Q1) Attempt any five of the following.

a) Define subspace of a vector space. Give one example of subspace of a vector space 2.
= In linear algebra, a subspace of a vector space is a subset of that vector space that is itself
a vector space, satisfying the same vector addition and scalar multiplication operations as
the original vector space. In other words, a subspace is a non-empty set of vectors within a
vector space that is closed under addition and scalar multiplication.
One example of a subspace of a vector space 2 is the set of all vectors that lie on a line
passing through the origin.
Let's denote this subspace as S. For any vector v in S, it satisfies two conditions:
The zero vector, denoted as 0, is in S.
For any two vectors u and v in S, the sum u + v is also in S.

b) If u = − (1,2, 1) and v = (2,0,2) then find angle between u and v .

= u · v = (-1)(2) + (2)(0) + (1)(2) = -2 + 0 + 2 = 0.
Next, let's calculate the magnitudes of vectors u and v:
|u| = √((-1)^2 + 2^2 + 1^2) = √(1 + 4 + 1) = √6,
|v| = √(2^2 + 0^2 + 2^2) = √(4 + 0 + 4) = √8 = 2√2.
Now we can substitute the values into the dot product formula to find cos(θ):
0 = (√6)(2√2) cos(θ).
Simplifying this equation, we have:
0 = 4√12 cos(θ).
Since the cosine of the angle cannot be zero, we conclude that the angle between u and v is
90 degrees or π/2 radians.

c) Write the standard basis for P2 (R ) Also write it’s dimension.

= The standard basis for P2(R) consists of the following three polynomials:
Basis polynomial 1: p1(x) = 1
Basis polynomial 2: p2(x) = x
Basis polynomial 3: p3(x) = x^2

d) Is the transformation 2 2 T : → defined by T(x,y) = (2x, 1) is linear?Justify.

= Let's consider two vectors, (x₁, y₁) and (x₂, y₂), in ℝ². Applying the transformation T to the
sum of these vectors should be equal to the sum of the individual transformations.
T(x₁ + x₂, y₁ + y₂) = (2(x₁ + x₂), 1) = (2x₁ + 2x₂, 1)
T(x₁, y₁) + T(x₂, y₂) = (2x₁, 1) + (2x₂, 1) = (2x₁ + 2x₂, 2)
The transformation T is not additive because T(x₁ + x₂, y₁ + y₂) ≠ T(x₁, y₁) + T(x₂, y₂).
Therefore, it fails the additivity property and is not linear.
Since the transformation T does not satisfy additivity, it cannot be considered a linear
transformation.

e) Define the following terms:

i) Affine set
ii) Convex combination of Vectors
= i) Affine set: An affine set is a set of points where every affine combination of any two
points in the set is also contained in the set.
ii) Convex combination of vectors: A convex combination of vectors is a linear combination
where the coefficients are non-negative and sum up to 1, resulting in a weighted average of
the vectors within a convex set.
f) Find the matrix of quadratic form given below:
222 Q 1 2 3 12 13 23 () 3 2 5 6 3 4 x =+−− + − x x x xx xx x x .Q
=
[2 1 1 ]
[1 2 1 ]
[1 1 2 ]

g) Find the distance between vector.

= Distance = √((10 - (-1))² + (-3 - (-5))²)
= √((10 + 1)² + (-3 + 5)²)
= √(11² + 2²)
= √(121 + 4)
= √125
= 11.18

Q2) Attempt any three of the following. [15]

a) If W1 and W2 are subspaces of a vector space Y, then prove that W1∩W2 is a subspace
of V. Is W1
∪W2 is a subspace of V? Justify.
= Closure under addition:
Let x and y be two vectors in W1 ∩ W2. This means that x and y are both in W1 and W2.
Since W1 and W2 are subspaces, they are closed under addition. Therefore, x + y is also in
W1 and W2. Consequently, x + y is in W1 ∩ W2, satisfying closure under addition.
Closure under scalar multiplication:
Let x be a vector in W1 ∩ W2 and c be a scalar. Since x is in both W1 and W2, it is closed
under scalar multiplication. Hence, cx is in both W1 and W2, and thus, it is in W1 ∩ W2,
satisfying closure under scalar multiplication.
Contains the zero vector:
Since W1 and W2 are subspaces, they contain the zero vector, denoted as 0. Therefore, 0 is
in both W1 and W2, implying that it is also in their intersection W1 ∩ W2.
Thus, we have shown that W1 ∩ W2 satisfies all the properties of a subspace and is,
therefore, a subspace of V.
On the other hand, W1 ∪ W2 is not necessarily a subspace of V. To be a subspace, it must
satisfy all the properties: closure under addition, closure under scalar multiplication, and
contain the zero vector. However, the union of two subspaces does not necessarily satisfy
closure properties and may not contain the zero vector. Therefore, we cannot conclude that
W1 ∪ W2 is a subspace of V without additional information or conditions.

