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BASIC 2

NOVIEMBRE 2023 - MARZO 2024

CONTENT

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 CONTENT

UNIT 1. MODERN WORLD

Pages Lessons Content Grammar Vocabulary

5 1A Modern World Vocabulary: Technology Be going to - Technology

affirmative

10 Vocabulary: Weather
Be going to-
1B. Modern world conditions Weather
negative and
conditions
questions

15 Vocabulary: Life plans and

1C Modern world resolutions Be going to vs. Life plans and
will resolutions

20 Vocabulary: Meeting Present

1D Modern world Meeting
arrangements continuous
/will/be going to arrangements

26 1E. Autonomous
Autonomous Autonomous
work
work work

UNIT 2. CHOICES
Pages Lessons Content Grammar Vocabulary

30 2A. Digital Habits Vocabulary: World Zero conditional World facts

facts
36 2B. Digital Habits Vocabulary:
May-might-could Possibilities and
Possibilities and
certainty in the
certainty in the
world
world
43 2C. Digital Habits Vocabulary: World First conditional/if-
World issues
issues. when-unless-in case
49 2D. Digital Habits Vocabulary:
Zero conditional and Lifestyle
Lifestyle problems.
first conditional problems

55 2E. Autonomous
Autonomous work Autonomous work
work

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 UNIT 3. ALL THE ACTION
Pages Lessons Content Grammar Vocabulary
60 3A. All the Vocabulary: Movies Passive voice-present
action review. Movies review
simple, past simple

68 3B. All the Vocabulary: News.

Passive voice-present
action
continuous and past News
continuous

75 3C. All the Vocabulary: Passive voice-present

Environmental
action Environmental perfect and past
disaster
disaster perfect
82 3D. All the Vocabulary: Future Passive voice future
Future inventions
action inventions. simple
90 3E. Autonomous Autonomous work Autonomous work
work

UNIT 4. INTERVIEWS
Pages Lessons Content Grammar Vocabulary

94 4A. Interviews Vocabulary: Common

job interviews Tag questions: present Common job
questions be, present simple interviews questions

101 4B. Interviews Vocabulary: Job Tag questions: past

Job meetings
meetings simple, past continuous
108 4C. Interviews Vocabulary: Run into Tag questions: present
Run into someone
someone perfect, past perfect
116 4D. Interviews Vocabulary: My Tag questions: future My dreams
dreams simple
119 4E. Autonomous
work Autonomous work Autonomous work

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 UNIT 5. DIFFERENT CULTURES

Pages Lessons Content Grammar Vocabulary

122 5A. Different Vocabulary: Money

cultures transactions Too/enough Money transactions

128 5B. Different Vocabulary: Basic

Basic consumer
cultures consumer products Infinitives
products

135 5C. Different Vocabulary: Spare time

Spare time
cultures activities Gerunds
activities

141 5D. Different Vocabulary: Tips for Infinitives vs. Tips for
cultures remembering gerund remembering
148 5E. Different
cultures Autonomous work Autonomous work

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 UNIT 1
MODERN
WORLD

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

 To describe an invention that changed the world.

 Use critical thinking to make predictions.
 Students will be able to form sentences in the future using their own
experiences.

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 TECHNOLOGY
UNIT 1 LESSON 1A
be going to affirmative

A. VOCABULARY
1. Match the pictures with the words on your right.

B
A
Vocabulary List

A. Artificial Intelligence

B. Cellphone

C. Computer

C
D. Network

E. Operating system

F. Wireless

G. Scientist

D H. Technician

I. Widescreen

2. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate vocabulary.

1) Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing various industries.
2) The technician fixed my laptop quickly.
3) The new TV has a high-definition display.
4) I left my phone on the table.
5) My computer crashed and I lost my work.
6) The scientists conducted groundbreaking research.
7) I prefer using headphones for convenience.

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 8) The internet connection is unstable today.
9) Windows is a popular operating system.

B. READING

1. Read the text carefully then answer the following questions.

1. What is the internet?

Technology plays a crucial role in our modern world. The internet is a global
network of computers and
It has revolutionized the devices that can exchange
information and communicate
with each other. It allows
people to access websites, send
emails, download files, and
more.
way we communicate, work, and 2. What will change the
live our daily lives. From technology in our lives?
Technology will change
smartphones and laptops to our lives in many ways,
artificial intelligence and virtual such as improving our
health, education, and
reality, technology has become an entertainment.
integral part of our society. 3. What will be the service that
will give the internet? The Internet
One of the most significant advancements in technology is will provide various services such as
the internet. It has connected people from all corners of the globe, online shopping, banking, education
and entertainment.
enabling instant communication and access to a vast amount of
information. With just a few clicks, we can connect with friends 4. How does artificial
intelligence influence humanity?
and family, conduct business transactions, and explore endless
Influences humanity in positive
sources of knowledge.
and negative ways. It will help us
solve complex problems,
Another groundbreaking technology is artificial
improve productivity and create
intelligence (AI). AI systems are designed to mimic human new innovations. On the other
intelligence and perform tasks that typically require human hand, it will pose social and
security risks.
intervention. They can analyze large amounts of data, make
predictions, and even learn from their experiences. AI is being
used in various fields, including healthcare, finance, and
transportation, to enhance efficiency and accuracy.

