Lab No. 6 7 Radar & Navigation Lab List of Experiments Compute the duty pulse repetition frequen nd ley average {ransmitted power, pulse energy an Ney of Radar wave Computation of Radar Equation Analysis of of Radar Signal to Noise Ratio ‘against target detection range for sifYerent val Nes of target Radar crosssection Analysis of Radar Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) against target detection range for Uifferent value. of Radar peak power ‘Compute the puls. ‘width required to achieve a certain SNR for a given Aetection range Analysis of the probability of false alarm, probability density function Analyse the performance of a Delay Line Canceller at different blind speeds | Analyse the performance ofa Double-Tap Delay Line Cancellerat | different blind speeds Understand and analyse the sum and difference antenna pattem of in monopulse radar Understand and analyse the radiation pattern of linear array antenna in ‘To study the characteristics of Gunn oscillator, Gun diode as modulated source istics of illator, ly teri ic roe judy the Characteristics of Reflex Klystron tube & to determine it | To study . electronic tuning range.Experiment 01, Objective: ompute the duty ¢ Compute the duty cycle, average transmitted power, pulse energy and pulse repetition frequency of Radar wave Simulation T SCILAB Input Parameters: | tau Pulse width 9 | pri PRI Seconds | ppower [Peak power Watts 4 Output parameters: 4 , ep | Pulse Energy | Joules A prt I PRE l 3 Description: The most common radar signal or waveform is a series of short duration, somewhat rectangular shaped pulses modulating a sine wave carrier. (This is sometimes called a pulse train) & Figure 1.1 Train of transmitted and received pulses vee eve 86 So DeeIn general, pulse radar transmits and receives a train of pulses, as illustrated in figure 1.1. The Inter Pulse Period (IPP) is T, and the pulse width is 1. The IPP is often referred to as Pulse Repetition Interval (PRI). The inverse of PRI is PRF, denoted by fr. fr=1/PRI=1/T During each PRI the radar radiates energy only for T seconds and listens for target returns for the rest of the PRI. The Radar transmitting duty cycle dt is defined as the ratio d= 4/1. The radar average transmitted power is a : Pav= Ptxdt 9 Where Pt is radar peak power, The pulse energy is 2 Ep=Pt t= Pay T= Pav/fr SCILAB Code and Results: Secalculate range of radar cle ; 200*10* -6; % timedelayinsec a vee ttosityiam/s =( Vo* Tdelay ) /2; %Range o fthe targetinmts > R=R/1000;% inkms ° . disp(range of radar’) 9 disp(R) %6%6%0%0%%%%F NDING DUTY CYCLE PRT PULSE WIDTH PULSE ENERGY 3 Pt=5000; %Peak tx power in watts Pav =1000; %Average Power PRF1 = 10; %Pulserepetitionfrequencyinkhz E %Duty cycle PRFI ;%Pulserepetitiveintervalinmsec * PRII ; %Puls e Width in msec =Pt*PW1;%PulseEnergyinjoules disp(‘duty cycle’) disp(D) disp(‘pulse repetition time in msec’) disp(PRI1) disp('pulse energy in joule’) disp(PE1 WANA /Range Resolutio UR =200; %unambiguous r ang e i n kms *10%6; Ybandwidth i n hz *10°8; Yvelocityinm/s PRF =V0/(2* UR *10°3) ;%pulserepetitionfrequency inhz PRI=1/PRF; %pulserepetitionintervalinsec RR=VO /(2* BW); %Range Re solutioninmts PW =(2* RR) V0); %pul se width disp(‘range resolution in mts') disp(RR) 2 e vv & 6 & 2 & © & SF & @ we ’ 8s uw Se. yeo 2. 