NUMERICAL METHODS

PRACTICAL FILE

Submitted by:
SAURAV KHADKA
ROLL NO: 18

Central Department of Food Technology

Central Campus of Food Technology
Tribhuvan University
Dharan-14, Sunsari

Submitted on: (2080-01-20)

 Exp. No. 1
1. MATLAB Functions:

S.N. INPUT OUTPUT S.N INPUT OUTPUT

.

1. a=[5] a= 5 19. c=ones(5,5) c =1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

2. size(a) 1 1 20. c*9 9 9 9 9 9

9 9 9 9 9

9 9 9 9 9

9 9 9 9 9

9 9 9 9 9

3. b=[1 2 3 4 5] b= 1 2 3 21. a=1:20 a =Columns 1 through

4 5 20

1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20

4. size(b) 1 5 22. b=1:2:10 b =1 3 5 7 9

5. c=[1;2;3;4;5] C=1 23. b=[1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5

5;6 7 8 9
2 6 7 8 9 10
10;11 12 13

2
 3 14 15] 11 12 13 14 15

6. size(c) 5 1 24. b(3,3) 13

7. length(c) 5 25. b(2,5) 10

8. d=[1 2;3 4]; 2 2 26. b(1:2,3:4) 3 4

size(d) 8 9

9. length(d) 2 27. b(1,3:5) 3 4 5

10. e=magic(4) e =16 2 3 13 28. b(1:2,3) 3

5 11 10 8 8

9 7 6 12

4 14 15 1

11. f=[1 2 3]' f =1 29. b(2:end,4) 9

2 14

12. g=[1 2 3 4 1 0 0 0 0 30. a=[1 2 3;4 1 2 3

5]; 5 6;5 -10 9]
0 2 0 0 0 4 5 6
diag(g) 0 0 3 0 0 5 -10 9

0 0 0 4 0

0 0 0 0 5

13. min(g) 1 31. det(a) -102

3
14. max(g) 5 32. inv(a) -1.0294 0.4706
0.0294

0.0588 0.0588 -
0.0588

0.6373 -0.1961
0.0294

15. c=[1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 33. a*a 24 -18 42

5;6 7 8 9 10] 6 7 8 9 10 54 -27 96

10 -130 36

16. min(min(c)) 1 34. a.*a 1 4 9

16 25 36

25 100 81

17. max(min(c)) 5

18. a=zeros(3,4) a =0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

4
 Exp. No. 2
2. Solving Linear and Non-linear equations using MATLAB

INPUT OUTPUT

1. Solve 3x+y=5; x+2y=5

a=[3 1;1 2]; x =1.0000

b=[5 5]'; 2.0000

x=inv(a)*b

2. Solve 5x+3y-z=15; 2x-4y+z=-4; z-y-3z=-13

a=[5 3 -1;2 -4 1;1 -1 -3]; x =2.0000

b=[15;-4;-13]; 3.0000

x=inv(a)*b 4.0000

3. Solve non-linear equation x^2-3x+2=0

solve('x^2-3*x+2') 2

4. Solve non-linear equation x^3-27=0

solve('x^3-27') 3

-3/2+3/2*i*3^(1/2)

-3/2-3/2*i*3^(1/2)

5
5. Solve the equation x^2+y^2-1; x-y-1=0

[x,y]=solve('x^2+y^2-1','x-y-1=0') x=1

y=0

-1

6. Solve the equation x^2=4

solve('x^2=4') 2

-2

6
 Exp. No. 3
3. Plotting the graph of function and its derivatives

a. Plot: y=x^2
INPUT OUTPUT
x=-5:0.1:5;
y=x.^2
plot(x,y,'r')
xlabel('x-axis')
ylabel('y-axis')
title('Graph of parabola')
legend('y=x^2')

b. Plot: sin curve

INPUT OUTPUT
x=0:0.1:2*pi;
y=sin(x)
plot(x,y,'b')
xlabel('x-axis')
ylabel('y-axis')
title('sin curve')
legend('y=sin(x)')

7
c. Plot the equations: i. Y=ex ii. Y=x2 iii. Y=sin10x iv. Y=cosx
INPUT OUTPUT
x=-10:0.1:10;
y1=exp(x);
y2=x.^2;
y3=sin(10*x);
y4=cos(x);
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(x,y1)
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(x,y2)
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(x,y3)
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(x,y4)

d. Plot: y=x/(x2+1)
INPUT OUTPUT
x=linspace(0,10);
y=x./(x.^2+1)
plot(x,y,'r')
xlabel('x-axis')
ylabel('y-axis')
legend('y=x/x2+1')

