TWO-PORT NETWORKS AND THEIR PARAMETRIC REPRESENTATIONS

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 Introduction
• A pair of terminals through which a current enters or leave a network
is called a port
• Two-terminal devices or elements (such as resistors, capacitors and
inductors) are called a One-port networks
• Four-terminal devices (such as op-amp, transistors, and transformers)
are termed as Two-port networks
• “A two-port network is an electrical network with two separate
ports for input and output”
• In general, a network may have n number of ports, but in this course,
our concern is two-port networks.
• A port is access to the network that contains a pair of terminals; the
current entering one terminal is equal to the one leaving the other
terminal (the net current entering the port equals to zero)
• Note: Three-terminal devices such as transistors can be configured
into two-port networks.
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 Introduction Contd.
Conditions for two ports networks
• The Black box should consist only linear (bidirectional) and passive elements
• It may contain energy storing elements (like capacitors and inductors)
• It may also contain dependent sources, but never
sources

• Note: The Black Box can be termed as the 2-port network

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contain an independent
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 Introduction Contd.
Why studying two-port networks?
Our study of two-port networks is for at least two reasons.
• First, such networks are useful in communications, control systems, power
systems, and electronics. For example, they are used in electronics to model
transistors and other electronic components.
• Two port network techniques is used in the mathematical circuit analysis for the
complex circuits. Hence it will reduce the complexity during the circuit analysis.

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 Two-port Parameters
I1 and V1 are input current and voltage, respectively.
Also, I 2 and V2 are output current and voltage, respectively.

• To characterize a two-port network requires that we relate the

terminal quantities V1, V2, I1, and I2 out of which two are
independent.
• The various terms that relate these voltages and currents are
called parameters.
• Our goal in this chapter is to derive six sets of these parameters.
The parameters to be derived are:
Z- Parameters
Y- Parameters
H- Parameters
G-Parameters
ABCD- Parameters
Inverse Transmission- Parameters
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 Z-Parameters
• Can also be called Impedance parameters OR Open-circuit Impedance parameters
• I1 and I2 are Independent and V1 and V2 are Dependent in Z-parameters.
Therefore V 1
V2 = f I1
I2

where the z terms are called the impedance parameters, or simply z-parameters,
and have units of ohms.

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 Z-Parameters Contd.
• The values of the parameters can be evaluated by setting
I1 = 0 (input port open-circuited) or I2 = 0 (output port open-circuited)

(a) (b)

• Since the z parameters are obtained by open-circuiting the input or out- put port, they are also
called
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the open-circuit impedance parameters.
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 Z-Parameters Contd.
Examples: Determine the z parameters for the circuit in Figures below.
(1) Ans:
𝑍11−22 = 60, 20, 40 and 70

(2)

Ans:
𝑍11−22 = 17, 9.6, 10 and 8
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 Y-Parameters
• Can also be called Admittance parameters OR Open-circuit Impedance parameters
• V1 and V2 are Independent and I1 and I2 are Dependent in Y-parameters.
Therefore I1 = f V1
I2 V2

where the y terms are called the admittance parameters, or simply y-parameters,
and have units of siemens.

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 Y-Parameters Contd.
• The values of the parameters can be evaluated by setting
V1 = 0 (input port open-circuited) or V2 = 0 (output port open-circuited)

Since the y parameters are obtained by short-circuiting the input or out- put port, they are also
called the short-circuit admittance parameters.
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Note: The Impedance and Admittance parameters are collectively referred to as immittance parameters
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 Conversion of Z to Y Parameters
• From the relation of Z parameters and that of Y parameters:
𝑉 = 𝑍 𝐼 and 𝐼 = 𝑌 𝑉
𝐼 = 𝑍 −1 𝑉 therefore 𝑌 = 𝑍 −1

−1
𝑌11 𝑌12 𝑍11 𝑍12 −1 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑍)
= remember that 𝑍 =
𝑌21 𝑌22 𝑍21 𝑍22 𝑍