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2. Are these sentences true (T) or false (F)?

True False

1. Artificial intelligence will change our life.

True

2. Technology will revolutionize our communication. True

3. Technology will show advancement in the future.

True

4. Technology will transmit knowledge. True

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C. GRAMMAR – Be going to affirmative

→ Intentions and plans: When the decision has been made previously.
▪ Sheila is going to be a ballerina; she is studying at Royal Academy of Dance.
▪ We are going to start our diet with an easy veggie recipe.
→ Making predictions: when there is evidence about what is going to happen
▪ Michelle is the best student in the class. She is going to pass this course easily.
▪ Look at that lightning on the sky! It is going to rain tonight.

AFFIRMATIVE
● I am going to travel.
● You are going to travel.
● He is going to travel.
● She is going to travel.
● It is going to travel.
● We are going to travel
● They are going to travel.

a. Write the correct form of “be going to" in affirmative form.

1) She is going to write ten love letters tonight. (write)
2) We are going to win the lottery. (win)
3) Andrew did not study last night. I think he is not going to pass the exam. (pass)
4) I am tired. I am going to get some sleep. (get)
5) I do not understand Spanish. Are you going to translate the book for
me? (translate)
6) I am sorry Mom, I promise. I am not going to come home late again. (come)
7) I do not like that type of music, so I to the concert. (go)
8) You are the best you forever. (love)
9) I am worried about Annie, I her tonight. (call)
10) The company is going to a new product to the market. (launch)

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b. Read the exercise carefully, find the mistake and correct the sentences
using future simple “be going to” in affirmative form.
1) I am not eating that cake.
2) She is not coming to the party.
3) They will not finish the project on time.
4) She is not going to visit her grandparents next week.
5) We are not going to see the movie tonight.
6) She is not going to snow in the mountains.
7) The team is not going to win the championship.
8) Rosario and Jose are not going to travel to Europe this summer.
9) My parents are not going to buy a new house.
10) The company is not going to launch a new product next year.
c. Read the following statements carefully and write the correct form of
“be going to”.
1. They are not going to study English in the next module.
2. She graduate next year.
3. I meet your dad tomorrow afternoon.
4. Who do you think win the championship?
5. He is very hard working. I think he be very successful.
6. I do not think that she recognize me.
7. Careful! You fall.
8. She graduate next year.
9. I bought the tickets. I travel tomorrow afternoon.
10. He run into the street.

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 D. LISTENING

https://www.elllo.org/class/A2/A2-05-Going-
To.html Listen to the conversation and answer the questions.
1) What is the woman going to do?
a) Stay home
b) See a movie
2) Who is going to help their family?
a) The man
b) The woman
3) What are they going to eat?
a) Steak
b) Chicken
4) What is the man going to regret?
a) Coming home early
b) Taking time off work
E. WRITING AND SPEAKING
1. WRITING
What do you think about the future of the humanity? Write a 50-word opinion.
(Use be going to)
I believe that the future of humanity is hopeful. There are many possibilities of dreams to pursue. Let's explore
new technologies, as in ourselves. We will discover new knowledge; entrepreneurship will advance further and
we will invent new solutions. Let us celebrate our diversity, respect our dignity and share our humanity

2. SPEAKING.
a. Discuss with your partner on how Artificial Intelligent is changing the
future of humanity. Answer the questions below.

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● What is artificial intelligence, and how is it applied in different industries?
Artificial Intelligence is being applied in various industries, transforming the way companies operate.
Healthcare: AI is used in predictive analysis of disease outbreaks.
Manufacturing: AI helps in maintaining machinery or product.
Transportation: AI is used in vehicles in deliveries and traffic management.
AI in these industries has led to greater efficiency.

● What are the most popular technological trends today?

Technological trends are assistants like Siri or Google Assistant, data security or cybersecurity
● What kind of artificial intelligence apps do you know?
I only know the
ChatGPT - a chatbot that can hold conversations, answer questions and create new text content on
FaceApp – An app that allows users to edit their selfies and apply creative effects.

● What is the difference between virtual reality and augmented reality?

Virtual Reality its difference is
which requires a device with headphones.
It is a completely fictional world.
Replaces the environment. It doesn't matter where you are physically.

Augmented reality augments a real-world scene.

Augmented reality is less virtual.
Does not require a headset device¹.
People are in contact with the real world¹.

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 WEATHER
UNIT 1 CONDITIONS LESSON 1B
be going to negative
A. VOCABULARY

1. Match the pictures with the words on your right.

6 9 4

Vocabulary List
1. Rainy

2. Sunny

3. Cloudy

1 8 3 4. Stormy

5. Windy

6. Clear

7. Snowy

2 5 7 8. Dry

9. Gloomy

2. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate vocabulary.

