Department of Hospitality and Tourism
Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management
Introduction to Personality
Development
Basics & Nature of Personality
Objectives
1. To compare leading definitions of Personality
2. Discuss the importance of understanding Personality for
Tourism and Hospitality Professionals
3. Describe the Factors that affect Personality
4. Discuss the Nature and Aspects of Personality
5. Discover your Working Personality using Myers and
Briggs Test
Definitions of Personality
Author Definition
Sewey and Personality is the embodiment of feelings and behavior which
Humber (1966) makes man the unique person that he is
R.B. Cattell Personality is that which permits a prediction of what a person will
do in a given situation
Allport Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of
those psychological systems that determine his unique adjustment
to his environment
Author Definition
Morton Personality is the sum total all the biological innate disposition,
Prince impulses, tendencies, appetites and instincts of the individual and
their acquired dispositions
Schoen Personality is the organized system, the functioning of whole or units,
dispositions and sentiment that mark off any one member of a group
being different from others members.
Kemph Personality is the integration of those systems of habits that
represents an individual’s characteristic adjustment to his
environment
Author Definition
J.P. Guilford Personality is an integrated pattern of traits
Healy William Personality is an integrated system of habitual adjustment to the
social environment
McDougall Personality is the integration of intellect and character
Munn Personality consists of the whole individual, an integration of his
structure, modes of interest, attitude, behavior capacities, abilities and
aptitudes.
Kurt Lewin Personality is the dynamic totality of systems
Personality
is more
than charm,
, Poise or
Physical
appearance
Psychosexual A. Pregenital stage (basic ingredients of he adult
personality)
stages of 1. oral stage
2. Anal stage
development 3. Phallic stage
B. Latency stage
C. Genital stage
ID – is the most primitive of the three forces ( the world exists
to provide pleasure, happiness and satisfaction)
psychodynamic
forces EGO – when a child become exposed to environmental
constraints.
SUPEREGO – when he child gowns and has absorbed many
parental prohibitions and sanctions and moral concepts.
( When forces are in harmony with each other , there is
happiness and wholesome judgement; but when they are in
conflict with each other , the results are tensions and anxities.
PERSONALITY The Overall pattern or integration of man’s structure,
● Modes of Behavior
● Interests and Attitudes
● Intellectual abilities
● Aptitudes and
● Many other Distinguishable traits
Hospitality Students, need to understand personality
because
of the role it plays in :
● Motivation
● Human Relations
● Leadership/ Management
What are the
Aspects of
● Physical
personality ● Intellectual
● Social
● Emotional
● Moral/Value System
Aspects of The Physical Aspect
Personality - The entire physiological system that determined by the
heredity and environment (physique)
Four Kinds of Personality Based on Physique
(Krestchmer)
● Athletic Type- Tall and well- built
● Asthenic - Tall and thin (schitzothyme), highly idealistic,
unsociable and deep thinker, the introvert type
● Pyknic Type - short and fat ( cyclothymiacs), happy-go
-lucky, adaptable, alternates between moods of elation
and depression but will be predominantly extroverted
● Dyplastic Type - the non-classified type
Aspects of The Mental Aspect
Personality ● How the Person talks
● The range of ideas he expresses
● The Things he talks about
● His/ her values and mental alertness give evidence of
their intellectual capacity
The Emotional Aspect
● How the person responds when things become difficult
● Emotional make-up ( likes and dislikes)
● Aggressive or docile ( easily taught)
● How quickly he is given to anger, capacity (or
incapacity)to take a job
● Kind of sense of humor one possesses and the like
Aspects of The Social Aspect
Personality ● Social contact/ how well a person conducts himself with
other people
● How well he observes the rules of etiquette that govern
society
● Extroverts, introverts, and ambiverts ( George Crane)
The Moral Aspect
The Spiritual Aspect
• Has to do with the
person’s awareness of
• The consciousness of the higher value in life. It
the difference between
includes the person’s faith, beliefs, philosophy
what is wrong or right,
and the like. Often Religion expresses spiritual
his positive or negative
value.
adherence to the do’s
and don’ts of society
What are the
components of
● habits
personality ● attitudes
● interests
● values
● Principles and
● Intellectual capacities
Components Habits – are actions so often repeated at regular intervals
until they become fixed characteristics.
of
personality Attitudes – certain ways of viewing things as acquired and
developed through the years of exposure to family, school
and community.
