Theory of Flight

Module 1
Age of pioneers - in prehistoric times humans have watched the flight of birds longed to imitate
them but lacked the power to do so.
The first manned hot air balloon (1783) - crafted by Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier that flew
for 23 minutes.
First gas balloon - professor Jacques Charles

∆DAEDALUS
- skilled craftman who made wings of feather and wax
∆TOWER-JUMPERS
- Launched themselves in to the air

WRIGHT BROTHERS
- Kitty hawk, North Carolina on December 17,1903 with a total of 98 seconds in four
flights
OTTO LILIENTHAL
- ornithology held the key to human flight
- famous for his experiments that would now be called hang gliders
OCTAVE CHANUTE
- flying machines published in 1894
SAMUEL PIERPONT LANGLEY
- building small models powered by rubber bands to larger steam-powered "Aerodrome"
models.
GLENN H. CURTIS
- he joined the Aerial experiment association where he designed aircraft controlled by
ailerons
- made the first public flight in the U.S. in june bug
HENRI FARMAN
- producing 12,000 military aircraft during WW1

MODULE 2

GENERAL AVIATION
- defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

ROLES OF GENERAL AVIATION IN THE SOCIETY

°For Business/Personal Transportation, General Aviation Offers Speed & Flexibility

- means going where you want to go with privacy

°General Aviation Protects Our Environment

- most efficient way to conduct wildlife surveys
°General Aviation Makes Your Driving Safer And Smoother
- airborne traffic reporters broadcasting on radio and television

°General Aviation: The People's Air Carrier

- carry passengers to and from smaller cities

COMMERCIAL AVIATION
- part of civil aviation that involves operating aircraft for hire to transport passengers or
cargo
{International Air Transport Association (IATA)}

HISTORY OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION

- wright brothers hold a special place in history because of their achievement in relation to
modern aircraft design (three-axis control)
- october 4,1927 , the project would be announced with the Guggenheim group selecting
WAE as the recipient of the funding

1.Western Air Express

2.Western Airlines
3.Delta

THE FIRST PASSENGERS

Pilot- C.N. "Jimmy" James

1st- Ben F. Redman
2nd- J.A. Tomlinson
100,000th passenger - Elliot Roosevelt

MILITARY AVIATION
- use of military aircraft and other flying machines for aerial warfare

CATEGORIES OF MILITARY AIRCRAFT

°Airborne Early Warning

- advance warning of enemy activities
°Bombers Aircraft
- carrying large payloads of bombs
°Experimental Aircraft
- designed to test advance aerodynamic
°Fighter Aircraft
- establish and maintain air superiority
°Forward Air Control Aircraft
- directs close air support aircraft
°Ground-attack Aircraft
 - Support ground troops by weakening the enemy defense
°Liaison Aircraft
- are usually small, unarmed aircraft used to deliver messages and personnel
°Maritime Patrol Aircraft
- used to control sea-lanes
°Multirole Combat Aircraft
- Both fighter and bomber
°Refueling Aircraft
- Used for refueling fighters
°Training Aircraft
- train recruits to fly aircraft
°Transport Aircraft
- Transport troops and supplies

MODULE 3

PILOT CERTIFICATE CATEGORIES

∆AIRPLANE
- powered, fixed-wing aircraft
°Classes of Airplane
1.Airplane Single-Engine Land
- Single engine that only lands on land
2.Single-Engine Sea (Seaplane)
- Capable of taking off and landing on water
3.Multi-Engine Land/Aircraft
- Typically faster, provided their two engines
4.Multi-Engine Sea

∆Lighter-Than-Air-Aircraft
- designed to contain within their structure a sufficient volume, that when filled with gas
lighter than air
∆Powered Parachute
- type of aircraft that has a flexible wing, frame and wheels.
∆Rotorcraft
- heavier than air aircraft
°Classes Of Rotorcraft
1.Helicopter
- Rotors are driven by engine
2.Gyroplane
- Rotor of a gyroplane spins in flight due to the air loading on the rotor blades
∆WEIGHT-SHIFT-CONTROL
- also known as hang glider
∆AIRCRAFT CATEGORIES (CFR 14)
 - in relation to the size and maneuverability of the aircraft
°Acrobatic Aircraft
- Have no flight maneuver restrictions
°Commuter Aircraft
- Multi engine with 19 or fewer passenger seats
°Experimental Aircraft
- Are typically used for research and development
°Light Sports Aircraft
- Operates under a special airworthiness certificate
°Limited Aircraft
- Reserved for military aircraft that have been modified for civilian use
°Normal Aircraft
- Nine or fewer seats and has a maximum takeoff speed of 12,500 pounds or less
°Primary Aircraft
- A simple design and is intended exclusively for pleasure and personal use
°Restricted Aircraft
- Limited to special purposes (agri, wildlife, aerial surveying/advertising, patrolling)
°Utility Aircraft
- General-purpose light airplane or helicopter