b) Find rank of following matrix A and hence write it’s nullity.

|1101|
A= | 1 2 3 0 |
| 2 3 3 -1 |
=
Let's perform row reduction on matrix A:
R2 → R2 - R1
R3 → R3 - 2R1
The row-reduced echelon form of matrix A is:
110 1
0 122
0 -1
Now, we can see that there are 2 non-zero rows, so the rank of matrix A is 2.
To find the nullity, we subtract the rank from the number of columns:
Nullity = Number of columns - Rank
Nullity = 2 - 2
Nullity = 0
Therefore, the rank of matrix A is 2, and its nullity is 0.

c) Find all eigenvalues of the following matrix A & hence state whether it is diagonalizable.
| -1 4 -2 |
A= | -3 4 0 |
| -3 1 3 |
= Let's calculate the characteristic equation for matrix A:
|14 - λ 2|
|31 3 - λ| = (14 - λ)(3 - λ) - (31)(2) = λ^2 - 17λ - 40 = 0
To solve this quadratic equation, we can factor it:
(λ - 20)(λ + 2) = 0
Setting each factor equal to zero, we find two eigenvalues:
λ - 20 = 0 => λ = 20
λ + 2 = 0 => λ = -2
Therefore, the eigenvalues of matrix A are λ = 20 and λ = -2.
For λ = 20:
We need to find the eigenvectors for λ = 20 by solving the equation (A - 20I)x = 0:
| -6 2 |
| 31 -17 |
Reducing the augmented matrix to row-echelon form, we get:
| 1 -1/3 |
|00|
From this, we see that the system is underdetermined, meaning there is a free variable. So,
for λ = 20, we have a one-dimensional eigenspace, indicating only one linearly independent
eigenvector.
For λ = -2:
We need to find the eigenvectors for λ = -2 by solving the equation (A + 2I)x = 0:
| 16 2 |
| 31 5 |
Reducing the augmented matrix to row-echelon form, we get:
| 1 1/8 |
|00|
Similarly, this system is underdetermined, meaning there is a free variable. So, for λ = -2, we
have a one-dimensional eigenspace, indicating only one linearly independent eigenvector.
Since we have one eigenvector for each eigenvalue and the sum of their dimensions (1 + 1)
is equal to the dimension of the matrix (2), the matrix A is diagonalizable.
In summary, the eigenvalues of matrix A are 20 and -2, and the matrix is diagonalizable.

d) Determine whether S ={u1,u2,u3} is a basis for R3 where u1 =( 2,-1,3), u2 = ( 4,1,3), u3=(

8, -1,8).
= Let's first check for linear independence:
We have the vectors:
u1 = (2, -1, 3)
u2 = (4, 1, 3)
u3 = (8, -1, 8)
To check for linear independence, we need to see if there exist any scalars a, b, c (not all
zero) such that: au1 + bu2 + c*u3 = 0
Setting up the equation and solving for a, b, c:
2a + 4b + 8c = 0
-a + b - c = 0
3a + 3b + 8c = 0
We can write the system of equations in augmented matrix form:
|102|0|
|012|0|
|000|0|
● From the row-echelon form, we can see that the system has only the trivial solution
(a = b = c = 0). Therefore, the vectors are linearly independent.
Now, let's check for spanning:
To determine if the vectors in S span R^3, we can check if the rank of the matrix formed by
the vectors is 3.
We can write the matrix A as:
A=|248|
|-1 1 -1 |
|338|

Reducing the matrix A to row-echelon form

|012|
|000|
The rank of the matrix A is 2, which is less than 3. Therefore, the vectors in S do not span
R^3.
In conclusion, the set S = {u1, u2, u3} is not a basis for R^3 because the vectors are linearly
independent but do not span the entire vector space R^3.

e) Classify the quadratic form given below ( ) 2 2 Q 44 4 1 1 2 2 x =− + x xx x .