1. It is not going to be **rainy** tomorrow.
2. The weekend is not going to be **cloudy**; it will be clear and bright.
3. The weather forecast says it's not going to be **sunny** all week.
4. It is not going to be **dry** and hot this summer; we are expecting some rain.
5. The weather report shows that it's not going to be **stormy** tonight.
6. The weather has been **humid** all week, and it's not going to change anytime soon.

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 1. Unfortunately, it's not going to be tonight for stargazing.
2. They decided to cancel the outdoor event since it's not going to be .
3. The roads might be dangerous tomorrow; it's not going to be but icy.

B. READING
1. Read the text and answer the questions.

In the realm of 1. What atmospheric moods does our

weather conditions, our
planet exhibit in relation to
planet exhibits a myriad
of atmospheric moods. weather conditions? Our planet
On a typical sunny day,
exhibits a wide variety of
the sky is painted with a
brilliant shade of atmospheric moods including
blue,
sunny, cloudy, rainy, stormy and
accompanied by the
gentle warmth of the sun's dry weather conditions.
rays.
However, nature's mood can take a turn, and 2. How is a typical sunny day
clouds may gather to cast a cloudy blanket over the
described? A typical sunny day is
horizon, signaling the possibility of rain. When rain
arrives, it can range from a light drizzle to a heavy described as having a sky painted
downpour, adding a refreshing touch to the otherwise
with a brilliant shade of blue,
parched earth during dry spells.
On more extreme days, the weather can turn accompanied by the gentle warmth
stormy, unleashing its fury with thunder and lightning
of the sun’s rays.
dancing across the ominous sky. The wind becomes a
force to be reckoned with, sweeping through the landscape
3. What does the gathering of clouds
with relentless intensity. Such stormy conditions may
bring heavy rainfall, transforming streets into rivulets and over the horizon signify? The
inviting people to seek shelter from the tempest.
gathering of clouds over the
Conversely, some days are characterized by the
serene and crisp atmosphere of clear weather. During horizon signifies the possibility of
these periods, the sky remains free of clouds, allowing the
rain.
sun to shine brightly and illuminate the world. Clear days
often coincide with cooler temperatures, especially during
4. What effect does the arrival of rain
snowy winters, when the landscape is transformed into a
glistening wonderland. have on the parched earth during
dry spells? The arrival of rain,
which can range from a light
drizzle to a heavy downpour, adds
a refreshing touch to the otherwise
parched earth during dry spells. It
provides much-needed moisture,
helping to alleviate drought
conditions and nourish plant life.

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 5. How are stormy weather conditions
described, and what effects may
they bring? Stormy weather
conditions are described as extreme,
with thunder and lightning dancing
across the ominous sky. The wind
becomes a force to be reckoned
with, sweeping through the
landscape with relentless intensity.
Such conditions may bring heavy
rainfall, transforming streets into
rivulets and inviting people to seek
shelter from the tempest.

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C. GRAMMAR – Be going to-negative

➢ To talk about future arrangements. A future arrangement is a plan that you have decided and
organized with another person.
➢ Sometimes the arrangement is between a person and a
group of people, or an organization or company.
Examples:
● We are not going to do an exam in two days.
● She is not going to go to Bethan’s house this evening.

NEGATIVE Time expressions

● I am not going to travel. ● right now

● You are not going to travel. ● today
● He is not going to travel. ● tonight
● She is not going to travel. ● tomorrow
● It is not going to travel. ● this morning
● this week
● this month
● this year
● this semester
● these days
● in 2023 (or other year)
● the day after tomorrow

a. Write the correct form of“Be going to" in negative.

1) I am to the university (go)
2) He is a new car.(buy)
3) The team is the championship.(win)
4) Mary and John are in the near future. (married)
5) You are for the examen.(Study)
6) They are to a different city.(move).
7) We are the museum. (visit)

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 8) They are in the match.(play)
9) It is tomorrow. (rain)
10) I am to Europe next month.(travel)
b. Read the exercise carefully, find the mistake and correct the sentences using the
future simple "Be going to" in the negative form.
1) I am going to not finish my homework tonight .
2) She is going to not come to the party tomorrow .
3) They are going to not visit their grandparents next week .
4) I'm going to not buy a new phone this month .
5) We are going to not have a picnic on the weekend .
6) It's going to not snow in the mountains this winter .
7) The team going to not win the match tonight .
8) My parents going to not retire soon .
9) The company going to not launch a new product in the market .
10) I'm going to not eat that cake .
c. Read the following statements carefully and write the correct “be going to” form.
1) I am visit my grandmother on Sunday.
2) She is study for her exams tonight.
3) They are have a party next week.
4) He is play soccer with his friends after school.

5) We are watch a movie at the cinema this Friday.

6) The team is .train hard for the upcoming match.

7) Silvia and Diego are celebrate their anniversary at a fancy restaurant.

8) My mom is prepare a delicious meal.
9) He is buy a present for his sister.
10) We are see a movie tonight.

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D. LISTENING

https://www.soundgrammar.com/learn/L3-CEFR-A2/L3-05-GoingTo-Spain.htm

a. Answer the following questions about the interview.

