Chapter 1

The Problem and its Background

This chapter presents the background and rationale, the research locale,

the theoretical and conceptual frameworks, the statement of the problem and

hypothesis, the significance of the study, scope and delimitation, and the

definition of terms.

Introduction

Safety is one of the fundamental elements of human dignity. It is a state

where an individual feels free of any internal and external risk or injury. Street

crimes such as robbery, burglary, rape, and homicide are still prevalent in the

country which affects and minimizes the people’s feeling of safeness as they

wander through the streets and alleys.

Barangay Security Strategies includes different measures to ensure the

residents do not encounter any threat or danger to their lives and properties. The

government also guarantees to develop plans, funding, improve protection

services, and enhance the policing presence to deter such disorder and prevent

any further threats to people.

According to Slaughter (2017), the oldest and simplest justification for

government is as protector and as provider: protecting citizens from violence,

protecting citizens from each other, and provide the safety of law and order. The
1
government must ensure that the citizens are able to go about the different

pursuits and make them feel safe and secure to walk and travel around without

fear of harm to themselves as well as their properties.

Percentage of population that lives in the urban areas has been constantly

increasing in the world. This means that crime prevention measures will become

more important in urban areas in years to come. Therefore, it is crucial to

understand the relationship between crime and safety in urban areas (Erdal,

2004). Because of Sitio Morente Ville’s cramped housing and high population

density, it is consequential to study the status of Security Strategies being carried

out by the barangay to ensure that their residents get the security and safeness

they deserve.

Sitio Morente Ville has been called names such as ‘Tondo’ and ‘Pulong

Diablo’. People from outside the sitio and the barangay have this preconceived

idea that they might get harmed when they wander through its streets. This study

is crucial as it will help determine and understand the current level of safety of

the residents of Sitio Morente Ville as they wander through their streets and

assess potential risk around them despite the prejudice attached to place they

live in.

The result of this study can also help in making possible recommendations

to both the barangay as well as the municipal local government unit that covers

and has jurisdiction over the said setting as regards to the improvements and

changes to be made.

2
Research Locale

The study was conducted at Sitio Morente Ville, Wawa, Pinamalayan,

Oriental Mindoro. Wawa is a coastal barangay and considered an urban core

with respect to its population of 5,020, household of 1,245, and number of 1,389

families as determined by 2023 Census. Sitio Morente Ville alone has 1,936

populations which is 38.6% of the total population, 442 households which is

35.5% of the total household, and 519 families which is 37.4% of the total

number of families of the barangay. Out of the five sitios of Barangay Wawa, this

place is selected because it covers 38.6% of the total population of the barangay

and that most the disputes and disorders recorded are from the aforementioned

sitio.

3
Figure 1.1 Research Map of Sitio Morente Ville, Brgy. Wawa, Pina., Or. Mdo.

Theoretical Framework

The following theories were presented to give relevant information to the

current study:

Social Safety Theory

As stated in Social Safety Theory by George M. Slavich (2020), humans

become exceptionally perceptive of social information as a result of maximizing

social safety and reducing social hazard, and this deepened their desire to

promote, preserve, and restore social safety whenever possible (Slavich, 2020).

Therefore, as people perceive and understand the threats surrounding them, the

more they react and perform measures to protect themselves and prepare

appropriate response as regards to what might happen. The current study is

anchored in this theory as it states that people and the authorities take actions to

keep their safety accordingly when they fully understand the causes of danger in

streets and the importance of different security strategies in order to protect and

promote safety among the residents of the community.

Rational Choice Theory

Another theory is the Rational Choice Theory by Ronald Clarke and John

Eck (2003) which states that offenders are always seeking to benefit themselves

by their crimes. These benefits may not simply be material, as in theft, because
4
there are many other rewards of crime, intoxication, excitement, revenge, respect

from peers, and so forth. An important strand of situational crime prevention is

therefore to understand the rewards of any particular category of offending and to

find ways of reducing or removing them (Clarke & Eck, 2003). This theory relates

an individual’s will to commit disorder and conflict due to different reasons.

Morente Ville, given its congested housing and population, intoxication is one of

the reason why such disorder occurs in the sitio which sometimes leads to

impertinent and undesirable result.

Risk Perception Theory

In addition, Risk Perception Theory by Agathe Backer-Grondahl, Aslak

Fyhri, Pal Ulleberg, and Astrid Helene Amundsen (2009) stated that feelings of

unsafety can be related to fear of accidents as well as to fear of crime, violence

and strangers. People appear to be more afraid of situations where they think

they are likely to be exposed to threats, violence, and other unpleasant

situations, that of being involved in an accident (Backer-Grondahl et al., 2009).

The present study is related to this theory as bad lighting condition and

walking/travelling alone especially at night makes the streets feel more

threatening and unsafe due to the lack of security as well as preventive

measures available within the surrounding. Poor lighting condition and other

factors are the focus of this study which will then identify the street safety of the

respondents of this study.

5
Conceptual Framework

IV DV

Security Strategies Street Safety of the Residents

in terms of: of Sitio Morente Ville
in terms of:
1.1 Street Lighting;
2.1 Mobility; and
1.2 Barangay Patrolling; and
2.2 Risk Assessment
1.3 Electronic Surveillance

Figure 1.2 Hypothesized relationship between and among variables of the

study.

The figure shows the relationship between the two variables. The

independent variable consists of street lighting, barangay patrolling, and

electronic surveillance. The dependent variable on the other hand consists of

mobility, and risk assessment. The two variables are connected by single-headed

arrow which signifies relationship between the independent variable and

dependent variable.

6
Statement of the Problem

This study was conducted to determine the status of Security Strategies

and level of Street Safety of the Residents of Sitio Morente Ville, Wawa,

Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro

Thus, the researchers sought answers to the following questions:

1. What is the status of the Security Strategies in terms of:

1.1 street lighting;

1.2 barangay patrolling; and

1.3 electronic surveillance?

2. What is the level of street safety of the residents of Sitio Morente Ville, Wawa,

Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro in terms of:

2.1 mobility; and

2.2 risk assessment?

3. Is there any significant relationship between the status of Security Strategies

and the level of Street Safety of the residents of Sitio Morente Ville, Wawa,

Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro?

Statement of the Hypothesis

7
 There is no significant relationship between the security strategies and

street safety of the residents of Sitio Morente Ville, Barangay Wawa,

Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro.

Significance of the Proposed Research Topic

A Barangay having Security Strategies and Programs helps them to

ensure safety of their residents by means of reduce crime rates in the vicinity.