Interest – natural inclination to focus ones concern towards a
specific are of work.
Values – ways of upholding certain priorities
Principles – are guides to a person in making judgements
Intellectual/ mental capacity – is an innate faculty of the
mind which gives him the power to discern, to recognize,
and to comprehend.
VALUES ● Pakikisama ( Introjection)
● Pakikitungo ( Compensation)
● Pampalubag loob ( Abreation)
● Salitang pag iwas ( Evasion suppression)
● Gaya gaya, hawa hawa ( Introjection – Projection
● Utang na Loob ( compensation)
● Bayanihan ( Sublimation)
● Pamamagitan ( transferences)
● Fiesta grande ( sublimation and Fixation)
● Hiya ( Fixation/ Self blame)
● Kapangyarihan ( Fixation/ sublimation)
● Patriotism (SIPSIP)
● Pagsasabukas ( Evasion/ Rationalization)
● Ningas cogon ( energy Deflation)
● Siya Kasi ( Scapegoat, rationalization, blame)
● Bahala na ( Come what may)
● Amor propio (Egoism)
extroverts ● Men of Action
● Happy -go -lucky
● Seek others for their happiness
● Act immediately on what they consider as right
● Not easily embarrassed
● Rarely blush
● Laughs readily
● Imbued with sportmanship/ interested in athletics
● Fluent in speech
● Can accept and give orders
● Care-free
● Free- from worries
● Easily attracted to the opposite sex
Introverts ● Men of thoughts
● Like to work alone
● Day dreamer
● Inclined to worry
● Blush easily
● Not easily amused
● Writes better than they talk
● Hard and slow in giving
● Prone to argue and feel easily hurt
● Deliberate on what to wear and eat
● Suspicious
● Loves to read
● Not good sports
● Moody at times
Ambiverts ● Gives evidence of behavior that maybe
extrovert in some situations and introverts in
others
● Our heredity
What are the
three
foundations of ● The environment
personality?
● Our experiences
Heredity- the transmission of characteristics traits
Causes of from parents to offspring biologically through the
individual genes.
Differences ● Color of hair, Body build, Eye Color, Habits and
mannerisms
Environment - all the conditions outside the living
organism which influence its growth, development and
behavior from the time of conception until time of
death. (family, school, church, social groups, playmates,
friends)
Experiences – these consist of everythig we do
PRENATAL ENVIRONMENT
2 Kinds of
Influences the individual before birth, including the
Environment condition of the mother during the development of the
baby.
POST NATAL ENVIRONMENT
The environment after birth, life continues to come under
the influence of many varied environmental stimuli.
● Home Influence
● Neighborhood influences
● School Experiences
● Training
● Effort of the Will
● Sexual Orientation
Myer and Personality types are described in 4 letter codes. Each 4 letter
signifies a key aspect of an individual’s personality
Briggs’
Like : ENTJ -Extroversion Intuition, Thinking and Judging
theory
● Random variations in people’s behavior are actually
quite predictable as they are due to basic differences in
the ways individuals approach key functions of thought,
behavior and interaction.
● They described individual differences in terms of four
personality types dichotomies. Each dichotomy consist
of 2 opposing styles
Ex. Extroversion Vs.Introversion
Extraversion How do you gain Energy?
VS. ● Extraverts like to be with others and gain
Introversion energy from people and his environment
● Introverts gain energy from alone-time and
needs periods of quiet reflection throughout
the day
Sensing VS. How do you collect Information?
Intuition
● Sensors gather facts from their immediate
environment and rely on the things they can
SEE, FEEL or HEAR
● Intuitives look more on the overall context
and think about patterns, meaning and
connections
Thinking How do you make Decisions?
VS. Feeling
● Thinkers look for logically
correct solutions
● Feelers make decisions based on
their emotions, values and needs
of others
Judging VS. HOw do you organize your environment?
Perceiving
● Judgers prefer structure and like
things to be clearly regulated
● Perceivers like things to be open and
flexible and are reluctant to commit
themselves
GO TO www.truity.com to take the personality test.