1) Is Katie going to take classes?
a) Yes, she is.
b) No, she is not.
2) What is Katie going to do every day?
a) Talk to people
b) Study with a tutor
3) How is Katie going to send the mail?
a) By express mail
b) By local mail
4) What is going to happen?
a) It will be late.
b) They will save money.

E. WRITING AND SPEAKING

a. WRITING
Write 75 words about what you are going to do this
weekend. (Use be going to negative and affirmative)

This weekend, I'm going to go to the park and enjoy a picnic

with my friends. I'm also going to read a book that I love.
However, I'm not going to study this weekend because I need
a break. I’m also not going to do housework as it is my time
to relax.

b. SPEAKING
Carry out a conversation in a group of 4 students. Where to
ask. "What are your plans for the weekend?"
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….....
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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 LIFE PLANS
UNIT 1 AND LESSON 1C
RESOLUTIONS
be going to vs will

A. VOCABULARY-

1. Look at the following pictures. Then choose a word that match with them.

2 5 4 Vocabulary List

1. Plan
2. Drive a zero-
emission vehicle
3. Stop being
superstitious
6 3 8 4. Lean out
the
wardrobe
5. Buy more high-
quality items
6. Make headway
1 9 7 7. Chase my dream
8. Get out of debt
9. Be
financially
independent

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 2. Complete using the vocabulary list from the box above. Write them in
the corresponding section according to the meaning.

Healthy eating plan b a. The status of having enough income.

Superstitious e b. Give your body the nutrients it needs every day.
c. Vehicle that doesn’t emit exhaust gas or other
High-quality items f pollutants
Chase my dream g
d. Save money and pay all your bills.
Financially independent a
e. Having or showing a belief in superstitions.

Zero emission vehicle c f. Adhering to an excellent standard of measure.

d
Get out of debt g. Pursue a goal you wish to achieve.

B. READING

1. Read the text carefully. Answer the following quest.

Plans for the weekend What are Mark's plans for the weekend?
Mark’s plans for the weekend are to attend a
Linda: Hey, Mark! Have you concert on Saturday night.
made any plans for the
How does Linda plan to spend her Sunday?
weekend? Linda plans to spend her Sunday hiking with
some friends on a new trail in the mountains.
Mark: Hi, Linda! Yes, I have. I
am going to attend a concert on What snacks will Linda bring for the
Saturday night. How about hiking trip?
you? Linda will bring sandwiches and fruits for
Linda: That sounds fun! I will probably go hiking with the hiking trip.
some friends on Sunday. We are going to explore a new
Which band will Mark see at the concert?
trail in the mountains. Mark will see a band called “The Harmony
Mark: Nice! Hiking in the mountains sounds Notes” at the concert.
adventurous. Are you going to pack some snacks for the What does the weather forecast say about
trip? Saturday and Sunday?
Linda: Yes, we will bring some sandwiches and fruits for --------------------------------------------------------
energy. What about your concert? Who will be
performing?
Mark: It's a popular band called "The Harmony Notes."
I've been a fan for years, and I'm really excited to see
them live. I will also buy their latest album at the show.
Linda: That's awesome! I'm sure you will have a fantastic
time. By the way, do you think it will rain this weekend?

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 Mark: According to the weather forecast, it is going to
be sunny on Saturday, but there might be some showers
on Sunday. Don't forget to bring an umbrella just in case.

C. GRAMMAR – Future in use

→ Simple Future Tense is used to construct sentences about future time (time after now).
→ Subject + will + V1 (First Form of Verb)
Example:
▪ She will be a doctor soon.
▪ I will call him as soon as possible.

→ To be going to refers to intentions and future plans that have already been decided.
→ structure: Subject + to be + going to + verb + …
Example:
▪ I am going to the shop.
▪ We are going to visit your company today.

a. You must identify among the future tenses: will, be going to, and put the verbs in the
correct form according to the sentence
Example:
We are going to_go the park.
1) My grandfather will be 85 next week.
2) We are going to go to the Grand Canyon.
3) You will probably have a long retirement.
4) The number of older people will increase.
5) I don’t know but I am not going to wear my old jeans. (use negative form)
6) I will retire soon.
7) What are you going to do tonight?
8) Its late! What is she going to do?
9) She is going to make dinner tonight.
10) They will start her new job on Monday.

b. Write the correct form "will" and "be going to":

1) She is going to travel to Paris next month. (travel)

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 2) They will attend the conference tomorrow. (attend)
3) He is going to buy a new car next year. (buy)
4) I will call you as soon as(call), I am reach home. (reach)
5) We are going to visit our grandparents this weekend. (visit)
6) It is going to rain later in the evening. (rain)
7) She is going to cook dinner(cook), but I will help her with the dessert.
8) We are going to watch a movie tonight. (watch)
9) He is going to meet his friends for coffee. (meet)
10) The team is going to win the championship. (win)

c. Read the exercise carefully, find the mistake and correct the sentences
using future simple "will" and "be going to":
1) I will visiting my grandparents tomorrow. I will visit my grandparents tomorrow.
2) I am going to meets my friends at the café later. I am going to meet my friends at the café later.
3) She will cooks dinner for us tonight. She will cook dinner for us tonight.
4) They will starts their new job next month. They will start their new job next month.
5) She is going to buys a new dress for the party. She is going to buy a new dress for the party.
6) We will going to the beach this weekend. We are going to go to the beach this weekend.
7) He will studies for the exam tomorrow. He will study for the exam tomorrow.
8) They is going to watch a movie at the cinema. They are going to watch a movie at the cinema
9) We are going to visiting the museum this Saturday. We are going to visit the museum this Saturday.
10) He is going to takes a trip to Europe next year. He is going to take a trip to Europe next year.