This study is significant to the following entities:

Local Government Unit (LGU) - The LGU plays a crucial role in ensuring the

safety and security of its residents. By highlighting the significance of the

researchers’ study, the researchers can appeal to the LGU for support in

implementing effective security strategies and programs in Sitio Morente Ville.

This can involve allocating resources, funding, and personnel to enhance the

safety measures in the community.

Barangay Wawa Council - The Barangay Wawa Council is responsible for

managing the affairs of the community. Presenting the importance of the

researchers’ study can encourage the council to prioritize security initiatives and

collaborate with relevant stakeholders to address safety concerns in Sitio

Morente Ville.

8
Local Law Enforcement Agencies - Engaging local law enforcement agencies,

such as the police department or barangay tanods, is essential for implementing

effective security strategies. By emphasizing the significance of the researchers’

study, they can seek for their support in conducting regular patrols, increasing

police visibility, and improving emergency response capabilities in the area.

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) - Many NGOs work on community

development and safety-related projects. Contacting and collaborating with

NGOs that focus on security, crime prevention, or community empowerment can

provide additional resources and expertise to address safety concerns in Sitio

Morente Ville.

Private Sector and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Programs - Local

businesses and corporations often have CSR initiatives aimed at supporting

communities. By highlighting the significance of this study, the researchers can

approach these organizations to seek financial support, donations, or

sponsorship for security-related projects in the area.

Future Researchers - The future researchers can benefit from the researchers’

study by gaining a deeper understanding of the specific security challenges faced

by the residents of Sitio Morente Ville. The researchers can utilize their study as

a foundation to explore related topics, such as crime prevention, community

safety, and security planning, within the context of this particular community.

9
Scope and Limitation of the Study

The research focused on examining various security strategies

implemented in Sitio Morente Ville, Wawa, Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro, with

the aim of ensuring the street safety of its residents. This includes studying the

existing security measures, such as the presence of security personnel,

surveillance systems, lighting installations, and any other strategies adopted to

enhance street safety. The primary focus of the research is to assess the street

safety conditions in Sitio Morente Ville for residents within the age bracket of 18-

45 years old, with one person per household.

The research specifically concentrated on Sitio Morente Ville, Wawa,

Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro. The findings may not be generalizable to other

areas or communities outside the specified location.

Definition of Terms

For clarity and better understanding of the study, the following terms were

hereby operationally defined.

Barangay Patrolling – this pertains to the action of barangay Tanod brigade to

help the government keep the nation peaceful and orderly. They perform rondas,

or midnight patrols, as part of this job, putting their lives and limbs in peril at the

hands of criminals and other undesirable members of society.

10
Electronic Surveillance – this pertains to the gathering of information from a

specific area using electronic devices such as closed-circuit televisions.

Mobility- this refers to the movement of people from one location to another

within or between rural areas. It also refers to the movement of people in

everyday living, allowing them to access housing, jobs and different services.

Risk Assessment – this refers to a procedure or a method that involves;

identifying risks and hazards that may result in damage, analyzing and assess

the risk that is related to the hazard (risk analysis and risk assessment), and

finding acceptable strategies to reduce the risk when it cannot be eliminated or

eliminate the danger altogether.

Security Strategies – this refers to the vision, services, and capabilities of the

local government unit and the authorities required to implement security

measures and lower risk for certain organization.

Street Lighting – this pertains to the actions or programs of the authorities in

erecting post lights on the streets adding security and safety to the of the

residents.

Street Safety – this refers to the condition or state where an individual feels free

of any internal and external risk or injury as he/she wanders or travels through

the streets.

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 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the thorough

and in-depth digging done by the researchers. The literature and studies cited in

this chapter addresses the different ideas, concepts, and conclusions related to

the study starting from the past up to the present. Moreover, the information

included in this chapter, helps in familiarizing details that are apposite and similar

to the security strategies and street safety of the residents of Sitio Morente Ville,

Barangay Wawa, Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro

Foreign Literature

Community Safety, according to Branch (2022), is important because

everyone needs and deserves to feel safe at the streets and around their home.

Feeling unsafe should not be a feeling anyone experiences. If a person is worried

about break-ins, thieves, anti-social behavior or someone stealing his car, he can
12
feel uneasy. In turn, he lose the ability to relax and enjoy your downtime. A

dangerous or unsafe neighborhood impacts nearly everyone living in it. A

business may feel uneasy operating and look to move elsewhere which results in

less funding. Meanwhile, children will not be able to play out safely and the

elderly would not feel safe going for a short walk.

Making an effort to focus on the importance of community safety is

essential because it avoids the feeling of uneasiness and danger. Such measure

like Closed-circuit television (CCTV) protects the neighborhood and the

pedestrian at the same time, motion sensor lighting will help shine a light on

unwelcome visitors and this will also work as a deterrent. If everyone makes a

small step to better secure their area, the community will be a safer place for

everyone (Branch, 2022).

Better street lighting reduces emissions, saves money and improves

safety. He said that improved street lighting can help reduce crime, improve

safety, and revitalize communities as a whole, as more light means that potential

crime areas are better lit and more people feel comfortable on the street at night.

Furthermore, improving street lighting is a cost-effective measure for more

energy efficient cities because implementation can be relatively quick and

produce immediate results. (Perkins 2015).

Walker (2016) states that better street lighting can help reduce emissions,

save money and improve safety, but national support for cities is critical for

overcoming the technical and financial barriers. He indicates that there are many

13
strategies to improve street lighting but these strategies need the help of external

actors which is the government, to ensure that this project will made not only

from planning, given that many cities lack the necessary funding and technical

capacity. Walker also said that enabling cities to enjoy these benefits will require

national governments to develop a strong institutional framework that can help

cities overcome the technical and financial barriers to better lighting which is

definitely true and usually happened nowadays.

Peacekeeping operations are those activities provided by the officials to

secure its residents by means of the implemented rules and policies. In some

areas they have special set activities wherein these are visible. Community

stakeholders discuss strategies for enhancing public safety through community

policing, the subject of foot patrols inevitably arises. Sometimes deemed old

fashioned by the rank and file, foot patrols may be effective not only as a means

of curbing crime in neighborhoods, enhancing community partnerships, and

keeping officers in touch with local activity. (Miller, 2013).

Lele (2013) expressed that risk assessment is nothing more than a careful

examination of what, in one’s work, could cause harm to people, so that all can

weigh up whether we have taken enough precautions or should do more to

prevent harm. It involves identifying the hazards present in any undertaking and

then evaluating the extent of the risks involved, taking into account existing

precautions.