Filipino Values affect business and the management of the
organization
Values and
Personality An understanding of the values and attitudes of the Filipino
would help us in understanding of the Filipino work habit and
how this will affect business and management of organization
in the Philippine setting
Social Most frequently observed patterns of Filipino behavior
which is :
Acceptance
● Desirable to Him
● Ability to accept fellow for what one is
● Thinks one’s self to be, or would like to be
● Be given the treatment due to one’s station
Social acceptance means other people signal that they wish to
include you in their groups and relationships ( Leary 2010)
From merely tolerating a person’s presence to actively
seeking one’s presence.
Smoothness SIR
of Pakikisama ( Debt of Gratitude) = expanded by the
Interpersonal
term Utang na Loob
Relations Context of the Principle of Reciprocity
● Bata system
● Relationship in office whether private or public
● Patronized individual
● Protegee’
● Confidential man
● Close Friend
● Loyal Compadre
Personality The most distinctive Individual is one of the major qualifications for
applying for a job.
in Business One’s personality shows when there are no people around to impress
These are shown in traits of Accuracy, Punctuality and cleanliness
● An Effective Personality- The Key to an effective PErsonality is
the ability to adjust equally well to various types of life situations,
how they respond positively to associates and his environment as
a whole.
● A Mature Personality - is visible in an individual’s pattern of
habits, attitudes, traits as well as adjustment that determines the
maintenance of his Self-Respect in relation to His environment.
Mature Personality requires proper blending of physical ,
mental, emotional and spiritual aspects of life.
Earmarks of 1. A mature person accepts responsibilities and duties
He accepts an unpleasant task, considering it as normal or
a Mature 2.
ordinary experience which shapes his life
Personality 3. He does not nurse grudges, instead he tries to understand
others and does not insist on being understood.
4. He is amiable and enjoys the company of many different
persons- he is able to form lasting friendships
5. He does not expect his fellow man to be perfect since he
knows that everyone is subject to human failures.
6. He has a lot of patience and perseverance towards work
7. He does not hesitate to seek help and does not see it as a
sign of weakness.
8. He respects others Opinions and Beliefs
Earmarks of 8. He profits from constructive criticism
a Mature
9. Knows that they cannot always be
Person dependent on parents for support
10. He works with a long-range plan
11. A mature individual has the courage
to do what is right when others around
him are doing wrong.
Reasons for 1. For Social Acceptance
Developing 2. For self- satisfaction
Personality 3. For Self- Confidence
4. To keep ourselves on the Job
Four basic modes of Body Language.
•Responsive- ( Eager)
•Reflective-(Evaluating)
• Fugitive -(Bored)
• Combative- ( Aggressive)
( Eager) (Evaluating)
( Aggressive) (Bored)
Two basic groups of postures: OPEN/CLOSED and FORWARD/BACK
• OPEN/CLOSED is the most obvious. People with
arms folded and legs crossed and bodies turned
away are signaling that they are rejecting
messages.
• People showing open hands, fully facing you
and both feet planted on the ground are
accepting them.
FORWARD/BACK
• FORWARD/BACK indicates whether people are actively or
passively reacting to communication. When they are leaning
forward and pointing towards you they are actively accepting
or rejecting the message.
• When they are leaning back, looking up at the ceiling,
doodling on a pad, cleaning their glasses they are either
passively absorbing or ignoring it.
Responsive
ENGAGED
Leaning forward
Open body
Open arms
Open hands
LISTENING
Reflective
Head tilted
Lots of eye contact
High blink rate
Fugitive
BORED
Staring into space
Slumped posture
Doodling
Foot tapping
Combative
LET ME SPEAK
Finger tapping
Foot tapping
Staring
Leaning
• Superiority Back With
• Relaxed hands
Supporting
Head
Rejecting Messages
• Ready
•Positive
• Able
• Goal oriented person
Sit down readiness
• Honesty
• Loyalty
• Devotion
Hand to Chest
• A Doubt
• Hesitance
“Well, I don’t Know ”
Touching the Nose
(CURIOSITY)
• Boredom
• Tired
“ I am bored.”