D. LISTENING

https://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=17590

1) Complete the script below by filling in the blanks with the word that you hear.

Hi, my name is Samir, and I'm from Sweden. I'm going to talk about six things I want to do in my
life. First, I want to travel the world and meet new people, see new places, and learn new cultures It's
fascinating for me, and yeah, I think everybody should travel a lot as long as they get the chance Then,

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maybe before my travelling, I want to learn at least five languages. I like talking different languages,
and it's really fun, and like people don't expect that you talk that specific language maybe, and yeah,
it's really fun.
And the fourth thing is that I want to live in an exotic country, like live at the beach or in some exotic
place.
It will be a new thing for me, I live in Sweden and I go to the other side of the world would be really
nice and a completely new thing for me because So, that's the fourth thing I want to do.

E. WRITING AND SPEAKING

F. WRITING
Write 75 words about what are your plans for the future? (Use be going to,
will affirmative, negative)

In the future I am going to dedicate myself to painting, a career that will allow
me to express myself and be creative. I will create works of art that captivate and
inspire others. Not only will I explore different styles, mediums, but I will also
incorporate my travel experiences into my art. However, I will not allow my
professional aspirations to affect my personal interests and hobbies. I'm going to keep
a balance between the two. Additionally, I will continue to learn and grow as an artist.
I'm not going to let obstacles discourage me. I am excited about this exciting journey
and can't wait to see where it will take me.

G. SPEAKING

Discuss as a couple or in a group, what are your plans for the future after finishing
university? (Use be going to, will be affirmative, negative).

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….....
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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 MEETING
UNIT 1 ARRANGEMENT LESSON 1D
Present continuous /will/be going to

A. VOCABULARY
1. Match the pictures with the words on your right.

Vocabulary List
 Meeting

 Losses

 Break room

 Profit

 Corporate ladder

 Customer service

 Badge card

 Businessman

 Chief Executive

Officer

2. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate vocabulary.

1) The arrived for the conference.
2) Excellent is crucial for success.
3) Don't forget your to access the building.
4) The Chief will address the team tomorrow.
5) The starts at 3 PM.

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 6) The company reported this quarter.
7) Let's have our in the break room.
8) Our latest project generated a good .
9) Climbing the requires dedication.

B. READING

1. Read the text carefully. Answer the following questions below.

Meeting Arrangement 1. What are Marco and Eliza

Marco and Eliza are currently doing for the
coworkers at a meeting?
multinational company. …………………………………………….
They are organizing an 2. Who will they invite to join them for
important meeting with the meeting, and why?
potential clients next …………………………………………….
week. They are 3. What will Marco do later
discussing the today regarding the
arrangements during equipment?
their lunch break. ………………………………………….....
Marco "Eliza , have you started preparing for the meeting
with the clients?" 4. Why Eliza does wants to inform
Eliza : "Yes, I have. I am currently drafting the agenda and their manager about the
gathering the necessary documents. I will also be preparing meeting?
the presentation for the meeting." …………………………………………....
Marco: "That's great! I think we should invite John from 5. When is the meeting with the clients
the IT department to join us. He's really good with scheduled? In addition, what do
technical details." they need to ensure, considering the
Eliza : "Absolutely, I was thinking the same. I will speak clients' travel?
to him after lunch. By the way, do we need any special …………………………………………….
equipment for the presentation?"
Marco: "I think we should check with the conference room
manager. They usually have projectors available. I'll do
that later today."
Eliza : "Perfect. Oh, and should we inform our manager
about the meeting?"
Marco: "Yes, definitely. I'll send him an email right
away to let him know about the meeting and its
importance." Eliza : "Great! So, we are meeting with the
clients next Tuesday, right?"
Marco: "That's correct. The meeting is scheduled for 10:00
AM. They are flying in from overseas, so we need to
make sure everything is well-prepared."

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Eliza : "I agree. We will need to pick them up from the
airport too. I'll arrange for a car service."
Marco: "You're on top of things,Eliza. I'm glad we are
working together on this."
Eliza : "Thanks, Mark. Together, we will make this
meeting a success!