14
 Moreover, Robbins (2017) said that risk assessment is important as it is

directly working with vulnerable communities to assess and reduce risk is now

generally recognized in the fields of mitigation and also in response. It is

therefore crucial that at-risk communities are actively involved in the identification

and analysis of the risks they are facing, and participate directly in the evaluation

of risk activities.

Cozens’ (2013), the use of crime prevention technology continues to

expand within the urban environments of post-industrial cities. Target-hardening

technologies such as alarms, shutters, bars, gates, walls and CCTV are

increasingly being used to protect retail, industrial and residential properties. The

use of security shutters on windows in residential settings in Western Australia is

a relatively recent development.

Local Literature

In the Municipality of Bontoc in Mountain Province, Vicente (2019)

released a statement about prevention program of the upland municipality. The

implementation of police and public officials' crime prevention efforts, and the

extent of participation of the residents of the same place is essential.

Aydinan (2021) stated that barangay enforcers are in the vanguard of the

effort to maintain peace and order in every barangay in the country. He

suggested that the proposed training plan be funded and implemented to

15
improve the barangay enforcers' knowledge and skills in the areas highlighted as

needing improvement.

According to the article by Togado (2019), training and seminar needs of

Barangay Tanod are the following: how to make spot report, trafficking in person,

investigation, how to make blotter reports. self-defense, first aid, security and

safety, rescue and operation, search and rescue, firefighting, and patrol. He

believes that Barangay Tanods need the following trainings as it was

recommended by the College of Criminal Justice Education.

The Quezon City government has earmarked an estimated P3.7 billion for

a program that aims to put up 24,480 street lights in an effort to fight crimes.

Mayor Belmonte (2020) said the installation of street lights is part of her 14-point

agenda to ensure public safety and maintain peace and order in the city. She

also added that since most crimes are committed in dark streets and alleys, she

wants to provide additional protection to the people by installing street lamp posts

that will illuminate barangays, roads and other public places.

According to Republic of the Philippines, Philippine News Agency article,

Abalos (2021) asks DPWH to fix lights on major roads. Abalos said street lights

are important to lessen, if not avoid, fatal accidents. Public safety is the utmost

priority of the DPWH. Only one busted or broken light would endanger lives.

Without the street lights, motorists and commuters are in danger. Part of road

safety is making the road visible to all its users.

16
 Hilario (2020) consider mobility as the ability of citizens to safely move or

travel with ease and comfort in the country. It is about freedom of movement and

as a right it is enshrined in the Constitution and should be enjoyed by all, in

particular the great majority of the country’s population happens to be

commuters.

According to Abat, (2013) he stated that in Davao City, the police station is

increasing police visibility in communities to reduce the numbers of crime. Most

of the policemen are outside for advocacy programs and to maximize visibility an

also don't let the ride in the mobile since mostly they are on foot patrol to observe

more the community safety, this way they could easily establish connection with

the community against criminal acts. Policemen also go house to house in

different village in subdivision within the area of their responsibilities to make

sure that they are safe by the police force.

Boncocan’s (2013) article highlighted Director General Bartolome’s order

to all policemen doing office work to go out and render at least four hours of

security patrols in their areas of jurisdiction. According to Bartolome, the PNP

objective is to make use of that time on matters that need the police concerns

most, which is patrolling the streets.

Rinen (2014) stated that Cebu City is further strengthening police visibility

in public areas where implemented by the police as part of their strategy to lower

street crimes in program dubbed Metro Cebu Comprehensive Deployment

System (MCCDS) which in this program they will maximize police visibility out in

17
the streets to prevent crimes from happening and witness more augmentation of

policemen out in the streets in beat, foot, and mobile in covert operations.

Multi-hazard risk assessment can help inform planning processes and

decisions, resulting in better investments. To improve disaster management and

encourage sustainable development initiatives for Marikina City in the

Philippines, PDC assisted in conducting a multi-hazard urban risk assessment,

resulting in the Marikina City Safety Program, which outlines strategies for short-

and long-term disaster reduction (Goering, 2015).

Road safety is a shared responsibility. Every person using the road should

be aware of how to keep it a safe place. On the other hand, each government

agency with a function related to the roads should be attentive to their tasks that

will keep the roads safe. The global plan highlights the fact that road accidents

can be prevented by addressing the whole of the system, taking action to ensure

safe roads, vehicles and behaviors as well as to improve emergency care

(Manila Bulletin, 2023). Private organizations and government agencies who

implement programs promoting road safety should continue to contribute to

awareness.

Improvement of the national road street lights system in Rizal, Laguna

aimed to lessen vehicular accidents and illegal activities during night time by

identifying the factors to be considered in designing street lights and the cost of

the proposed alternative best suited in the research locale (Aroyo, J et al. 2015).

18
Synthesis of Literature

The focus of the literatures cited are the measures being conducted by the

LGUs. There is no denying that different strategies really affect a person’s feeling

of safeness. An effective barangay police and well lit streets are one of the focus

of the local government to ensure that everyone feels secured both outside their

homes and as they wander the streets may it be in the morning or at night. The

articles cited and the latter statement is associated with the present study

because they emphasize the importance and effectivity of security strategies.

The literatures cited also emphasize the strategies carried out by the government

to ensure the citizens’ safety and security, from how street lights, patrolling, and

CCTV affects people’s feeling of safeness and how these strategies helps both

the community and the government of its shared goal. The authors assertion

highlights the importance of feeling safe not just at home but as well as through

the whole neighborhood. Well lit streets make people feel more comfortable,

especially when they walk at night, therefore, making the people feel safe and

free from any possible threats.

The present study is related to the literature written by Walker, the only

difference is that the study of Walker focuses not only on the advantages of

improving street lighting but also the disadvantages of it, because many areas

needed to improve street lights. But in reality, if we will improve street lighting it

will take long to do it. It does have some potential cost and there are many things

19
to be discussed as a guide because improving it is not as easy as usually

assumed because it is not easy to conduct a project that is not studied clearly.

Foreign Study

A report conducted by the University of Manchester Institute of Science

and Technology (2018) found that low illumination is a major contributory factor

in the night-time fatality rate.

Welsh and Farrington (2014) stressed that CCTV is an environmental

crime prevention tool which provide a surveillance function that worked to deter

people from committing crime and makes people feel assured in the area in

which it issued. Research suggested that the CCTV is most successful in

reducing or solving crime when there is an active police interest providing

surveillance information to inform the setting up of CCTV.