• Confident
Low Steepling
• Proud ( Joining Finger tips)
• Egotistic
Steepling
• Expectation
• Unspoken
demand
Hand Rubbing
• Evaluating
• Judging
Chin -stroking evaluation
• Negative
Emotional
Reaction
• Scrutinizing
people
Gesture with glasses
Open Hands
• Sincere
• Open to suggestion
• Acceptance of authority
• Frustration Helplessness
• Non- Cooperative
• Hostile
• Unconcerned
Getting a Leg up
• Defensive
or
• Sometimes,
seeking comfort
Arm Gripping
• Preferred by
teenage girls
Crossed Arm
• Defensive
• Generally among colleagues or
peers
or
• In elders it is for the right to be
heard
Crossed arm Defensive
First Impression
• We know the importance of “first impression” but
first impressions happen everytime when we initiate the communication.
• Positive first impression make communications much easier and more
comfortable.
• Negative first impressions can cut off a relationship before it gets
started.
First Impression
First impression includes:
• Dress & grooming
• Voice
• Handshake
• Eye contact
• Body posture
Language of Gestures
Body language and nonverbal communication are transmitted
through the eyes, face, hands, arms, legs and posture (sitting
and walking)
Each individual, isolated gesture is like a word in sentence; it is
difficult and isolated dangerous to interpret in and of itself.
Therefore consider the gesture in the light of everyhing else
that is going on around you.
Eyes
• Windows of the soul, excellent indicators of feelings.
• Honest person has a tendency to look you straight in the eye when
speaking.
At least listeners accept it like that. People avoid eye contact with other person when an uncomfortable question asked.
Try to reduce tension and build trust rather than increase tension.
• The raising of one eyebrow shows disbelief and two shows surprise.
People are classified as right lookers and leftlookers.
“Right lookers are more influenced by logic and precision, left lookers are
found to be more emotional, subjective and suggestible.”
The Face
• The face is one of the most reliable indicators of a person’s attitudes, emotions
& feelings
• By analysing facial expressions, interpersonal attitudes can be discerned and
feedback obtained.
• Some people try to hide their true emotions.
Common facial gestures are:
Frowns: unhappiness, anger
Smiles: happiness
Sneers: dislike, disgust
Clenched jaws: tension, anger
Pouting lips: sadness.
The Hands
• Tightly clenched hands usually indicate that the person is experiencing undue pressure.
(It may be difficult to relate to this person because of his tension and disagreement)
• Superiority and authority are usually indicated when you are standing and joining your hands
behind your back.
• Cupping one or both hands over the mouth, especially when talking, may well indicate that
the person is trying to hide something
• Putting your hand to your cheek or stroking your chin generally portrays thinking, interest or
consideration.
• Fingers bent across the chin or below the mouth most often shows critical evaluation.
• Rubing gently behind or beside the ear with the index finger or rubbing the eye usually
means the other person is uncertain about what you are saying.
• Leaning back with both hands supporting the head usually indicates a feeling of
confidence or superiority.
The Arms and Legs
• Crossed arms tend to signal defensiveness. They seemingly act as a protective
guard against an anticipated attack or a fixed position which the other person
would rather not move.
• Conversely, arms open and extended toward you generally indicate openness and
acceptance.
• Crossed legs tend to seem disagreement.People who tightly cross their legs seem
to be saying that they disagree with what you are saying or doing. If the people
have tightly crossed legs and tightly crossed arms, their inner attitude is usually
one of extreme negativity toward what is going on around them. It may be difficult
to get agreement.
Posture: Sitting and Walking
• Sitting with your legs crossed and elevated foot moving in a slight circular motion
indicates boredom or impatience.
• Interest and involvement are usually projected by sitting on the edge of the chair and
leaning slightly forward.
• Generally, people who walk fast and swing their arms freely tend to know what they
want and to go after that. People who walk with their shoulders hunched and hands in
their pockets tend to be secretive and critical. They don’t seem to like much of what is
going on around them.
• Dejected people usually scuffle along with their hands in pockets, heads down, and
shoulders hunched over.
• People who are preoccupied or thinking, usually walk with their heads down, hands
clasped behind their backs and pace very slowly.
Interpreting Gesture Clusters
• Certain combinations of gestures are especially reliable
indicators of a person’s true feelings. These combinations are
clusters.
• Each gesture is dependent to others, so analysis of a person’s
body language is based on a series of signals to ensure that the
body language clearly and accurately understood.