C. GRAMMAR – Future tenses

→ Present Continuous Tense for The Future

Example:
▪ Mary’s studying in the library. (now)
▪ She’s studying at Bethan’s house this evening. (future)
▪ He’s arriving tomorrow morning at 7:30 (future)
Common future time words

→ Will is used to express future actions decided at the moment of speaking, while Going
to describes future plans decided before the moment of speaking.
Example:
▪ I will have salad now. (I’ll)
▪ I am going to visit my aunt next Friday. (going to)

→ Will is used to indicate a prediction based on personal opinions or experiences, while going
to is used to express a prediction based on present evidence.
Example:
▪ I think United will win the game. (will)
▪ Look at those black clouds. It is going to rain. (going to)

→ Will expresses a future fact; going to is used to describe something is about to happen.
Example:
▪ The sun will rise tomorrow. (will)
▪ Get back! The bomb is going to explode. (going to)

a. You must identify between: present continuous and put the verbs in the correct form
according to the sentence.
Example:

1. I am **meeting** my friends for lunch tomorrow.

2. They are **going** to Paris next month.
3. He is **visiting** his grandparents from him next week.
4. The team is **competing** in the championship next Saturday.
5. They are **attending** a wedding ceremony next Sunday.
25
 6. He **is painting** a beautiful picture for the art exhibition.
7. The workers **are building** a new house in the neighborhood.
8. The baby **is laughing** at the funny toys.
9. She **is talking** to her friend on the phone.
10. The athletes **are preparing** for the upcoming competition.
b. Write the correct form "present continuous": with the corresponding verbs.

1. She is reading a book right now.

2. We are having dinner at the restaurant tonight.
3. The students are studying for their exams this week.
4. He is watching a movie with his family tonight.
5. My mom is cooking dinner in the kitchen.
6. They are listening to music in their room.
7. I am talking to my teacher after class.
8. The kids are running in the playground.
9. She is driving her car to work every day.
10.We are swimming at the beach during the summer.

C.Read the exercise carefully, find the mistake correct and complete the sentences using
"will" and "be going to and present continuous":

11) She will watching a movie at the cinema. She will be watching a movie at the cinema.
12) She wear a beautiful dress to the party She will wear a beautiful dress to the party.
13) He paint a beautiful picture for the art exhibition

14) They is going to visit their grandparents next weekend.

15) He cook dinner for us tonight.
16) We going to the beach this weekend.
17) The children play in the garden now.
18) It raining outside, so don't forget your umbrella.
19)My mom cook dinner in the kitchen.

20 The workers build a new house in the neighborhood .The workers are building a new
house in the neighborhood.

26
D. LISTENING

https://www.elllo.org/class/A2/A2-03-Present-Continuous.html

a. Answer these questions about the interview.

1) What is someone doing in conversation 1?
a) Using a computer
b) Writing a letter
2) What is someone doing in conversation 2?
a) Eating soup
b) Preparing food
3) What is someone doing in conversation 3?
a) Tuning up a car
b) Working quickly
4) What is someone doing in conversation 4?
a) Playing sports
b) Watching soccer

27
E. WRITING AND
SPEAKING WRITING
Write 75 words about a family reunion at the end of the year. (Use "will, be going to, present
continuous")

At the end of the year, your family is having a reunion at my aunt's house. My uncle will bring some
gifts for everyone and my dad will make his special eggnog. My boyfriend is coming to spend New
Year's Eve with me and he will bring me a surprise. Everyone looks forward to spending time
together and catching up on each other's lives. It's going to be a great moment.

SPEAKING
a. Discuss with your partner to schedule a meeting to practice English depending
on the time of each of them. Use the answers to the following questions.

¿When would you like to schedule the meeting.

¿How many participants will attend the meeting?
¿What is the purpose or agenda of the meeting.
¿Where would you prefer to hold the meeting, in person or virtually and why?

28
 AUTONOMOUS WORK #1
UNIT 1 LESSON 1E

A. VOCABULARY
1. Read and complete the statements below. Use the words in the box.
B. Free trade agreements C. E-commerce D. International trade

E. Cultural exchange F. Stock market G. Multinational corporations

H. Crypto currency I. Outsourcing J. Global economy

1. E-commerce has revolutionized the way businesses sell their products and services online.
2. Large corporations that operate in multiple countries are often referred to as multinational
corporations due to their global presence.
3. Understanding the dynamics of the global economy is essential for policymakers to make informed
decisions about international trade.
4. In today’s interconnected world, international trade is the exchange of goods and services between
countries, fostering economic cooperation on a global scale.
5. The rise of crypto currency has introduced new digital currencies that transcend national borders2.
6. Many investors participate in the stock market to buy and sell stocks and bonds, aiming for financial
growth.
7. Some businesses choose to cut costs by outsourcing certain functions to overseas suppliers.
8. The exchange of ideas and traditions between different nations through cultural exchange enriches
cultural diversity.
9. Free trade agreements play a crucial role in promoting cross-border commerce by reducing tariffs
and trade barriers.
10.The interconnectedness of economies around the world characterizes the concept of the global
economy, where events in one country can impact others globally.

29
 A.READING
1. Read the text carefully. Answer the following questions below.

The globalization 1) What is globalization?