8
e. Plot the function f(x)=3xsinx-2x and its derivatives both on the same figure for -2π≤x≤2π.
Plot the function with solid red line and the derivatives with black dot line.
INPUT OUTPUT
x=-2*pi:0.1:2*pi;
y=3*x.*sin(x)-2.*x
plot(x,y,'r')
xlabel('x-axis')
ylabel('y-axis')
hold on
y1=3*sin(x)+3.*x.*cos(x)-2
plot(x,y1,'--')
hold off

f. Plot: x(t)=0.4t3-2t2-5t+13; 0≤t≤7

INPUT OUTPUT
t=-7:0.01:7;
x=0.4.*t.^3-2.*t.^2-5.*t+13
plot(t,x,'r')
xlabel('x-axis')
ylabel('y-axis')
title('figure')
hold on
x1=1.2.*t.^2-4.*t-5
plot(t,x1,'--')
hold on
x2=2.4.*t-4
plot(t,x2,'b')
legend('function','velocity','acceleration')
hold off
9
 Exp. No. 4
4. Plotting the 3D graph using MATLAB
i. Plot 3D graph for Z= sinx+cosy
INPUT OUTPUT

x=linspace(-5,5);
y=x;
[x,y]=meshgrid(x,y);
z=sin(x)+cos(y);
mesh(x,y,z)

x=linspace(-5,5);
y=x;
[x,y]=meshgrid(x,y);
z=sin(x)+cos(y);
surf(x,y,z)

x=linspace(-5,5);
y=x;
[x,y]=meshgrid(x,y);
z=sin(x)+cos(y);
meshz(x,y,z)

10
x=linspace(-5,5);
y=x;
[x,y]=meshgrid(x,y);
z=sin(x)+cos(y);
meshc(x,y,z)

x=linspace(-5,5);
y=x;
[x,y]=meshgrid(x,y);
z=sin(x)+cos(y);
surfc(x,y,z)

x=linspace(-5,5);
y=x;
[x,y]=meshgrid(x,y);
z=sin(x)+cos(y);
surfl(x,y,z)
%waterfall(x,y,z)

x=linspace(-5,5);
y=x;
[x,y]=meshgrid(x,y);
z=sin(x)+cos(y);
waterfall(x,y,z)

11
 Expt. No.: 05
5. Solving equation using Newton Raphson method
INPUT OUTPUT
A) x^3-4*x-9=0
clc; 1 3.125000
clear all; 2 2.768530
close all; 3 2.708196
a=2; 4 2.706529
n=5; 5 2.706528
f=inline('x^3-4*x-9'); %original eqn
g=inline('3*x^2-4'); %derivative
for i=1:n
a=a-f(a)/g(a);
fprintf('%d %f\n',i,a)
end

B) sin(x)+x+1=0
clc; a = 0.5000
clear all; 0.500000
close all; a = 0.5110
a=0; 0.510958
n=7; a = 0.5110
f=inline('sin(x)+x-1'); %original eqn 0.510973
g=inline('cos(x)+1'); %derivative a = 0.5110
for i=1:n 0.510973
a=a-f(a)/g(a) a = 0.5110
fprintf('%d %f\n',i,a) 0.510973
end a = 0.5110
0.510973
a = 0.5110
0.510973

12
C) x-exp(-x)
clc; 1 0.566311
clear all; 2 0.567143
close all; 3 0.567143
a=0.5;
n=3;
f=inline('x-exp(-x)'); %original eqn
g=inline('1+exp(-x)'); %derivative
for i=1:n
a=a-f(a)/g(a);
fprintf('%d %f\n',i,a)
end

D) cos(x)-x.*exp(x)
clc; 1 0.518026
clear all; 2 0.517757
close all; 3 0.517757
a=0.5;
n=3;
f=inline('cos(x)-x.*exp(x)'); %original eqn
g=inline('-sin(x)-exp(x).*(1+x)'); %derivative
for i=1:n
a=a-f(a)/g(a);
fprintf('%d %f\n',i,a)
end

13
E) x.^3-17
clc; 1 2.750000
clear all; 2 2.582645
close all; 3 2.571332
a=2; 4 2.571282
n=5; 5 2.571282
f=inline('x.^3-17'); %original eqn
g=inline('3*x.^2'); %derivative
for i=1:n
a=a-f(a)/g(a);
fprintf('%d %f\n',i,a)
end

