parent class, it is known as method overriding.

Usage of Java Method Overriding

o Method overriding is used to provide the specific implementation of a method which is

already provided by its superclass.

o Method overriding is used for runtime polymorphism

Rules for Java Method Overriding

1. The method must have the same name as in the parent class

2. The method must have the same parameter as in the parent class.

3. There must be an IS-A relationship (inheritance).

The covariant return type specifies that the return type may vary in the same direction as the

subclass.

Before Java5, it was not possible to override any method by changing the return type. But now, since

Java5, it is possible to override method by changing the return type if subclass overrides any method

whose return type is Non-Primitive but it changes its return type to subclass type.
Advantages of Covariant Return Type

Following are the advantages of the covariant return type.

1) Covariant return type assists to stay away from the confusing type casts in the class hierarchy and

makes the code more usable, readable, and maintainable.

2) In the method overriding, the covariant return type provides the liberty to have more to the point

return types.

3) Covariant return type helps in preventing the run-time ClassCastExceptions on returns.

Super Keyword in Java

The super keyword in Java is a reference variable which is used to refer immediate parent class

object.

Whenever you create the instance of subclass, an instance of parent class is created implicitly which

is referred by super reference variable.

Usage of Java super Keyword

1. super can be used to refer immediate parent class instance variable.

2. super can be used to invoke immediate parent class method.

3. super() can be used to invoke immediate parent class constructor.

1) super is used to refer immediate parent class instance

variable.

We can use super keyword to access the data member or field of parent class. It is used if parent

class and child class have same fields.

2) super can be used to invoke parent class method

The super keyword can also be used to invoke parent class method. It should be used if subclass

contains the same method as parent class. In other words, it is used if method is overridden.
super is used to invoke parent class constructor.

The super keyword can also be used to invoke the parent class constructor.

Instance initializer block

Instance Initializer block is used to initialize the instance data member. It run

each time when object of the class is created.

The initialization of the instance variable can be done directly but there can be

performed extra operations while initializing the instance variable in the instance

initializer block.

Rules for instance initializer block :

There are mainly three rules for the instance initializer block. They are as follows:

1. The instance initializer block is created when instance of the class is created.

2. The instance initializer block is invoked after the parent class constructor is invoked (i.e. after

super() constructor call).

3. The instance initializer block comes in the order in which they appear.

Polymorphism in Java is a concept by which we can perform a single action in different ways.

Polymorphism is derived from 2 Greek words: poly and morphs. The word "poly" means many and

"morphs" means forms. So polymorphism means many forms.

There are two types of polymorphism in Java: compile-time polymorphism and runtime

polymorphism. We can perform polymorphism in java by method overloading and method

overriding.

If you overload a static method in Java, it is the example of compile time polymorphism. Here, we

will focus on runtime polymorphism in java.

Runtime Polymorphism in Java

Runtime polymorphism or Dynamic Method Dispatch is a process in which a call to an

In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference variable of a superclass. The

determination of the method to be called is based on the object being referred to by the reference

variable.

The java instanceof operator is used to test whether the object is an instance of the specified type

(class or subclass or interface).

The instanceof in java is also known as type comparison operator because it compares the instance

with type. It returns either true or false. If we apply the instanceof operator with any variable that

has null value, it returns false.