𝑇
𝑌11 𝑌12 1 𝑍22 −𝑍12
=
𝑌21 𝑌22 𝑍 −𝑍21 𝑍11

𝑍22 −𝑍12 −𝑍21 𝑍11

𝑌11 = , 𝑌12 = , 𝑌21 = , 𝑌22 =
𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍
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 Conversion of Y to Z Parameters
• From the relation of Z parameters and that of Y parameters:
𝑉 = 𝑍 𝐼 and 𝐼 = 𝑌 𝑉
𝑉 = 𝑌 −1 𝐼 therefore 𝑍 = 𝑌 −1

−1
𝑍11 𝑍12 𝑌11 𝑌12 −1 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑌)
= remember that 𝑌 =
𝑍21 𝑍22 𝑌21 𝑌22 𝑌

𝑇
𝑍11 𝑍12 1 𝑌22 −𝑌12
=
𝑍21 𝑍22 𝑌 −𝑌21 𝑌11

𝑌22 −𝑌12 −𝑌21 𝑌11

𝑍11 = , 𝑍12 = , 𝑍21 = , 𝑍22 =
𝑌 𝑌 𝑌 𝑌
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 Y-Parameters Contd.
Examples: Determine the y parameters for the circuit in Figures below

(1)

(2)

Ans:
13 𝑌11−22 =
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 H-Parameters
• Can also be called Hybrid parameters or simply h-parameters
• They are based on making I1 & V2 Independent and V1 & I2 are Dependent variables.
Therefore V1I2 = f I1
V2

where the h terms are called the hybrid parameters (or simply h-parameters) because they have a
hybrid combination of ratios.

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 H-Parameters Contd.
• The values of the parameters can be evaluated by setting
I1 = 0 (input port open-circuited) or
V2 = 0 (output port short-circuited)

• It is evident from the equations above that the parameters ℎ11 , ℎ12 , ℎ21 , and ℎ22 represent an
impedance, a voltage gain, a current gain, and an admittance, respectively. This is why they are
called the hybrid parameters.

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 Conversion of H to Z Parameters
• From the relation of H parameters and that of Z parameters:
𝑉1 = ℎ11 𝐼1 + ℎ12 𝑉2 ---I 𝑉1 = 𝑍11 𝐼1 + 𝑍12 𝐼2 ---III
𝐼2 = ℎ21 𝐼1 + ℎ22 𝑉2 ---II 𝑉2 = 𝑍21 𝐼1 + 𝑍22 𝐼2 ---IV
−ℎ11 1
Rearranging equation II we have: 𝑉2 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 ---V
ℎ22 ℎ22
𝐻 ℎ12
Substituting equation V in I we have: 𝑉1 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 ---VI
ℎ22 ℎ22
Comparing equations 5 & 6 with 3 & 4 respectively, we have
𝐻 ℎ12 −ℎ21 1
𝑍11 = , 𝑍12 = , 𝑍21 = , 𝑍22 =
ℎ22 ℎ22 ℎ22 ℎ22
When converting Z to H parameters we simply reverse the above procedure,
thus:
𝑍 𝑍12 −𝑍21 1
ℎ11 = , ℎ12 = , ℎ21 = , ℎ22 =
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 Conversion of H to Y Parameters
• From the relation of H parameters and that of Z parameters:
𝑉1 = ℎ11 𝐼1 + ℎ12 𝑉2 ---I 𝐼1 = 𝑌11 𝑉1 + 𝑌12 𝑉2 ---III
𝐼2 = ℎ21 𝐼1 + ℎ22 𝑉2 ---II 𝐼2 = 𝑌21 𝑉1 + 𝑌22 𝑉2 ---IV
1 ℎ21
Rearranging equation I we have: 𝐼1 = 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 ---V
ℎ11 ℎ11
ℎ12 𝐻
Substituting equation V in II we have: 𝐼2 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 ---VI
ℎ11 ℎ11
Comparing equations V & VI with III & IV respectively, we have
1 −ℎ12 ℎ21 𝐻
𝑌11 = , 𝑌12 = , 𝑌21 = , 𝑌22 =
ℎ11 ℎ11 ℎ11 ℎ11
When converting Y to H parameters we simply reverse the above procedure,
thus:
1 −𝑌12 𝑌21 𝑌
ℎ11 = , ℎ12 = , ℎ21 = , ℎ22 =
𝑌11 𝑌11 𝑌11 𝑌11

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 H-Parameters Contd.
• Examples: Determine the h parameters for the circuit in Figures below

Ans:
ℎ11−22 =
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