14
 Expt. No.: 06
6. Solving equation using Bisection method.
INPUT OUTPUT
A) sin(x)+x-1
clear all; 1 0.000000 1.000000 0.500000
close all;
clc; 2 0.500000 1.000000 0.750000
a=0;b=1;e=0.0001;
n1=(log(b-a)-log(e))/log(2); 3 0.500000 0.750000 0.625000
n=ceil(n1);
f=inline('sin(x)+x-1'); 4 0.500000 0.625000 0.562500
for i=1:n
c=(a+b)/2; 5 0.500000 0.562500 0.531250
fprintf('\n%d %f %f %f\n',i,a,b,c)
if f(a)*f(c)<0 6 0.500000 0.531250 0.515625
b=c;
else 7 0.500000 0.515625 0.507813
a=c;
end 8 0.507813 0.515625 0.511719
end
9 0.507813 0.511719 0.509766

10 0.509766 0.511719 0.510742

11 0.510742 0.511719 0.511230

12 0.510742 0.511230 0.510986

13 0.510742 0.510986 0.510864

14 0.510864 0.510986 0.510925

B) x^2+x-4

15
clear all; 1 0.000000 2.000000 1.000000
close all;
clc; 2 1.000000 2.000000 1.500000
a=0;b=2;e=0.01;
n1=(log(b-a)-log(e))/log(2); 3 1.500000 2.000000 1.750000
n=ceil(n1);
f=inline('x.^2+x-4'); 4 1.500000 1.750000 1.625000
for i=1:n
c=(a+b)/2; 5 1.500000 1.625000 1.562500
fprintf('\n%d %f %f %f\n',i,a,b,c)
if f(a)*f(c)<0 6 1.500000 1.562500 1.531250
b=c;
else 7 1.531250 1.562500 1.546875
a=c;
end 8 1.546875 1.562500 1.554688
end

C) cos(x)-xe(x)
clear all; 1 0.000000 1.000000 0.500000
close all;
clc; 2 0.500000 1.000000 0.750000
a=0;b=1;e=0.01;
n1=(log(b-a)-log(e))/log(2); 3 0.500000 0.750000 0.625000
n=ceil(n1);
f=inline('cos(x)-x*exp(x)'); 4 0.500000 0.625000 0.562500
for i=1:n
c=(a+b)/2; 5 0.500000 0.562500 0.531250
fprintf('\n%d %f %f %f\n',i,a,b,c)
if f(a)*f(c)<0 6 0.500000 0.531250 0.515625
b=c;
else 7 0.515625 0.531250 0.523438
a=c;

16
 end
end

D) x^3-x-4
clear all; 1 1.000000 2.000000 1.500000
close all;
clc; 2 1.500000 2.000000 1.750000
a=1;b=2;e=0.01;
n1=(log(b-a)-log(e))/log(2); 3 1.750000 2.000000 1.875000
n=ceil(n1);
f=inline('x.^3-x-4'); 4 1.750000 1.875000 1.812500
for i=1:n
c=(a+b)/2; 5 1.750000 1.812500 1.781250
fprintf('\n%d %f %f %f\n',i,a,b,c)
if f(a)*f(c)<0 6 1.781250 1.812500 1.796875
b=c;
else 7 1.781250 1.796875 1.789063
a=c;
end
end

17
E) x.^2-4cos(x)
clear all; 1 1.000000 2.000000 1.500000
close all;
clc; 2 1.000000 1.500000 1.250000
a=1;b=2;e=0.01;
n1=(log(b-a)-log(e))/log(2); 3 1.000000 1.250000 1.125000
n=ceil(n1);
f=inline('x.^2-4.*cos(x)'); 4 1.125000 1.250000 1.187500
for i=1:n
c=(a+b)/2; 5 1.187500 1.250000 1.218750
fprintf('\n%d %f %f %f\n',i,a,b,c)
if f(a)*f(c)<0 6 1.187500 1.218750 1.203125
b=c;
else 7 1.187500 1.203125 1.195313
a=c;
end
end

Experiment No. 7

18
7. Evaluate using Trapezoidal rule

INPUT OUTPUT

a. f(x) = (e^x)(sinx)/(1+x^2)

clear all; f= Inline function:

close all; f(x) = (exp(x)*sin(x))/(1+x^2)

a=0; b=2; h=1/3; n=(b-a)/h; I1 = 0.4110

f=inline('(exp(x)*sin(x))/(1+x^2)') I1 = 1.2448

I0=f(a)+f(b); I1=0; I1 = 2.3885

for i=1:n-1 I1 = 3.7159

I1=I1+f(a+i*h) I1 = 5.1109

end I= 1.9276

I=(h/2)*(I0+2*I1)

b. f(x) = sin(x)

a=0; b=pi; h=pi/4; n=(b-a)/h; f= Inline function:

f=inline('sin(x)') f(x) = sin(x)

I0=f(a)+f(b); I1=0; I1 = 0.7071

for i=1:n-1 I1 = 1.7071

I1=I1+f(a+i*h) I1 = 2.4142

end I= 1.8961

I=(h/2)*(I0+2*I1)

