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Case 1: Curves Which Are Entirely Above The X-Axis.: 1. Area Under A Curve

The document discusses four cases for calculating the area under a curve: 1) When the curve is entirely above the x-axis, take the integral of the curve between the bounds. 2) When the curve is entirely below the x-axis, take the absolute value of the integral. 3) When part of the curve is above and part below the x-axis, sum the integrals of the above and below sections separately. 4) Some curves are easier to integrate vertically; re-express the curve as a function of y and integrate with respect to y. It also provides methods to calculate the area between two curves by subtracting the integrals of the upper and lower curves.

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74 views8 pages

Case 1: Curves Which Are Entirely Above The X-Axis.: 1. Area Under A Curve

The document discusses four cases for calculating the area under a curve: 1) When the curve is entirely above the x-axis, take the integral of the curve between the bounds. 2) When the curve is entirely below the x-axis, take the absolute value of the integral. 3) When part of the curve is above and part below the x-axis, sum the integrals of the above and below sections separately. 4) Some curves are easier to integrate vertically; re-express the curve as a function of y and integrate with respect to y. It also provides methods to calculate the area between two curves by subtracting the integrals of the upper and lower curves.

Uploaded by

weesiewping
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 5 APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION 1. Area Under a Curve Case 1: Curves which are entirely above the x-axis.

In this case, we find the area by simply finding the integral:

Example of Case 1: Find the area underneath the curve y = x2 + 2 from x = 1 to x = 2. Answer

Case 2: Curves which are entirely below the x-axis (for the range of x values being considered):

In this case, the integral gives a negative number. We need to take the absolute value of this to find our area:

Example of Case 2: Find the area bounded by y = x2 4, the x-axis and the lines x = -1 and x = 2. Answer

Case 3: Part of the curve is below the x-axis and part of the curve is above the xaxis.

In this case, we have to sum the individual parts, taking the absolute value for the section where the curve is below the x-axis (from x = a to x = c).

Example of Case 3: What is the area bounded by the curve y = x3, x = -2 and x = 1? Answer

NOTE: In each of Case (1), (2) and (3), the curves are easy to deal with by summing elements L to R:

We are (effectively) finding the area by horizontally adding the areas of the rectangles, width dx and heights y (which we find by substituting values of x into f(x)). So

(with absolute value signs where necessary). Case 4: Certain curves are much easier to sum vertically (or only possible to sum vertically).

In this case, we find the area is the sum of the rectangles, heights x = f(y) and width dy. If we are given y = f(x), then we need to re-express this as x = f(y) and we need to sum from bottom to top. So, in case 4 we have:

Example of Case 4: Find the area of the region bounded by the curve

the y-axis and the lines y = 1 and y = 5. Answer Sketch first:

In this case, we express x as a function of y:

So the area is given by:

Note: For this particular example, we could have also summed it horizontally (integrating y and using dx).

2. Area Between 2 Curves

We are trying to find the area between 2 curves, y1 = f1(x) and y2 = f2(x) and the lines x = a and x = b. We see that if we subtract the area under lower curve y1 = f1(x) from the area under the upper curve y2 = f2(x), then we will find the required area. This can be achieved in one step:

Likewise, we can sum vertically by re-expressing both functions so that they are functions of y and we find:

Example: Find the area between the curves y = x2 + 5x and y = 3 x2 between x = -2 and x = 0. Answer

Sketching first:

So we need to find:

Exercises 1. Find the area bounded by y = x3, x = 0 and y = 3. 2. Find the area bounded by the curves y = x2 + 5x and y = 3 x2. 3. Find the area bounded by the curves y = x2, y = 2 x and y = 1

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