= To classify the quadratic form Q(x) = 4x₁² + 4x₂² + x₁x₂ + x₂x₁ + 2x₁x₂, we need to determine
its type and classify it based on its type.
The given quadratic form can be written as:
Q(x) = 4x₁² + 4x₂² + 2x₁x₂ + 2x₂x₁ + 2x₁x₂
Simplifying, we have:
Q(x) = 4x₁² + 4x₂² + 4x₁x₂
We can rewrite this in matrix form as:
Q(x) = xᵀAx
Where A is the coefficient matrix:
A = |4 2|
|2 4|
To determine the type of the quadratic form, we need to examine the eigenvalues of matrix
A.
The eigenvalues can be found by solving the characteristic equation:
det(A - λI) = 0
Where I is the identity matrix.
The characteristic equation for matrix A is:
|4-λ 2|
|2 4-λ| = (4-λ)(4-λ) - (2)(2) = λ² - 8λ + 12 = 0
Factoring the characteristic equation, we get:
(λ - 6)(λ - 2) = 0
Setting each factor equal to zero, we find two eigenvalues:
λ - 6 = 0 => λ = 6
λ - 2 = 0 => λ = 2
Therefore, the given quadratic form Q(x) = 4x₁² + 4x₂² + x₁x₂ + x₂x₁ + 2x₁x₂ is indefinite.

Q3) Attempt any one of the following. [10]

a) Check whether the following matrix is diagonalizable. If yes find the matrix P that
diagonalizes A.
|2 1|
A = |2 3|
= To determine whether the matrix A is diagonalizable, we need to check if it has a full set of
linearly independent eigenvectors.
First, let's find the eigenvalues of matrix A by solving the characteristic equation:
|2 - λ 1|
|2 3 - λ| = (2 - λ)(3 - λ) - (2)(1) = λ^2 - 5λ + 4 = (λ - 1)(λ - 4) = 0
Setting each factor equal to zero, we find two eigenvalues:
λ - 1 = 0 => λ = 1
λ - 4 = 0 => λ = 4
Now, let's find the eigenvectors corresponding to each eigenvalue:
For λ = 1:
We need to solve the equation (A - λI)x = 0:
|2 - 1 1| |x₁| |0|
|2 3 - 1| |x₂| = |0|
Simplifying, we get:
|x₁ + x₂| |0|
|2x₁ + 2x₂| = |0|
From the first equation, we can set x₁ = -x₂, which means the eigenvector corresponding to λ
= 1 can be written as:
v₁ = |x₁| = |-x₂|
|x₂|
Choosing x₂ = 1, we get:
v₁ = |-1|
|1|
For λ = 4:
We need to solve the equation (A - λI)x = 0:
|2 - 4 1| |x₁| |0|
|2 3 - 4| |x₂| = |0|
Simplifying, we get:
|-2x₁ + x₂| |0|
|2x₁ - x₂| = |0|
From the first equation, we can set x₂ = 2x₁, which means the eigenvector corresponding to λ
= 4 can be written as:
v₂ = |x₁| = |x₁|
|2x₁|
Choosing x₁ = 1, we get:
v₂ = |1|
|2|
Since we have found two linearly independent eigenvectors, the matrix A is diagonalizable.
To find the matrix P that diagonalizes A, we need to form a matrix with the eigenvectors as
columns:
P = [v₁ v₂] = [|-1 1|]
|1 2|
The diagonal matrix D is formed by placing the eigenvalues on the diagonal:D = |1 0|
|0 4|
Therefore, the matrix P that diagonalizes A is:
P = | -1 1 |
|12|
And the diagonal matrix D is:
D=|10|
|04|
In summary, the matrix A is diagonalizable, and the matrix P that diagonalizes A is given by
P = |-1 1| and the diagonal matrix D is given by D = |1 0|, |1 2| |0 4|.

b) i) Express P = 1 + 2x – x2 as a linear combination of P1 = 1+x, P2 =1–x and P3 = x2.