Numerous factors have been seen to influence feelings of safety and fear

of crime. Not least of these are age, gender, previous victimization and perceived

levels of crime in certain areas (such as that surrounding the home). Most recent

of these was presented by Doyle et al. (2015) who investigated the effects that

various patrol types, including police officers and security guards, have on

feelings of safety in perceived safe and unsafe scenarios. Their findings revealed

numerous age and gender differences that were all dependent upon situational

20
facts and this is something that will be investigated in greater details in the

subsequent sections.

Another study by Tefft et al. (2021) fact sheet revealed that the percent of

total fatalities involving pedestrians increased from 2009 to 2018 by five percent.

During this time period, there was also an approximate increase of 16,000

injuries. In 2018, 74% of all pedestrian fatalities occurred at non- intersections

and 10% occurred on roadsides, shoulders, parking lanes, bicycle lanes,

sidewalks, mid-block crosswalks, among other sites. Three-fourths of all

pedestrian related fatalities occurred during periods of darkness (76%).

As to Belge and Ercan’s (2021) research, the mobility and the role of

pedestrian in the making of public spaces is being inevitable components of

cities, are evolving spaces that transform, expand or shrink. The study revealed

that some areas in Mersin coastal park are used very effectively by pedestrians,

some areas are not used sufficiently and remain idle. The research also shows

how pedestrian behaviour and movement affect the public space-making in the

coastal park. It ultimately shows the critical role of the pedestrians’ behaviours

and their mobility capacities in creating lively and high-quality public spaces.

Neighborhood social demographic variables have been largely used to

measure their associations with crime. Other than those social factors, street

lighting is a feature of urban and suburban settlement which is widely thought to

be a necessary element in preventing crime. Previous researches has drawn

mixed conclusions about the relationship between street lighting and crime, and

21
the effect of streetlights on neighborhood crime is not entirely definitive. Using

the street lighting data from the Detroit Public Lighting Authority, crime data from

the City of Detroit, supplemented with Census 2010 data, the authors came up

with the results that showed an inverse relationship between street light density

and crime rates across census block groups in Detroit and the effects of time

period of a day vary according to different types of crime (Xu et al., 2018).

Local Study

Street lighting helps people to feel safe and can help to reduce pedestrian-

related-crimes by approximately 50% (Bautista, 2021). A study from the

Department of Transportation in 2013 found that road safety was perceived as a

key benefit for street lighting improvement. In the study, 73% of respondents

agreed that ‘better street lighting would improve the safety of children, and 63.8%

agreed that ‘improved street lighting would lead to fewer injury on the roads’.

The presence of CCTV cameras in a place such as streets, residential

areas and commercial establishments serves as deterrence to crime. People,

with the knowledge that a CCTV camera was installed, refrained themselves

from committing such act for the fear of being caught and punished. Also, it helps

the police officers in the detection and apprehension of suspected person. CCTV

cameras may also encourage people to be more security conscious. These

cameras drive offenders away from committing offenses that take time, as they

run a greater risk of capture (Cuevas, et al. 2016).

22
Synthesis of Study

The focus of the studies cited will strengthen and support the variables of

the present study which focuses on the security strategies and street safety of

the residents of Sitio Morente Ville, Wawa, Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro.

Furthermore, it clearly depicts how essential such security strategies to the safety

of the residents. From installing street lights and CCTVs, even the barangay

patrolling, it only shows the direct relationship between the strategies and how it

affects the people and make them feel safe in their own neighborhood. Again, the

studies mentioned above supports the researchers study with regard the street

lighting, the importance of Closed Circuit Televisions at residential areas, and

how patrolling, especially by barangay police, affects the feeling of safety of the

residents of Sito Morente Ville.

The present study is related to the studies above as they all address the

three indicators of the study’s independent variable. The studies also depict how

these strategies greatly affect those people who try to commit an offense or

disorder which therefore directly affects the community’s feeling of safety in the

streets.

23
 Chapter 3

Research Methodology

This chapter deals with the methodological procedures by which the data

pertinent to the research problems was collected. Specifically, this chapter

presented the research design, respondents of the study, sampling technique,

validity of instrument, reliability of the instrument, scaling and quantification, data

gathering procedure, and statistical tools of data.

Research Design

24
 The study that was conducted by the researchers is quantitative in nature.

Quantitative research gathers a range of numeric data. The collection of

quantitative information allows researchers to conduct simple to extremely

sophisticated statistical analyses that aggregate the data, show relationships

among the data, or compare across aggregated data. Quantitative research

includes methodologies such as questionnaires, structured observations or

experiments and stands in contrast to qualitative research (Coghlan & Brydon-

Miller, 2014).

In order to see the status of the Security Strategies and Programs in

Relation to the Street Safety of the Residents of Sitio Morente Ville, Barangay

Wawa, Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro, the descriptive correlational survey

method was used.

The study employed a combination of descriptive and correlational

research design to investigate and measure the associations between variables,

which does not need to establish a causal connection between two variables for

its main focus to describe and measure the relationship. Researchers use

descriptive–correlational design to describe the two variables and their

relationship. This research method involves collecting and analyzing data on

variables to determine their relationship without altering them or assuming cause-

and-effect (Quaranta, 2017).

Respondents of The Study

25
 The respondents of the study were randomly selected from a total of 442

households of Sitio Morente Ville, Barangay Wawa, Pinamalayan, Oriental

Mindoro.

Through the chosen sampling technique, a sample size of 210 was

derived. Every household that have someone who belong to the age bracket of

18-45 years old, had one representative to answer the prepared questionnaire.

The following table summarizes the data gathered from the 210 participants.

Table 3.1 Profile of the Respondents

Variable Category Frequency Percentage

Gender Male 88 42%
Female 122 58%
Civil Status Single 59 28%
Married 148 71%
Widow 3 1%
Age Range 18-24 years old 35 17%
25-31 years old 49 23%
32-38 years old 49 23%
39-45 years old 77 37%
Occupation Fisherman 19 9%
Local Business Owner 20 10%
Government Employee 12 6%
26
 Others 159 75%

Sampling Technique

The study used Yamane’s Formula n= ( N

1+ N e)
2 to get the sample size

needed which would be an ideal number that would give the researchers reliable

results. The marginal error (e) used was 0.05 or 5%. As a result, 210 is the

sample size.