• All the individual gestures fit together to project a common,
unified message.
• When they do not, this means a incongruity.
For example: A nervous laugh.
• A laugh generally signal of relaxation. But if there are nervous
signals in body language that means the person is trying to escape
from an unpleasent situation.
Common Gesture Clusters
Openness:
Several gestures indicate openness and sincerety
• Open hands,
• unbuttoned coal or collar,
• leaning slightly forward in the chair,
• removing coat or jacket,
• uncrossing arms and legs, moving closer.
When people are proud of what they have done, they usually show their hands quite
openly.
When they are not often put their hands into their pockets, or hide back
When people show signals of openness that means they are generally beginning very
comfortable in your presence which is good.
Common Gesture Clusters
Defensiveness:
People who are defensive usually have
• a rigid body,
• arms or legs tightly crossed,
• eyes glancing sideways or darting occasionaly.
• minimal eye contact
• lips pursed, fists clenched and downcast head
• Common Gesture Clusters
Nervousness
Whistling,Jingling pocket change , Fidgeting, Twitching lips or face Clearing one’s
throat,Chain smoking. Covering the mouth with hand,Tapping fingers
Common Gesture Clusters
Evaluation:
Evaluation gestures say that the other person is being thoughtful or is considering what you are saying.
Sometimes in a friendly way sometimes in an unfriendly way.
Typical evaluation gestures include
• tilted head,hand to cheek, leaning forward and chin stroking
Sometimes evaluation gestures take on a critical aspect.
• The body is more drawn back
• The hand is to the face but the chin is in the palm of the hand with one finger going up the cheek and the
other fingers positioned below the mouth.
• This is generally an unfavorable gesture.
• To gain time for evaluating the situation people use cigarette or pipe smoking habits, removing eyeglasses.
• A final negative evaluation gesture is dropping his eyeglasses to the lower bridge of noise and peering over
them.
• This gesture usually causes a negative emotional overreaction in other people.
Suspicion, Secrecy, Rejection, and Doubt:
These negative emotions are communicated typically by:
• Sideways glances
• Minimal or no eye contact
• Shifting the body away from the speaker
• Touching or rubbing the nose.
When a person do not want to look at you it could mean he is being secretive, has private
feelings in opposition to what you are saying or hiding something.
A sideway glances means suspicion and doubt.
Shifting your body from someone means you wish to end the conversation, meeting etc.
Touching nose may indicate doubt or concealment
Common Gesture Clusters Readiness
• Readiness is related to the goal-oriented high achiever with a concern
for getting things done.
• It communicates dedication to a goal and is usually communicated by
sitting forward at the edge of a chair.
• This may negatively give the appearence of being overly anxious also.
Common Gesture ClustersBoredom or
Impatience
These unproductive feelings are usually conveyed by the
• Drumming of fingers
• Cupping the head in the palm of the hand,
• Foot swinging
• Brushing or picking a lint
• Looking at your watch or the exit
Common Gesture ClustersEnthusiasm.
This is an emotion hat you love to see in other people and they in you. It is conveyed by
A small upper or inward smile,Hands open and arms extended outward,Eyes wide an alert, A
lively and bouncy walk,A lively and well-modulated voice.
THANKS !
Good Manners and Decorum
• Manners in the Family
• Table manners
• On Taking a Public/ Private Vehicle
• Dating ( Manners in Dating)
• Responding to Introductions
• When to Rise
• Manners in the Comfort Room
• Telephone manners
• Manners in Public areas ( in the street/at mass/In
assemblies/Hotels and Restaurants/fiestas/formal
reunions/birthdays)
Good Manners and Decorum
• Good manners
are the ways of conducting oneself
Encompasses many things. It includes gentleness, modesty and
dignity
• Decorum
Is propriety and good taste in behavior, speech, dress and the like
Good Manners and Decorum
• Manners in the Family
1. Privacy
2. Privilege
3. Respect/courteous
4. Use the magic words
Good Manners and Decorum
• Table manners
Respect/ courteous
Handle your table equipment correctly
Eat quietly
Specific rules
Assigned Topics
• Business relationship
• Business card protocol
• Time and punctuality
• Gift giving
• Drinking etiquette
• Dining etiquette
• Business etiquette dos and don’ts
• Communication effectively