……………………………………………………….
It is a process of
2) What are some of the areas that have been
interconnectedness
affected by globalization?
and interdependence
……………………………………………………….
between countries
and people around
3) What benefits has globalization brought?
the world. It has been
……………………………………………………….
driven by advances in information,
4) What challenges has globalization
transportation, and communications
presented?
technology, which have facilitated the rapid
……………………………………………………….
circulation of goods, services, capital, and
5) How has technology influenced the
knowledge globally. This phenomenon has
globalization process?
caused a significant increase in international
……………………………………………………….
trade and has allowed cultures, ideas and
lifestyles to spread more easily between
different societies. However, it has also posed
challenges in terms of economic inequalities,
job losses in certain industries, and
environmental ones.

2. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate vocabulary.

1) is changing the financial landscape.
2) enriches our understanding of the world.
3) promote economic cooperation.
4) The is facing new challenges.
5) is revolutionizing the way we shop.
6) have a significant impact on economies.
7) The experienced a sudden surge
8) is essential for global growth.
9) Many companies are considering their operation.

30
 B. GRAMMAR "will" and "be going to” and present continuous":
a. Read the exercises and complete the sentences using "will, be going to, present continuous:

1) The birds their morning songs.(be/singing)

2) The baby towards the toys. (be/crawling)
3) It in the mountains this winter.(will/snow)
4) She at the salsa competition.(will/dance)
5) The chef a delectable dessert for the guests.(will/serve)
6) The students’ on a group project. (be/working)
7) We to South America next year. (be going to/travel)
8) They their lines for the play.(be/practicing)
9) He a magic show for the party.(will/perform)
10) The workers a new building.(be/constructing)

C. LISTENING

https://www.elllo.org/class/A2/A2-14-Present-Continuous-Future.html
a. Answer these questions about the interview.
1) Where is the woman going?
a) To the dentist
b) To the doctor
2) What is the woman doing later?
a) Playing futsal
b) Having dinner with family
3) What class are they both taking?
a) History
b) Math
4) Who is having a party?
a) Beth
b) Bill

31
 UNIT 2
CHOICES

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

 Gain a thorough understanding of zero conditionals, first

conditionals, and modal verbs (may, might, could).
 Enhance communication skills by using these grammar concepts
to express ideas, predictions, and possibilities clearly and
accurately.
 Recognize the contexts in which each of these grammar structures
is most suitable.

32
 WORLD FACTS
UNIT 2 LESSON 2A
Zero conditional

A. VOCABULARY
1. Match the pictures with the words on your right.
 Democracy  War  Human rights

Vocabulary List

 War
 Migration
 women's rights
 Migration  Sustainable  women's rights
development  Inequality
 Democracy
 Nuclear
disarmament
 Human rights
 culture exchange
 culture exchange  Inequality  Sustainable
 Nuclear
disarmament development

2. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate vocabulary.

1) empowers the people.

2) shapes global societies.
3) Must be protected.
4) enriches societies.
5) ensures a better future.
6) is crucial for peace.
7) brings devastation and suffering.

33
 8) are essential for equality.
9) persists in many societies.

B. READING

3. Read the text and answer the following questions.

Human rights 1. What are human rights?

They are a set of

universal 2. When was the Universal Declaration of

principles and Human Rights adopted, and how many

norms that articles does it consist of?

protect the
dignity, freedom 3. What do human rights protect?

and equality of
4. Who does the Universal Declaration of
all people,
Human Rights apply to?
regardless of their origin, race, gender, religion,
sexual orientation, social condition or any other
5. What is the purpose of human rights?
characteristic. These rights apply to all people
throughout the world and are fundamental to
guaranteeing a dignified and fair life.

There are several international documents that

establish and promote human rights. One of the
most important is the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (UDHR), adopted by the United
Nations General Assembly on December 10,
1948. The UDHR consists of 30 articles that list
the fundamental rights and freedoms of all human
beings.

34
C. GRAMMAR – Zero conditional

→ We use if or when + present simple + present simple for zero conditional Zero
conditional speaks about facts and statements that are always true.

The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the
condition is met.

Formation: If + present tense, + present tense

→ If I eat too much, I feel ill.

→ The if clause can come before or after the main clause.
→ If it comes after, we don't use a comma. If you heat ice, it melts.
→ Ice melts if you heat it.

a. Complete the zero conditional sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1) If they (not stop) the noise, neighbors (wake up)

2) If he (to be) available, him to call me. (tell)
3) If she (sweat) too much, she (dehydrate).
4) If they (want) to be fit, they to exercise every day. (need)
5) If I (not listen) to music, I always headaches. (have)
6) You (heat) ice, it (melt).
7) If the sun (set), it (get) dark.
8) If you (not water) plants, they (die).
9) If the temperature (drop), water (freeze).
10) If you (mix) vinegar and baking soda, it (foam).

35
 b. Match the sentences with the corresponding question.