Considering that Morente Ville is already a sitio, the researchers used the

total number of household which is 442 and arrived with a sample size of 210.

Quota sampling was done until the number of samples from the households of

Barangay Wawa was achieved. Quota sampling is defined as a non-probability

sampling method in which researchers create a convenience sample involving

individuals that represent a population. Researchers choose these individuals

according to specific traits or qualities. These samples can be generalized to the

entire population (Fleetwood, 2023). The researchers used controlled quota

sampling which involves introduction of certain restrictions in order to limit the

choice of samples. In this variant of quota sampling, the researchers not only

ensure that the participants represent certain attributes proportionally, but also

control for the order in which they are selected, often to avoid bias introduced by

temporal or sequence effects (Simkus, 2023).

27
Research Instrument

The researchers used a self-made questionnaire to gather the data

needed for the study. A self-administered survey is a questionnaire that is

designed explicitly to be completed by a respondent without bias. Self-

administered surveys are widely used for collecting quantitative research data

(Bodine, 2022).

The questionnaire is divided into three parts. The first part includes the

profile of the respondents followed by the second part which is intended to

assess the status of security strategies in terms of street lighting, barangay

patrolling, and electronic surveillance. Meanwhile, the third part is intended to

assess the level of street safety of the residents of Sitio Morente Ville in terms of

mobility and risk assessment.

Validity of Instrument

To achieve the validity of the instrument, the researchers find three (3)

validators to validate the prepared questionnaire. A letter of request to validate

the instrument together with a copy of the sample survey for validation was sent

to the identified experts. This guaranteed that the design of questions and

indicators were technically examined by experts to ensure that the survey

instrument's results would be reliable and would measure what it was intended to

be measured.

28
Reliability of the Instrument

To test the reliability of the validated questionnaire, ten (10) residents from

Sitio Morente Ville who are not among the respondents in the study was

subjected to Cronbach's Alpha method. Cronbach's Alpha was developed by Lee

Cronbach in 1951, which measures the reliability and internal consistency of the

questionnaire. The responses of the respondents were statistically treated using

Cronbach's alpha to determine the reliability coefficients. If the Cronbach's alpha

coefficient is low as the first administration to the ten (10) randomly chosen

respondents was completed, the researchers undergone another series of

validation and revision of the questionnaire and was then proceed to the second

administration to finally get a positive result.

The table below was used to determine the magnitude of the correlation of

those indicators and its verbal interpretation.

Table 3.2 Coefficient of the Correlation and Interpretation that measures the

reliability of the instrument

Cronbach’s Alpha Description

0.9 ≤  Excellent
0.8 ≤   0.9 Good
0.7 ≤   0.8 Acceptable
0.6 ≤   0.7 Questionable
0.5 ≤   0.6 Poor
  0.5 Unacceptable

29
Table 3.3 Reliability of the Research Instrument Using Cronbach’s Alpha

Variables Coefficient Correlation Description

I. Status of Security Strategies of Barangay Wawa
Street Lighting 0.71 Acceptable
Barangay Patrolling 0.74 Acceptable
Electronic Surveillance 0.70 Acceptable
II. Level of Street Safety of the Residents of Sitio Morente Ville
Mobility 0.92 Excellent
Risk Assessment 0.84 Good

Scaling and Quantification

A 5-point Likert scale was used to quantify the respondents' perceptions

composed of the numerical scale, statistical limits, and verbal description as

shown below. Rensis Likert (1932) is the proponent of 5-point Likert Scale which

is a type of rating scale that used to determine a respondent's attitude toward

self, others, or situations. Also, a Likert scale is typically used on surveys or

questionnaires, which begins with a statement and asks individuals to respond

on an agree/disagree continuum. Each response is assigned a point value, and

an individual's score is determined by adding the point values of all the

statements. To determine the minimum and the maximum length of the 5-point

Likert type scale, the researchers used the traditional way of mean distribution of

the findings. (Amal, 2016) The length of the cells is determined below:

30
Table 3.4 Numerical Scale, Statistical Limits, Description and Verbal

Interpretation for the measurement of the Status of Security Strategies of

Barangay Wawa

Numerical Statistical Limits Description Verbal Interpretation

Scale
5 4.01 – 5.00 Very Good Highly Noticeable
4 3.01 – 4.00 Good Noticeable
3 2.01 – 3.00 Acceptable Moderately Noticeable
2 1.01 – 2.00 Poor Unnoticeable
1 0.01 – 1.00 Very Poor Highly Unnoticeable

Table 3.5 Numerical Scale, Statistical Limits, Description and Verbal

Interpretation for the measurement of the Level of Street Safety of the

Residents of Sitio Morente Ville

Numerical Statistical Limits Description Verbal Interpretation

Scale
5 4.01 – 5.00 Very High
Very Secured
Extent
4 3.01 – 4.00 High Extent Secured
3 2.01 – 3.00 Moderate Neither Secured or
Extent Unsecured
2 1.01 – 2.00 Low Extent Unsecured
1 0.01 – 1.00 Very Low Very Unsecured
31
 Extent

Data Gathering Procedure

First, a prepared letter of request duly signed by the research adviser was

forwarded to the office of the Barangay Captain of Wawa for approval in

sampling out the respondents and the distribution of the questionnaires.

Furthermore, the respondents were provided with a pencil together with

the questionnaire which was distributed and administered. To elicit credible

responses, the directions for filling out the questionnaire was fully described. The

administrator manually tabulated the completed scoring process and by using

spreadsheet, every piece of data was processed. The variables and their

indications was then analyzed and interpreted.

Ethical Considerations

The researchers applied the principles of ethical considerations developed

by Bryman and Bell (2007).

The participants in this study, the residents of Sitio Morente Ville, gave

their complete consent prior to the research and had not suffered any kind of

harm as a result of their participation. Furthermore, the research participants are

free to leave the study at any time if they so choose and still guaranteeing the

confidentiality of their participation.

32
 An appropriate degree of confidentiality was maintained when managing

the data. False information of any kind was avoided, as was biased

representation of the results of primary data. However, it was taken into

consideration to retain the utmost degree of objectivity during the research's

discussions and analyses.

Moreover, sources of funding, affiliations of all kinds, and potential

conflicts of interest were disclosed. Last but not least, all correspondence related

to this study was open and truthful.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The data gathered was described and analyzed using Descriptive and

Inferential Statistical Tools.

1. Product Moment Correlation (Pearson's -r). This was used to test the

correlation between the status of Security Strategies and the Level of Street

Safety of the Residents of Sitio Morente Ville, Barangay Wawa, Pinamalayan,

Oriental Mindoro.