MODULE 4
TYPES OF AIRPLANE

∆TYPES OF COMMERCIAL AIRPLANES

°Jumbo Passenger Jets
- Boeing 747 was the first wide-body commercial jet to be called "Jumbo Jet"
°Mid-Size Passenger
- Airbus 350 that can carry over 350 passengers
°Light Passenger Jets
- Seating passengers is typically 60 to 100
°Passenger Turboprops
- much safer than ground transportation because they are built for reliability
°Cargo Planes
- Larger scope than any of the other types

∆TYPES OF PRIVATE JETS

°Very Light Jets
- Mainly used for flights that are 40 to 80 mins duration
°Light Business Jets
- Capable of transcontinental flights of 2,400 nautical miles or more
°Mid-Size Business Jets
- offers comfortable seating up to 10 passengers
°Heavy Business Jets
- Often converted form larger commercial airline jets into luxury liners
°Military Jets
- Among the best performance airplanes on the market

∆TYPES OF PROPELLER PLANES

°Private Single Plane
- Especially popular in remote areas of the country
°Twin Turboprops
- They often have a larger hauling capacity than many light jets
°Aerobatic Aircraft
- These planes are fast and perform stunts in the air, such as dives amd rolls
°Amphibious Aircraft
- Specially designed to take off and land on freshwater lakes and seas
°Military Turboprops
- Still developing and using turboprop planes for cargo transport and light attack fighters

MODULE 5

AIRPLANE MAJOR COMPONENTS AND STRUCTURE

- Aircraft is a device that is used or intended to be used for flight

∆MAJOR COMPONENTS
- Airplanes are designed for a variety of purposes most of them have the same major
components
°Fuselage
- Central body of an airplane which is designed to accommodate crew, passengers and
cargo
°Wings
- Airfoils attached to each side of the fuselage and are the main lifting surface
°Empennage
- Includes the entire tail group
°Landing Gear
- Principal support of the airplane when parked
°Powerplant
- Includes both the engine and the propeller

∆TYPES OF AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION

- Evolved from early wood truss structural arrangements to monocoque shell structures to
the semi monocoque shell structures
°Truss Structure
- The main drawback is its lack of a streamlined shape
°Monocoque
- Uses stressed skin to support almost all loads much like an aluminum beverage can
°Semi Monocoque
- Uses a substructure to which the airplane's skin is attached
 HAND TOOLS

Module 1

°Aircraft Maintenance
- Includes inspection and repair of an aircraft

"SAFETY IS EVERYONE'S FIRST PRIORITY"

- Communication is the key to ensuring everyone's safety

°THERE ARE BASIC RULES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SAFE WORKING HABITS.

•Stay Alert and Stay Alive

- Wide awake employee is much less probable he or she is to get hurt
•Wear the Right Clothes
- Work clothes should fit properly
•Use the Right Tools
- If you need a hammer get a hammer
•Learn How to Lift
- Lifting takes more than muscles
•Don't Be a Prankster
- If you feel the urge to play resist it until after work
•Be Tidy
- Good housekeeping reduces hazards in the work-place or your home
•The Report is Important
- Never fail to report accidents and unsafe conditions
•Get First Aid Immediately
- If ever you get hurt even if it seems minor
•Back Your Safety Program
- If you can reduce accidents tell your supervisor about it
•Never Take a Chance
- Shortcuts are probably the biggest killer of all

∆ELECTRICAL HAZARDS GENERALLY ARISE DUE TO ONE OR MORE OF THE

FOLLOWING FACTORS

1.Inadequate or non-existent grounding

2.Typically worn or damaged insulation,plugs,sockets and installations
3. Bad writing system and the possible misuse of good system
4. Incorrect use or frequent uses
5. Inadequate inspection and proper maintenance of portable power tools and standard
equipment