8&2 82 S » - a a cow eee ef ee eS oC - Experiment 02 Aim: Computation of Radar Equation using SCILAB. Simulation Tool: SCILAB Description: The radar equation is given by: SNR =[Pt.G2, 0] / {(4).k.Te.B.Fn.L.R4} Input Parameters: Eas Peak Power | Watts f Frequency “Hz [¢ Gain of the Antenna B oOo Target cross section 2 | Te | Effective noise | ‘Kelvin | Baa] Bandwidth Hertz Fn] Noise figure B iemak, Boltzmann constant | _1/K [_L Radar loss meters| R _ Target range B SNR Signal to noise ratio dB Simulate the Radar equation (A). The program must consist of a reasonably simple user interface that will enable users to enter the input parameters for the Radar Equation. Attach the code and output result. SCILAB Code and Results: cle clear Pt=500000; Yopeak power in watts F=10*1049; %operating freq in hz MRP =0.1*10* -12; Yominimum r eceivable power in watts Ac=5;%captureareaofantennainm2; RCS =20; %r adarcrosssectionalareainm*2; Vo =3*10°8 Yov elocityinm/s lamda =Vo/F Rmax=((Pt*Ac*2*RCS) /(4* pi * lamda”2* MRP ))“0.25;%in mt Rmax=Rmax/1000;% inkm disp(‘maximum range in km’)LAB SESSION 03 Objective: Analysis of Radar Si values of target Rad ignal to Noise Ratio against target detection range for different lar cross section, Software Required: SCILAB Description: The radar equation is given by: SNR =[Pt.G?..2.0] /{(4n3),-Te.B.Fn.LR4]- Here, | Pt Peak Power Watts al Frequency |_—-#Hz_| G Gain ofthe Antenna | dB oO Target cross section =m. Te | Effective noise Kelvin B Bandwidth Hertz Fn Noise figure | dB K Boltzmann constant | _J/K as Radar loss meters) R Target range dB |__SNR Signal to noise ratio dB The radar minimum and maximum detection ranges are Rmin = 25km and Rmax = 165km. The different target cross section values are O= 0 dBm, O'=-10 dBm and = -20 dBm. SCILAB Code and Results: {funetion [snr] = radar_eq(pt, freq, g, sigma, te, b, nf, loss, range) % This program implements Eq.A c= 3.00+8; % speed of light lambda = c / freq; % wavelength p_peak = 10*log10(pi); % convert peak power todB lambda_sqdb = 10*log!0(lambda"2); % compute wavelength square in dB sigmadb = 10*log10(sigma); % convert sigma to dB ‘four _pi_cub = 10*10g10((4.0 * pi)/3): % (4p)"3 in dB kdb = 10*log10(1.380-23); % Boltzman’s constant in dB te_db = 10*log!0(te); % noise temp. in dB b_db = 10*log!0(b); % bandwidth in dB> es ve we weve OUT™SeleO ow eo a 7 range pwrd. db ~ 10*log O¢range 4) % vector of target range’ 4 in dB % Implement Equation (1.56) num = p peak + 8+ 9+ lambda 5qdb + sigmadb; den = four plcub +k dbs t@ db + b db + nf + loss + range pord db; snr = num ~ den; return WARM main program target v/a range close all clear all Pt= 1.Se+6; % peak power in Watts freq = 5.6¢+9; % radar operating frequency in Hz. 8 = 45.0; % antenna gain in dB sigma = 0.1; % radar cross section in m squared te=290.0; % effective Noise temperature in Kelvins b=5.0c+6; % radar Operating bandwidth in Hz nf = 3.0; %noise figure in dB loss = 6.0; % radar losses in dB range = linspace(25e3,165¢3,1000); snrl = radar_eq(pt, freq, g, sigma, te, b, nf, oss, range); snr2 = radar_eq(pt, freq, g, sigma/10, te, b, nf, loss, range); snr3 = radar_eq(pt, freq, g, sigma*10, te, b, nf, loss, range); “plot SNR versus range figure(1) rangekm = range / 1000; plot(rangekm,snr3,’k’,rangekm,snrl,'k ~‘yrangekm,snr2,k:') id Tegend("\sigma = 0 dBsm',\sigma = -10dBs',\sigma = -20 dBsm') xlabel (‘Detection range - Km’); ylabel (‘SNR - dB’); ‘% traget range 25 -165 Km, 1000 points ‘Bije et te vo Se SOR Soper op Omi icp vPmirr cpus veep sr] TOP } esc o*-10aB6 | | PrP] ol. aoe 10 20 40 60 800012040180 180 Figure 3.1 SNR versus detection range for three different values of RCS.ee woe GoLG Objective: Analysis of Radar Signal to No different values of Radar peak loise ae (SNR) against target detection range for Software Required: SCILAB Description: The radar equation is given by: SNR = [Pt.G?.2?,0]/ [(4).kTe.B.Fn.L.R4} (A) Syntax: [snr] = radar_eq (Pt, Freq, G, sigma, Te, B, Nf, loss, range) Here, ___Peak Power Wats Pt if ist | UUEEIEEE Frequency manasn | _G | Gain of the Antenna _| e t+ mma | dB T | Target cross section € Effective noise Kelvin B Bandwidth | Hertz Fn Noise figure 1 Boltzmann constant | W/K ‘Radar loss meters Target range Signal to noise ratio alt al Be K L ane _SNR The radar minimum