2. Cronbach's Alpha. This was used to measure the reliability and

internal consistency of the questionnaire.

3. Yamane’s Formula. This was used to calculate the appropriate sample

size from the population.

33
 4. Arithmetic mean. This was used for the mean analysis of the

indicators and determining which indicator defines the sub-variable.

5. F-Test. This was used to assess whether the expected values of a

quantitative variable within several pre-defined groups have significant

relationship from each other.

The formulas are shown below.

1. Product Moment Correlation (Pearson's -r)

n ( ∑ xy ) −( ∑ x )( ∑ y )
r=
√¿¿¿

Where:

r = person’s correlation coefficient

n = number of pairs of values/participants

∑x = sum of the x values

∑y = sum of y values

∑xy = sum of all the products of x and y / paired values

(∑x)2 = sum of all the squares of x’s

(∑y)2 = sum of all the squares of y’s

2. Cronbach’s Alpha
34
 [ ∑s y
]
2
k
∝= 1− 2
k −1 s x

Where:

k = number of items

∑s2y = sum of item variance

s2x= variance of the total score

3. Yamane’s Formula

N
n= 2
1+ N e

Where:

n = sample size

N = population size

e = margin of error

4. Arithmetic Mean

X=
∑x
n

Where:
35
X = sample mean

∑x = sum of terms

n = number of terms

5. F-Test for Regression

MSR
F=
MSE

Where:

F = statistic

MSR = mean square regression

MSE = mean square error

Chapter 4

Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation

This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of the data collected

from the respondents. Each group of data was analyzed and interpreted with

corresponding tables for clear presentation of the results base on the problems

raised in the study.

I. Perception of the Target Population on the Status of the Security

Strategies of Barangay Wawa

36
Table 4.1 Mean Perception of the Residents of Sitio Morente Ville on the
Status of the Security Strategies of Barangay Wawa in terms of Street
Lighting

VERBAL
ITEMS MEAN RANK DESCRIPTION
INTERPRETATION
The streets in the barangay…
1. are well lit by
4.58 1 Very Good Highly Noticeable
street lights.
2. have street lights
that are in good 4.51 2 Very Good Highly Noticeable
condition.
3. have sufficient
and enough street 4.45 3 Very Good Highly Noticeable
lights.
4. are always lit at
the right time 4.38 5 Very Good Highly Noticeable
without delay.
5. are maintained
and the barangay
personnel replace 4.43 4 Very Good Highly Noticeable
any defective bulbs
immediately.
Overall Mean 4.47 Very Good Highly Noticeable

Table 4.1 presents the mean responses of the residents of Sitio Morente

Ville on the status of security strategies in terms of street lighting. By merely

looking at the responses, it clearly seen that the indicators obtained the mean

score that ranges 4.38 to 4.58. This implies that the street lighting in Sitio

Morente Ville is visible and in good condition.

The first indicator had 4.58 which has the highest mean which means that

the street lights are well-lighted. However, the fourth indicator got the lowest

37
mean of 4.43 which implies that the street lights were always lit at the right time

without delay.

The table shows that the overall mean of the street lights in security

strategies 4.47 and described as very good. It means that street lights are in

good conditions, positioned on the right place, and lighted at the right time. Social

Safety Theory by George M. Slavich (2020), stated that humans become

exceptionally perceptive of social information as a result of maximizing social

safety and reducing social hazard, and this deepened their desire to promote,

preserve, and restore social safety whenever possible.

Table 4.2 Mean Perception of the Residents of Sitio Morente Ville on the
Status of the Security Strategies of Barangay Wawa in terms of Barangay
Patrolling

VERBAL
ITEMS MEAN RANK DESCRIPTION
INTERPRETATION
The barangay patrollers in the barangay…
1. are patrolling
within the vicinity 4.14 5 Very Good Highly Noticeable
regularly.
2. are alert and
4.18 3.5 Very Good Highly Noticeable
responsive.
3. traverse and
clear the road
when there are
4.38 1 Very Good Highly Noticeable
residents roaming
around
suspiciously.

38
 4. provide
assistance and
guidance to the
residents of the 4.24 2 Very Good Highly Noticeable
area to ensure
safety and
security.
5. have a sufficient
number of 4.18 3.5 Very Good Highly Noticeable
patrollers.
Overall Mean 4.22 Very Good Highly Noticeable

Table 4.2 presents the mean responses of the residents of Sitio Morente

Ville on the status of security strategies in terms of barangay patrolling. By

merely looking at the responses, it clearly seen that the indicators obtained the

mean score that ranges 4.14 to 4.38. This implies that the barangay patrolling in

Sitio Morente Ville is always visible within the vicinity.

The third indicator had 4.58 which has the highest mean which means that

the barangay patrolling traverses and clears the road when there are residents

roaming around suspiciously. However, first indicator got the lowest mean of 4.14

which implies that the barangay patrollers are kept intact within the vicinity

regularly.

The table shows that the overall mean of the barangay patrolling in

security strategies 4.22 and described as very good. It means that barangay

patrolling is effective and having their thought that the people are secured. The

result was supported by a study conducted by Doyle et al. (2015) which shows

39
that various patrol types like barangay patrolling can affect an individual’s

perception of both safe and unsafe scenarios.

Table 4.3 Mean Perception of the Residents of Sitio Morente Ville on the
Status of the Security Strategies of Barangay Wawa in terms of Electronic
Surveillance

VERBAL
ITEMS MEAN RANK DESCRIPTION
INTERPRETATION
The barangay authorities/officials…
1. place adequate
number of CCTVs
3.40 4 Good Noticeable
throughout the
streets.
2. ensure that the
CCTVs installed
are functional and
4.48 1.5 Very Good Highly Noticeable
capable of
recording without
any interruptions.
3. place high quality 4.48 1.5 Very Good Highly Noticeable
CCTVs which have
the ability to obtain
40
 clear and efficient
video and audio
recordings.
4. strategically put
the CCTVs in areas
where criminal 3.39 5 Good Noticeable
incedences are
frequent.
5. diligently inspect
and maintain the
CCTVs to ensure 4.47 3 Very Good Highly Noticeable
its continued
functionality.
Overall Mean 4.04 Very Good Highly Noticeable

Table 4.3 presents the mean responses of the residents of Sitio Morente

Ville on the status of security strategies in terms of electronic surveillance. By

merely looking at the responses, it clearly seen that the indicators obtained the

mean score that ranges 3.39 to 4.48. This implies that the electronic surveillance

in Sitio Morente Ville is well-maintained and positioned on the right spot.