∆SAFETY AROUND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

 - Safety is the most important regard to shop safety
•Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
- Developed by manufacturers describing the chemical properties of a product
•Hearing Protection
- Essential when working with rivet guns, pneumatic drills, or other loud tools
•Foreign Object Debris/Damage
- Is any damage due to any loose object
•Safety Around Airplanes
- Make sure there is sufficient space or clearance

∆POWERED GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT

•Pushback Tractors
- Used to push aircraft away from the gate and onto the runway
•Tow Trucks
- Used to tow aircraft around the airport
•Ground Power Units (GPU)
- Provide electrical power to aircraft while on the ground
•Air Start Units (ASU)
- Provide pressurized air to start aircraft engines
•Belt Loaders
- Used to load and unload cargo from aircraft

∆NON-POWERED GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT

•Aircraft Dollies
- Used to transport baggage and cargo around the airport
•Aircraft Stairs
- Help passengers and crew board and disembark from aircraft
•Aircraft Jacks
- Used to lift aircraft for maintenance and repairs
•Aircraft Chocks
- Wedges placed in front of aircraft's wheels to prevent them from rolling
•Cargo Containers
- Standardized containers used to transport cargo on aircraft

∆HAND TOOLS
- A mechanic should be a professional in the use of numerous hand tools
∆WORKSHOP MATERIAL SAFETY

∆SOLDERING
- A process of joining two or more electronic parts together by melting solder around the
connection

∆SOLDERING IRON
 - Hand tool that plugs into a standard 120v AC outlet and melt the solder around the
component
∆SOLDERING STATION
- More advanced version of the basic standalone soldering pen.
∆SOLDERING TIP
•Conical Tip - fine tip
•Chisel Tip - broad flat tip
∆SOLDERING IRON STAND
- Very basic but very useful and handy to have
∆SPONGE
- Keep soldering iron tip clean by removing the oxidation that forms
∆SOLDER
- A metal alloy material that is melted to create a permanent bond

∆HOW TO SOLDER
1.Mount The Component
2.Heat The Joint
3.Apply Solder To Joint
4.Snip The Leads

MODULE 2

ETCHING

∆TINNING METHOD
- Process of coating copper traces with layers of tin, which will prevent it from any possible
degradation, oxidation or corrosion
∆WHAT IS ETCHING TECHNIQUE
- Is a technique for selectively etching
∆WET ETCHING
- Is a technique in which etching materials are immersed in an etching solution for etching
•Isotropic
- Means etching in all directions uniformly

°Advantage
-Good surface uniformity
-Good adaptability
-Low cost
-With excellent selectivity

°Disadvantage
-Isotropic etching
-The fidelity of pattern etching is not ideal
-The smallest line of the etched pattern is difficult to control
∆DRY ETCHING
- A technique that uses plasma to etch thin films, and is the most important method for
etching devices in sub-micron sizes
•Anisotropic etch
- Means etching in one direction preferentially

°Advantage
-Anisotropy of etching profile
-Minimal photoresist shedding
-Good etching uniformity
-Low cost of chicals

°Disadvantage
-The choice of etching for the underlying material is relatively poor
-Plasma induced damage
-Expensive Equipment

∆10 STEPS TO ETCH PCB

1.Design
2.Print out the design onto the shiny side of the transfer paper
3.Sand the copper Plate so there is a rough surface for the design to stick
4.Wash the copper with some water and rubbing alcohol and let it dry
5.Cut out the design and place them face down on the copper
6.Run the copper plate with the design face down on the laminator 5 to 7 times until the plate is
hot
7.After running the plate trought a laminator or iron place in to a cold bath and agitate until the
paper floats off
8.Place the PCB into the etching solution until the copper has disolved around the design
9.Once the copper is gone rinse it with water and use rubbing alcohol to wipe off the ink
transferred onto the pcb
10.Drill the holes
 AIRCRAFT ELECTRICS

MODULE 1

∆UNITS OF ELECTRICITY

•CURRENT
- Is the movement of electrons, usually measured in amps or ampere (I)
•VOLTAGE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE & ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
- Electeic current flows in a conductor because of the difference in electrical pressure at
the end of the conductor
- The force which causes electrons to flow through a conductor
- Volt (V)
•RESISTANCE
- Is that property of a conductor which tends to hold or resist the flow of an electric current
- Ohm (Ω).
°CONDUCTORS
- Relatively low resistance because they accept extra electrons easily.
°INSULATORS
- Materials having few free electrons

∆FACTORS AFFECTING RESISTANCE

•COPPER
- Usually considered the best available conductpr material