and maximum detection ranges are Rmin = 25Km and Rmax = 165Km. The different target cross section values are Pt = 2.16 MW, Pt = 1.5 MW and Pt = MW. Plot the SNR versus detection range for given values of Radar Peak Power . Also attach the code and result plots.SCILAB Code and Results: function [snr] = radar_eq(pt, °% This program implements i) eee ea maneey ¢ = 3.0e+8; % speed of light lambda = c/ freq; % wavelength p_peak ~ 10*log10(p1); % convert peak power todB ‘ambda_sqdb ~ 10*log10(lambda"2); % compute wavelength square indB sigmadb = 10*log10(sigma); % convert sigma to dB four_pi_cub = 10*log10((4.0 * pi)3); % (4pi)?3 in dB k_db = 10*log10(1.38e-23); % Boltzman's constant in dB te_db = 10*log10(te); % noise temp. in dB b db = 10*log10(b); % bandwidth in dB range_pwrt_db = 10*log10(range.™4); % vector of target range™4 in dB % Implement Equation (1.56) num = p_peak + g + g + lambda_sqdb + sigmadb; den = four pi_cub + k_db + te_db + b_db + nf + loss + range_pwrd_db; snr = num - den; return %e' close all clear all fo %o%o%o%o%o/o'/omnain program SNR v/s peak power pt = 1.5e+6; % peak power in Watts freq = 5.6e+9; % radar operating frequency in Hz g = 45.0; % antenna gain in dB sigma = 0.1; % radar cross section in m squared te = 290.0; % effective noise temperature in Kelvins b = 5.0e+6; % radar operating bandwidth in Hz nf = 3.0; Yonoise figure in aB loss = 6.0; % radar losses in 4B range = linspace(25e3, 165¢3,1000); snrl = radar_eq(pt, freq, & sigma, te, b, nf, loss, sigma, te, b, nf, loss, range): sigma, te, b, nf loss, % traget range 25 -165 Km, 1000 points range); snr2 = radar_eq(pt*.4, freq, & snr3 = radar_eq(pt*1.8, freq, & range); figure (2)plot(rangekm.snr3,'k\rangekm, snr. rangelonsnr?,'k:) grid legend! Pt = 2.16 MW’. Pt= 1.5 MW P= 0.6 Mw") Jabel (‘Detection - Km’); label (SNR - dB’); ; Pte218 Mw we rte || ¥ Pis08 MW 4 | r: | ‘ | . | | | 8 T = g | Z | 9 t r | } | 10 | | | | | s ° | A eee b Oe a OGtOe ater Detection range - Km x10 Fig. 4.1 SNR versus detection range for given values of Radar Peak Power4 LAB SESSION 05 Objective: ompute the Wit Tocompute the pulse-width required to achieve a certain SNR for a given detection range. Software Required; SCILAB Description: The equation linking the SNR and radar Pulse width is given by: = 3, 77 (GR*).49.(Pe).(8).¢Fm).(1).(SNR).(R4] /1(P).(G2).02)0)] Here, ;— Pt | Peak Power Watts mat __ Frequency Hz G Gain of the Antenna 4B | 0 Target cross section 2 | Te | Effective noise Kelvin B Bandwidth | Hertz | Fn Noise figure B K Boltzmann constant VK iE Radar loss Meters| R Target range dB SNR Signal to noise ratio aB The three different range values are R1 = 75 Km, R2 = 100 Km and R3= 150 Km. Obtain a plot for pulse width versus required SNR for three given range values, Also attach the code along with plot. SCILAB Code and Results: close all clear all I= 1.e+6; % peak power in Watts req = 5.6€+9; % radar operating frequency in Hz 8 = 40.0; % antenna gain in dB Sigma = 0.1; % radar cross section in m squared 'e =300.0; % effective noise temperature in Kelvins "I= 5.0; Yonoise figure in dBJoss ~ 6.0; % radar losses in dB range = [75¢3,10003,150€3]; % three range values snr_db = linspace(5,20,200); % SNR value ab =| 200); % 's from 5 dB s snr = 10:"(0.1.*snr_db); % convert sr into base 10 epee gain = 10°(0.1*g); Yéconvert antenna gain into base 10 loss = 10°(0.1 *loss); % convert losses into base 10 F = 10%(0.1*nf); % convert noise figure into base 10 lambda = 3.¢8 / freq; % compute wavelength % Implement Eq.(1.57) den = pt * gain * gain * sigma * lambda’2; num] = (A*pi)"3 * 1380-23 * te * F * loss * range(1)*4 .* snr; num2 = (4*pi)*3 * 1.38e-23 * te * F * loss * range(2)4 © snr; num3 = (4*pi)3 * 1.38e-23 * te * F * loss * range(3)*4..