The second and third indicators had 4.48 which has the highest mean

which means that the barangay officials ensure that the CCTVs installed are

functional and capable of recording without any interruptions and place high

quality CCTVs which have the ability to obtain clear and efficient video and audio

recordings. However, fourth indicator got the lowest mean of 3.39 which implies

that the barangay officials strategically put the CCTVs in areas where criminal

incidences are frequent.

The table shows that the overall mean of the electronic surveillance in

security strategies 4.04 and described as very good. It means that the electronic

41
surveillance within the vicinity of the said site is effective. Risk Perception Theory

by Agathe Backer-Grondahl, Aslak Fyhri, Pal Ulleberg, and Astrid Helene

Amundsen (2009) stated that feelings of unsafety can be related to fear of

accidents as well as to fear of crime, violence and strangers. A fully functional

and efficient recordings and monitoring is a great factor as such things affects a

person’s discernment of safety especially where crime or violence often occur.

II. Perception of the Residents of of Sitio Morente Ville on the Level of

Street Safety

Table 4.4 Mean Perception of the Residents of Sitio Morente Ville on the
Level of Street Safety in terms of Mobility

VERBAL
ITEMS MEAN RANK DESCRIPTION
INTERPRETATION
As a resident of the barangay, I…
1. feel secured
walking in the
streets even in
places where Very High
4.68 2 Very Secured
criminal incidences Extent
normally happen
because there are
CCTVs installed.

42
 2. feel safe passing
and traveling alone
in our area
Very High
because there are 4.67 3 Very Secured
Extent
barangay patrollers
that can be seen
patrolling.
3. find myself safe
when traveling
because the street Very High
5.00 1 Very Secured
is in good Extent
condition. (well-lit
and monitored)
4. find the streets,
ways, and alleys in
my sitio safe Very High
4.66 4 Very Secured
because the lights Extent
are clear and
luminous.
5. feel safe to walk
around because
Very High
there are adequate 4.47 5 Very Secured
Extent
and functional
CCTVs installed.
Very High
Overall Mean 4.70 Very Secured
Extent

Table 4.4 presents the mean responses of the residents of Sitio Morente

Ville on the level of street safety in terms of mobility. By merely looking at the

responses, it clearly seen that the indicators obtained the mean score that

ranges 4.47 to 5.00. This implies that the street in Sitio Morente Ville is feeling

safe when you were passing on that road.

The third indicator had 5.00 which has the highest mean which means that

the residents find safe when traveling because the street is in good condition

(well-lit and monitored). However, fifth indicator got the lowest mean of 4.47

43
which implies that the residents feel safe to walk around because there are

adequate and functional CCTVs installed.

The table shows that the overall mean of the mobility in street safety is

4.70 and described as very high extent. It means that the residents are feel

secured and have peace on their minds.

Risk Perception Theory by Agathe Backer-Grondahl, Aslak Fyhri, Pal

Ulleberg, and Astrid Helene Amundsen (2009) supports the result as it stated

that people appear to be more afraid of situations where they think they are likely

to be exposed to threats, violence, and other unpleasant situations, that of being

involved in an accident. People’s perception of safety is affected by the likelihood

of being exposed to unsafe situations such as unmonitored and dim areas.

Table 4.5 Mean Perception of the Residents of Sitio Morente Ville on the
Level of Street Safety in terms of Risk Assessment

VERBAL
ITEMS MEAN RANK DESCRIPTION
INTERPRETATION
To lessen the exposure to risks, I…
1. walk through a
Very High
CCTV monitored 5.00 1 Very Secured
Extent
area.
2. traverse through
the streets where
Very High
the barangay 4.78 5 Very Secured
Extent
police are
patrolling the area.
3. refrain from Very High
4.88 2 Very Secured
going outside Extent
44
 when the streets
are dim. (e.g.,
when there is
power interruption
and/or the street
lights are not yet
lit)
4. keep myself
informed and
updated of the
Very High
whereabouts of 4.85 3 Very Secured
Extent
the barangay,
especially street
safety advisories.
5. recognize
potential hazards
Very High
(e.g. dim places, 4.80 4 Very Secured
Extent
unmonitored area,
etc.)
Very High
Overall Mean 4.86 Very Secured
Extent

Table 4.5 presents the mean responses of the residents of Sitio Morente

Ville on the level of street safety in terms of risk assessment. By merely looking

at the responses, it clearly seen that the indicators obtained the mean score that

ranges 4.78 to 5.00. This implies that the danger or risk is lessen.

The third indicator had 5.00 which has the highest mean which means that

the risks are lessen if there is an installation of CCTV monitored area. However,

second indicator got the lowest mean of 4.78 which implies that the risk is lessen

if they traverse through the streets where the barangay police are patrolling the

area. The table shows that the overall mean of the risk assessment is 4.86 and

described as very high extent.

45
 Social Safety Theory by George M. Slavich (2020), as people perceive

and understand the threats surrounding them, the more they react and perform

measures to protect themselves and prepare appropriate response as regards to

what might happen.

Table 4.6 Summary Table of Independent Variables

Variables Mean Description Verbal Interpretation

1. Street Lighting 4.47 Very Good Highly Noticeable
2. Barangay Patrolling 4.22 Very Good Highly Noticeable
3. Electronic Surveillance 4.04 Very Good Highly Noticeable

Table 4.6 presents the summary table of the status of security strategies

in terms of street lighting, barangay patrolling, and electronic surveillance. As

gleaned on the table, the variables were obtained the mean that ranges from

4.04 to 4.47 and interpreted as good. It implies that street lighting, barangay

patrolling, and electronic surveillance in Sitio Morente Ville is good. Since all of

the variables have the same interpretation, it implies that the grand mean of the

status of the security strategies is 4.25 and described as good.

Table 4.7 Summary Table of Dependent Variables

Variables Mean Description Verbal Interpretation

1. Mobility 4.70 Very High Extent Very Secured

2. Risk Assessment 4.86 Very High Extent Very Secured

46
 Table 4.7 presents the summary table of the level of street safety in terms

of mobility and risk assessment. As gleaned on the table, the variables were

obtained the mean that ranges from 4.70 to 4.86 and interpreted as high extent.

It implies that mobility and risk assessment in Sitio Morente Ville is in very high

extent. Since all of the variables have the same interpretation, it implies that the

grand mean of the level of street safety is 4.78 and described as very high

extent.