= To express P = 1 + 2x - x^2 as a linear combination of P1 = 1 + x, P2 = 1 - x, and P3 = x^2,
we need to find coefficients a, b, and c such that:
P = a * P1 + b * P2 + c * P3
Let's solve for a, b, and c:
P = 1 + 2x - x^2
P1 = 1 + x
P2 = 1 - x
P3 = x^2
We want to find a, b, and c such that:
1 + 2x - x^2 = a(1 + x) + b(1 - x) + c(x^2)
Expanding the right side of the equation:
1 + 2x - x^2 = a + ax + b - bx + cx^2
Comparing the coefficients of the terms on both sides, we get the following equations:
1 + 2x - x^2 = (a - b) + (a + b)x + cx^2
From this, we can equate the coefficients of each term:
Coefficient of 1: 1 = a - b
Coefficient of x: 2 = a + b
Coefficient of x^2: -1 = c
Now, we have a system of equations to solve for a, b, and c:
a-b=1
a+b=2
c = -1
Adding the first two equations, we get:
2a = 3
Dividing both sides by 2, we find:
a = 3/2
Substituting the value of a into the equation a + b = 2, we can solve for b:
3/2 + b = 2
b = 2 - 3/2
b = 1/2
Finally, we know that c = -1.
Therefore, the linear combination of P1, P2, and P3 that represents P is:
P = (3/2) * P1 + (1/2) * P2 - P3
Substituting the values of P1, P2, and P3:
P = (3/2)(1 + x) + (1/2)(1 - x) - x^2
P = (3/2) + (3/2)x + (1/2) - (1/2)x - x^2
P = (5/2) + (1/2)x - x^2
Therefore, P = 1 + 2x - x^2 can be expressed as the linear combination:
P = (5/2) + (1/2)x - x^2, which is a combination of P1 = 1 + x, P2 = 1 - x, and P3 = x^2.

ii) Define orthonormal set. Determine whether the given set

S ,, ={u123 u u } is orthonormal or not, where.
12 3
1 10 3/ 10 0
3/ 20 1/ 20 1/ 2
3/ 20 1/ 20 1/ 2
uuu
= =− =−
−
= An orthonormal set is a set of vectors in a vector space where each vector is a unit vector
(i.e., its length is 1) and every pair of vectors is orthogonal (i.e., their dot product is 0).
Let's examine the given set S:
S = {u1, u2, u3} = {
[1/√2, 1/√2, 0],
[1/√20, -1/√20, 2/√20],
[-1/√20, 1/√20, 2/√20]
}
To determine if this set is orthonormal, we need to check if each vector in the set has a
length of 1 and if every pair of vectors is orthogonal.
Checking vector lengths:
The length (norm) of a vector v = [a, b, c] is given by ||v|| = sqrt(a^2 + b^2 + c^2).
Let's calculate the lengths of the vectors in S:
||u1|| = √[(1/√2)^2 + (1/√2)^2 + 0^2] = √[1/2 + 1/2] = 1, so u1 has a length of 1.
||u2|| = √[(1/√20)^2 + (-1/√20)^2 + (2/√20)^2] = √[1/20 + 1/20 + 4/20] = √(6/20) = 1, so u2 has
a length of 1.
||u3|| = √[(-1/√20)^2 + (1/√20)^2 + (2/√20)^2] = √[1/20 + 1/20 + 4/20] = √(6/20) = 1, so u3 has
a length of 1.
All vectors in the set S have lengths of 1.
Checking orthogonality:
To determine if vectors are orthogonal, we need to calculate their dot products. If the dot
product of two vectors is 0, then they are orthogonal.
Let's calculate the dot products of the vectors in S:
u1 ⋅ u2 = (1/√2)(1/√20) + (1/√2)(-1/√20) + (0)(2/√20) = 1/(√40) - 1/(√40) + 0 = 0, so u1 and u2
are orthogonal.
u1 ⋅ u3 = (1/√2)(-1/√20) + (1/√2)(1/√20) + (0)(2/√20) = -1/(√40) + 1/(√40) + 0 = 0, so u1 and
u3 are orthogonal.
u2 ⋅ u3 = (1/√20)(-1/√20) + (-1/√20)(1/√20) + (2/√20)(2/√20) = -1/20 - 1/20 + 4/20 = 2/20 =
1/10, so u2 and u3 are not orthogonal.
Since not all pairs of vectors in the set S are orthogonal, the set S is not orthonormal.