* snr; taul = num! / den ; tau2 = num? / den; tau3 = num3 / den; % plot tau versus snr Sigure(1) semilogy(snr_db, 1e6*taul, 'k’,snr_db, le6*tau2, 'k - \snr_db, 1e6*tau3, 'k:') grid legend(’R = 75 Km’,'R = 100 Km’,'R = 150 Km’) xlabel (’Minimum required SNR - dB’); ylabel (\tau (pulsewidth) in \mu sec );= ~ =a _ ~ =—— - poe ~ es ae WO ieee Minimum required 8NR - dB Figure 5.1 Pulse width versus required SNR for three different detection range values 10Experiment 06 objective: Analysis of probability density function( sian Rayleighy »Probability of false alarm Software Required: SCILAB Description: SCILAB Code and Results: %probability density function (Guassian &Rayleigh) clear all close all 38 ~ linspace(-6,6,1500); % random variable between -6 and 6 it = linspace(0,6,1500); % random variable between 0 and 6 0 ; % zero mean Gaussian pdf mean Sigma = 1.5; % standard deviation (sqrt(variance)) ormpdf(xg,mu, sigma); % use SCILAB function normpdf >fay = raylpdf(xr,sigma); % use SCILAB function raylpdf Plotxe,ynorm, k nyray,’k-.'); eri legend(Gaussian pdf, ‘Rayleigh pdf) Alabel( YlabelProbability density’)- a "4 Se . ss —s es —-— se — —s 's = Mes ' ee ee: — st. os ss ee I sa¢\mu = 03 sigma = 1,5) ate’ (\sigma =1.5') tex WAAAY ce; clears .5*10°9; Yobandwidth of pulsed i The 10;9% false alarm timeinminues tit al =Tfa*60;%Falsealarm timeinsecond pia= 1 BW* Tfal ) : disp(probability of false alarm is~) disp(Pfa) o4 osobjective: write a SCILAB code to plot the frequency response of a single-tap delay canceler (with normalized frequency). Amplitude is to be shown in Volts and in a3, software Required: scILAB Description: single-Delay Line Canceler frequency response: The signal from a target at range Ro at the output of phase detector is V1 = Vo sin(2nfdt- 0) where, fd = Doppler frequency shift = 2ve/ A or n/Tp ‘onstant Phase shift = 4TfRo/A (Range at time = 0) Amplitude of the signal V2 = Vo sin(2nfd(t - Tp) - 0) Where, Tp = Pulse Repetition Interval Delay Line Cancelation: V=V1 — V2 The amplitude response hence derived to be: H(f) = 2 sin(nfd Tp) [symbol Description Fd Doppler frequency shift Vo Amplitude of signal Tp Pulse Repetition Period Vv Delay Line Canceler output _| cH ‘Amplitude Response° 08 1 18 ° os 1 16 2 26 3 35 4 Normalized frequency - tir Figure 7.1 Single tap delay canceler frequency response SCILAB Code and Results: foft1=4;%no of periods required .00001; .01 :fofrl; argl = pi..* fofr; resp = 4.0 .*((sin(arg1)).”2); maxl = max(resp); resp = resp / maxl; Subplot(2,1 sl) Plot(foft,resp,'k") ‘label (‘Normalized frequency - f/fr’) vane ‘Amplitude response - Volts’) i Subplot(2,1 2) $P=10.*log 1 0(respteps); Dlotfofrresp,k’y; axis tight grid pt (Normalized frequency - f/ft’) \CAmplitude response - 4’)objective: gerstand and analyse the performance of aDouble-Tap Delay Line Cancellerat Uneeent blind speeds gifferer software Required: sCILAB Description: pouble-Delay Line Canceler frequency response: The signal from a target at range Ro at the output of phase detector is V1 =Vo sin(2nfdt— @o) where, fd = Doppler frequency shift = 2vr/ A or /Tp ©0 = constant Phase shift = 4TTRo/A (Range at time = 0) Vo = Amplitude of the signal V2 = Vo sin(2nfd(t - Tp) - 0) Where, Tp = Pulse Repetition Interval Delay Line Cancelation: V=V1-V2 The amplitude response of two cascaded delay line canceller hence derived to be: H(f) =4 sin?(@efd Tp) Here, Symbol ~__ Description oe fd i Doppler frequency shift ‘Vo L ‘Amplitude of signal pai _ Pulse Repetition Period Saeaves ~__Delay Line Canceler output _| L H ‘Amplitude Responsehh’ he ee eee ee a eh } | LABcode and Results: scl 249600 of periods ee 0.00001; _ -0.01:fofrl fal 2 pi.* Soft: 40% ((sin(arg)).*2); nperesp. Po Psp, 8): ‘Amplitude response - Volts’) as 30. * log (resp2+eps); ee = 30. .