Table 4.8 Summary Table of R, R 2 and F-Values; Regression Result of the

Level of Road Safety of Motorcycle users

F-Value R R2 Interpretation
Mobility 1.77 0.16 0.03 INSIGNIFICANT
Risk Assessment 0.73 0.10 0.01 INSIGNIFICANT

Degree of Freedom: (3,206)

Critical value F: 2.65

Level of Significance: 0.05

Table 4.9 shows that the computed F-values of 1.77 for mobility, and 0.73

for risk assessment not exceeds the critical F-value of 2.65 with 3 and 206

degrees of freedom using 5% level of significance. The table shows that the

results are statistically insignificant and therefore the null hypothesis is accepted.

From the R or multiple R in regression analysis, 0.16 and 0.10 were the

result given by the findings, and for the column of the R 2, 3% of the variability of

47
the first indicator (mobility) can be explained by the entire set of the independent

sub-variables. Furthermore, the total collection of independent factors may

account for 1% of the variability of the second dependent sub-variable (risk

assessment).

It shows that there is no significant relationship existing between the

status of security strategies in terms of street lighting, electronic surveillance, and

barangay patrolling, and the level of street safety in terms of mobility and risk

assessment.

Chapter 5

Summary of the Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations

This chapter includes the analyzed summary of findings, documented

conclusions, and recommendations that will help in upgrading the curriculum as

well as the future researches.

Summary of the Findings

48
 The succeeding statements outlined the summary of the findings of this

study.

1. What is the status of security strategies in terms of:

a. Street lighting

The street lighting is in good condition, positioned properly and well-

lighted and it is agreed by the residents of Sitio Morente Ville. It shows that the

overall mean of the street lighting of the security strategies was 4.47 and

described as very good.

b. Barangay Patrolling

The barangay officials patrol within the vicinity of the sitio and the

residents are feel-secured. It shows that the overall mean of the barangay

patrolling of the security strategies was 4.22 and described as very good.

c. Electronic surveillance

The residents are at peace if there are CCTVs installed in the vicinity of

that sitio. It shows that the overall mean of the electronic surveillance of the

security strategies was 4.04 and described as very good.

2. What is the level of street safety in terms of:

a. Mobility

49
 The residents are mobilized and secured in Sitio Morente Ville street. It

shows that the overall mean of the mobility of the street safety was 4.70 and

described as very high extent.

b. Risk Assessment

The risk or danger in Sitio Morente Ville street are less. It shows that the

overall mean of the risk assessment of the street safety was 4.86 and described

as very high extent.

Conclusions

Based on the foregoing findings, the following conclusions are hereby presented,

1. The security strategies had proven its effectivity in terms of street

lighting, electronic surveillance, and barangay patrolling. Also, it suggests that

security strategies were essential to the residents especially the outstanding

status and condition of the street lights of Sitio Morente Ville.

2. The level of street safety of the residents of Sitio Morente Ville was

greatly affected by the security strategies mainly by the risk assessment. The

result also shows the relevance of street lighting, electronic surveillance, and

barangay patrolling to the level of street safety.

3. There is no significant relationship between the status of security

strategies and the level of street safety of the residents of Sitio Morente Ville.

50
Recommendations

In view of the foregoing findings and conclusions, the following

recommendations are drawn.

1. Researchers suggest that the security materials are kept intact and in

well-conditioned and it is up to date.

2. The assigned barangay officials in lighting the streets should have a

sense of responsibility to always lit the street lights at the right time without the

delay.

3.The barangay officials may attend seminars and trainings on proper

patrolling to avoid conflicts within the people and the vicinity area.

4. The barangay officials should put extra effort in putting CCTVs in areas

where criminal incidences are frequent.

5. The barangay government may allot funds for the security materials to

have additional security materials like CCTVs to assure the residents that is it

safe to walk around.

6. The barangay police should be visible and consistent in patrolling the

area to lessen the risk if the residents traverse through the streets.

51
 7. This study can be used,mm, by future researchers for their own

research studies. Also, it allows them to study variables or indicators that affect

the level of street safety in Sitio Morente Ville in the security strategies.

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duce-rewards-crime-ronald-clarke-john-eck

Published Research Papers

Bautista. (2021). Street Lighting. IRap. https://toolkit.irap.org/safer-road-

treatments/street-lighting/

Belge, M.Z.S., Ercan, M.A. (2021, September 9). Mobility and the Role of

Pedestrian in the Making of Public Space. Transportation Research

Procedia.

https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/308315/1-s2.0-S2352146522X00021/1-

s2.0-S2352146521009510/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-

Cozens, P. (2013, May). Crime and residential security shutters in an Australian

suburb: Exploring perceptions of ‘Eyes on the Street.’ ResearchGate.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/

263327108_Crime_and_residential_security_shutters_in_an_Australian_s

uburb_Exploring_perceptions_of_'Eyes_on_the_Street'_social_interaction

_and_personal_safety

Cuevas, J.C., Corachea, E., & Escabel, M. (2016). Effectiveness of CCTV

Cameras Installation in Crime Prevention. College of Criminology Research

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 Journal. https://research.lpubatangas.edu.ph/wpcontent/uploads/2019/02/

CRIM-2016-003.pdf

Doyle, C.L., Bankston, W.B., Jenkins, Q.A.L., & Thompson, C.Y. (2015). Fear of

Criminal Victimization and Residential Location: The Influence of Perceived

Risk. Scopus Preview. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2s2

00023469009&partnerID=40&md5=5e7c2b6c8b09d74112015955be302775

Tefft, B.C., Arnold, L.S., & Horrey, W.J. (2021). Examining the Increase in

Pedestrian Fatalities in the United States. Foundation for Traffic Safety.

https://aaafoundation.org/examining-the-increase-in-pedestrian-fatalities-in-

the-united-states-2009-2018/

Vicente, J.B. (2019, November). Crime Prevention Program of an Upland

Municipality in the Philippines. Green Field Advanced Research Publishing

House. https://garph.co.uk/IJARMSS/Nov2019/G-2758.pdf

Welsh & Farrington. (2014, November 22). A Review of CCTV Evaluations.

http://pdf-release.net/2545836/a-review-of-cctvevaluations---center-for

problem-oriented

Xu, Y., Fu, C., Kennedy, E., Jiang, S., & Owusu, S. (2018, September). The

Impact

of Street Lights On Spatial-Temporal Patterns of Crime in Detroit, Michigan.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.02.021

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