19
c. f(x) = (1+x.^2).^-1

a=0; b=1; h=1/4; n=(b-a)/h; f= Inline function:

f=inline('(1+x.^2).^-1') f(x) = (1+x.^2).^-1

I0=f(a)+f(b); I1=0; I1 = 0.9412

for i=1:n-1 I1 = 1.7412

I1=I1+f(a+i*h) I1 = 2.3812

end I= 0.7828

I=(h/2)*(I0+2*I1)

d. f(x) = (x.^-2)

a=1; b=2; h=1/2; n=(b-a)/h; f= Inline function:

f=inline('(x.^-2)') f(x) = (x.^-2)

I0=f(a)+f(b); I1=0; I1 = 0.4444

for i=1:n-1 I= 0.5347

I1=I1+f(a+i*h)

end

I=(h/2)*(I0+2*I1)

Experiment No. 8
20
8. Evaluate using Simpson’s 1/3 Rule
INPUT OUTPUT

a. f(x) = (1+x) ^-1

f = @(x)(1+x).^-1; 0.6933
a = 0;
b = 1;
n = 4;
h = (b - a) / n;
x = a:h:b;
y = f(x);
result = (h / 3) * (y(1) + 4 * sum(y(2:2:end-
1)) + 2 * sum(y(3:2:end-2)) + y(end));
disp(result);

b. f(x) = 3x ^2

f = @(x)3*x.^2; 63
a = 1;
b = 4;
n = 6;
h = (b - a) / n;
x = a:h:b;
y = f(x);
result = (h / 3) * (y(1) + 4 * sum(y(2:2:end-
1)) + 2 * sum(y(3:2:end-2)) + y(end));
disp(result);

c. f(x) = sin(x)

21
f = @(x)sin(x); 2.0009
a = 0;
b = pi;
n = 6;
h = (b - a) / n;
x = a:h:b;
y = f(x);
result = (h / 3) * (y(1) + 4 * sum(y(2:2:end-
1)) + 2 * sum(y(3:2:end-2)) + y(end));
disp(result);

d. f(x) = cos(x)

f = @(x)cos(x); 1.0000
a = 0;
b = pi/2;
n = 6;
h = (b - a) / n;
x = a:h:b;
y = f(x);
result = (h / 3) * (y(1) + 4 * sum(y(2:2:end-
1)) + 2 * sum(y(3:2:end-2)) + y(end));
disp(result);

Experiment No. 9

22
9. Evaluate using Euler’s method.

INPUT OUTPUT

a. Given that dy/dt+20y=7e^(-0.5t), y(0)=5, compute y(0.2) by taking h=0.1.

f=@(t,y)-20*y+7*exp(-0.5*t) f= @(t,y)-20*y+7*exp(-0.5*t)

t0=0; y(1.00)=-4.3000

tn=0.2; y(1.00)=4.7246

h=0.1;

n=(tn-t0)/h;

t(1)=0;

y(1)=5;

for i=1:n

y(i+1)=y(i)+h*f(t(i),y(i));

t(i+1)=t0+1;

fprintf('y(%.2f)=%.4f\n',t(i+1),y(i+1))

end

b. Approximate the solution of the initial value problem y’=2x+y, y(0)=1 with step size of
0.1. Approximate the value of y(0.4).

23
f=@(x,y)+2*x+y f= @(x,y)+2*x+y

t0=0; y(1.00)=1.1000

tn=0.4; y(1.00)=1.4100

h=0.1; y(1.00)=1.7510

n=(tn-t0)/h; y(1.00)=2.1261

t(1)=0;

y(1)=1;

for i=1:n

y(i+1)=y(i)+h*f(t(i),y(i));

t(i+1)=t0+1;

fprintf('y(%.2f)=%.4f\n',t(i+1),y(i+1))

end

c. Find y(2.2) from the equation dy/dx=-2xy^2 with y(0)=1 with h=0.2 in the interval
[0,1].

24
f=@(x,y)-2*x*(y.^2) f= @(x,y)-2*x*(y.^2)

t0=0; y(1.00)=1.0000

tn=2.2; y(1.00)=0.6000

h=0.2; y(1.00)=0.4560

n=(tn-t0)/h; y(1.00)=0.3728

t(1)=0; y(1.00)=0.3172

y(1)=1; y(1.00)=0.2770

for i=1:n y(1.00)=0.2463

y(i+1)=y(i)+h*f(t(i),y(i)); y(1.00)=0.2220

t(i+1)=t0+1; y(1.00)=0.2023

fprintf('y(%.2f)=%.4f\n',t(i+1),y(i+1)) y(1.00)=0.1859

end y(1.00)=0.1721

25