* log] 0(resp*eps); ‘eubplot(2.1,2) plowfofrrespl. ke 'fofrsresp2, ke); legend (‘single canceler’, ‘double anceler’) abel (Normalized frequency fifr’) yabe(‘Amplitude response - dB’) ° os 1 15 2 25 3 3.8 4 single canceler’,;double canceler : os 1 16 2 25 3 36 « Normalized frequency t/tr Ri gure 8.1 Frequency response of a double tap DLC compared with that of single DLCExperiment 10 opiective: oe i nderstand and analyse the radiation pattern of linear array antenna qmare Required: so scILAB pescription® Figure 10.1 Linear array of equally spaced elements. The far field array normalized intensity pattern is then given by ‘sievyy| = 2, [alin (kel siny)/2) HEaCsinw)| = ay TS CCkdsimy)/2)iaw)l2 (sow) = |E,(siny)| Symbol y N k d cit aB Code and Results: glearal gel%da hi jum =sin((nelements ifabs(num) <= eps) tum =epSi ead ; den= sin((k* d * 0.5) .* vars iflabs(den) <= eps) end pattern = abs(num / den); maxy. jax(pattern); pattern = pattern / maxval; figure(1) plot(var,pattern) xlabel('sine angle- dimension! ylabel('Array pattern’) id figure(2) plot(var,20*log 10(pattern)) axis ([-1 1 -60 0)) less') Mlabel(‘sine angle - dimensionless’) ylabel(‘Power pattern [dB]') Figure(3) theta = theta +pi/2; Polar(theta,pattern) tile (Array pattern’) 1 Nv (suman | Description Azimuthal angle(0< y< tt) | Number of identical elements in linear TN clement spacing (normally measured in wavelength units) *k*d*0.5).* var); sin ((Nkdsiny)/2) ;SEE erate teeta Array pattern Power pattern (dB) basal 150 (oe fis | ° - 8 Vee 2 < ~ NY | 8 (|) % ITP PCR CU FUE eaeOn fn nama pn ng ¢ the sum and difference antenna pattern of monopulse radar ver ad and analys ired: gre RET sol cB pesorintfOm? Fe deol pram lapse oe . The sum is used for both transmit and receive. In the receive mode the sum dianne) Grovides the phase reference for the other two difference channels. Range can also be obtained from the sum channel. In order to row the sum and difference antenna pattems are formed, we will assume & sing/® single element antenna pattern and squint angle @o- The sssMsigoal in one coordinate (azimuth or elevation) is then given by x(@) = sin(p—o) , Sin(® + Po) a (@- Po) (® + Po) rence patterns depend heavily on the squint angle. Using @ le produces a better sum pattern than that resulting from @ Clearly, the sum and diffe: pe is steeper for the small squint wlatively small squint angl lager angle. Additionally, the difference pattern sloj angle. ®o = 0.15 @o = 0.75~) SCILAB Code and Results: phiO=0.15; eps = 0.000001; 4 angle = -pi:0.01:pi; yl = sinc(angle + * phid)s y2= 4 sine((angle - phio)); e 6 6 ysum = yl + y2; © dit=-y1 + y2; ‘ figure (1) 4 plot e langle L’kangle.y2,'k'); arid; ‘ ' xlabel ‘Ang le - rans) ylabel " (Squinted Patterns") figure (2) Potente ysum, "k); > 2Pog aries SS Be ydieyy,‘Angle = ylabel nce pattern’) gids Fae! ( yi angle sy esinetangle + plot Mingle doves, K's grids xlabel(‘Angle- radians’) ylabel (voltage gain’) tpittere He = -pi/a:0.01:pi/4; 1 | | |_ +] 2Angle - radians03) 04 r 05 | oer a Angle - radians o8 4 voltage gain _o 02 a on -0.2 ° Angle - radians) EXPERIMENT +a ) sp necharactersties of Gunn oscillator, Gun diode a modulated ot source EQUIRED:- , | pio, Gunn power Supply, PIN Modul vent Mout, Wave guide stand, VSWR m ye lator, Isolator, Freq wen 7 eter, Cables and icy meter, Variable Attenuator, accessories, go disturbance atthe cathode gives rise to high Ree ee field regi i anode. When this high field domain reaches the dine evel towards the anode. wards { anode, it dis in i : jomed atthe cathode and starts moving to ob alacant [on PROCEDURE: (1) Set the components and equipments as shown in block diagram. 2) Initially set the variable attenuator for minimum | attenuation. (3)Keep the control knob of Gunn Power —> Supply as below: Meter Switch - ‘OFF Gunn bias knob - Fully anti-clockwise Pin bias knob - Fully anti-clockwise Pin Mod frequency - Anyposition (4)Keep the control knob of VSWR meter as below: Meter Switch- Normal Input Switch - Low Impedance Range db Switch - — 40db : Gain Control knob - Fully clockwise <=P the micrometer of Gunn oscillator for required frequency of set 6 n. , oP era ON ! the Gunn Power Supply, VSWR meter and Cooling Fa! wi on CHARACTERISTIC : (2)Measure +h of Gunn power supply to voltage position 4 wan se cuet Corresponding tothe various voltages (3)Plot the voltage | un reading on the graph me vasure the threshold voltage, which corresponds to the graph. (ayMeas (0 |Voltage | Current SULTS:- The values of voltage and current is measured and the graph is 'se fan to keep the Klystron temperature low. “tasure tight connections of the apparatus 3.Avoid ‘ypoimections of the threads. \se stabilized Power supply.EXPERIMENT 12 of Reflex Klystron tube & to determine its charact eristics electronic the Ve ge A ry$ REQUIRED: a Klystron power supply, Klystron mount, Isolator, Frequency Meter, Variable gsr PE rector mount, Wave guide stand, Cooling fan, VSWR meter, Cables. and ea seers. | eflex Klystron makes use of velocity modulation to transform continuous electron beam in ete wave power. Electron Beam emitted is accelerated towards the anode cavity After vie the gap in the cavity electron travel towards the repeller electrode which is at « high eave potential (Vr ). The electron beam never reach the repeller because of the negative field | sad retumed back towards the gap.The accelerated electrons leave the resonator at an | iareased velocity and the retarded electrons leave at the reduced velocity. the electrons leaving } teresonator will need different time to return, due to change in velocities, as a result, returning * ekcrons group together in bunches. As the electron bunches pass through resonator, they | nae with voltage at resonator grids. If the bunches pass the grid at such time that the t teerons are slowed down by the voltage, energy will be delivered to the resonator; and ‘Ssten wll oscillate. The dimension of resonant cavity primarily determines the frequency. A sual frequency change can be obtained by adjusting the reflector voltage. This is called Eeeronic Tuning Range. OCUOIAGRAM:- I | Ti wave = = ‘solator | 4! Frequen L4{ Variable L4! Detector|_9l VSWR cy Attenua Mount Meter =| Meter tormoo STUDY OF A KLYSTRON TUBE; RE 1)Set the equipment as shown in fig. (yinitially set the variable attenuator for maximum position. 3) Keep the control knobs of Klystron Power Supply as below: Meter Switch - ‘OFF’ Mod Switch : AM Beam voltage knob - Fully anti-clockwise Reflector voltage + Fully anti-clockwise ‘AM- amplitude - Around fully clockwise AM- frequency -Around mid position. (4)Keep the control knob of VSWR meter as : Meter Switch -Normal Input Switch . Low Impedance Range db Switch- 40 db Gain Control knob - Mid position (5)Switch‘ON’ the Klystron Power Supply, VS WR meterand Cooling Fan. (6)Turn the meter switch of power supply to beam voltage position and setbeam voltage at 300V with the help of beam voltage knob. (7)Adjust the reflector voltage to get some deflection in VSWR meter. (8)Maximize the deflection with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of power supply. (9) Tune the plunger of Klystron Mount for the max. Output. (10) Rotate the knob of frequency meter slowly and stop at that position, when there is ‘dip’ on VSWR meter. Read directly the frequency meter between two horizontal lines and vertical marker. (il) Change the reflector voltage and read the frequency for each reflector voltage and plot the graph . OBSERVATIONS:- [SNO_ [Repeller voltage | Frequency L AESULT.. Frequency and Repellervoltagecurveis drawmandisinaccordancewiththe Stipulated curves ofKlystron.