1. What happens if you heat ice?

1. If you mix vinegar and
2. What happens if it rains?
baking soda, it foams.
3. What do you get if you mix red
2. If the temperature drops,
and blue?
water freezes.
4. What happens if the sun sets?
3. If you drop a ball, it falls to
5. What happens if you don't
the ground.
water plants?
4. If you add salt to water,
6. What happens if you drop aball?
it dissolves.
7. What happens if the
5. If you mix red and blue,
temperature drops?
youget purple.
8. What happens if you mix
6. If it rains, the streets get wet.
vinegar and baking soda?
7. If you press the button,
9. What happens if you add salt
the machine starts.
to water?
8. If the sun sets, it gets dark.
10. What happens if you press the
9. If you don't water plants, theydie
button?
10. If you heat ice, it melts.

c. Read the exercise carefully, form the correct sentences using zero conditional.
1) Water will boil if you heat it to 100°C.

2) If you will study hard, you will understand the subject.

3) If the sun will set, it will get dark.

4) Plants will die if they do not get enough water.

36
 5) If you will touch fire, you will get burned.

6) If you will mix red and blue, you will get purple.

7) If the traffic light will be red, you will stop the car.

8) If I will eat spicy food, my mouth will burn.

9) If you will heat ice, it will melt.

10) If it rains, the ground will get wet.

D. LISTENING

Grammar Talks 4-10 Zero Conditionals (elllo.org)

1. Once you have seen the video, response to these questions using zero conditional:
1. What does Sarah do when she feels stressed?

2. How does Todd deal with low energy?

37
 3. What activities does Sarah enjoy when she is bored?

4. How do Todd and Sarah differ in their approach to handling anger or upset feelings?

5. What does Todd do when he gets angry with his students?

E. WRITING AND
SPEAKING WRITING
Write 75 words about current events (like sports, art, local competitions, etc.) in
the world that you have read or seen on Tv, magazines, or newspapers? (Use Zero
conditional)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….....
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
SPEAKING

In a group of 4 students, discuss what would be the best choice to end with the lack of
food in the world.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

38
 POSIBILITIES
AND CERTAINLY
UNIT 2 IN THE WORLD LESSON 2B
May-might-could

A. VOCABULARY

1. Match the pictures with the words on your right.

Vocabulary List
Possibility

Eventuality

Likely

Uncertain

Potential

Certainty

Sure

Definitive

Constant

2. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate vocabulary.

1) There is a of rain later today.
2) It is that they will arrive on time.
3) If he wins the race, it could be the moment of his career.
4) The outcome of the match remains .
5) Are you you can finish the task by the deadline

39
 6) The for growth in this market is significant.
7) The rain has led to flooding in some areas..
8) There is a that the sun will rise tomorrow.
9) In the of bad weather, the event will be rescheduled.

B. READING

1. Read the text and answer the questions.

Innovation and Product Development 1. What are crucial elements for a

Innovation and product development are two crucial company's growth and success in a
elements for the growth and success of any company in competitive business environment?
a highly competitive business environment. A
company's ability to constantly generate new ideas,
products, and services that meet the changing needs of 2. What does innovation involve besides
consumers is critical to staying relevant in the products?
marketplace.
Innovation involves the introduction of original and
creative ideas that can transform the way things are 3. What is product development?
done or how customer needs are met. It is not just
limited to products, but can also encompass processes,
business models, and marketing strategies. A strong 4. What can a strong innovation culture
innovation culture in a company can encourage in a company encourage?

collaboration, experimentation, and calculated risk-

taking.
Product development, on the other hand, is the process 5. What is required in the product

of turning those innovative ideas into tangible, development process?

marketable products or services. It requires meticulous

planning, market research, design, testing, and fine-
tuning to ensure that the final product is workable and
meets customer expectations.

40
C. GRAMMAR May-might-could

POSSIBILITY IN FUTURE
MAY/MIGHT
→ MAY and MIGHT are used for situations in the future, which have a possibility to
happen, but you are not sure about it. They have a slight possibility to happen.

Negative: MAY NOT / MIGHT NOT

Structure:
Subject + may/may not + infinitive verb
Subject + might/might not + infinitive
verb

Example:

● It might rain tomorrow. (Not sure about it)

● I may go on holiday to London. (I haven’t bought any ticket)

● It is such a sunny day! It might not rain tonight.

● I could go to the store, but I don't have any money.

A. Fill in the spaces with the most suitable modal verb. May/might/Could.

1) She is ill. She be at the party (impossible)

2) Tom be tired when he arrives to Edinburg (probable)
3) It snows during the week (probable)
4) One day they find life on other planets (slightly possible)
5) We ever know everything impossible)

6) The man in the photograph be my grandfather (probable)

7) He recovers his sight after the surgery (possible)

8) She lends us the money we need (slightly possible)

9) He becomes a better piano player than his teacher (probable)

41
 10) We ask permission before doing it (slightly possible)

B. Match the sentences with the corresponding question.

1. Might the weather change a. She may arrive late for the meeting.
later in the day? b. They could join us for dinner tonight.
2. Might he not be able to join c. He might visit his grandparents over
the gym? the weekend.
3. Could they come with us to d. She might call you later to discuss the
the movies? project.
4. Might she consider taking e. They may not attend the
the job offer? meeting tomorrow.
5. May they not attend the f. She might consider taking the job offer.
meeting tomorrow? g. They could come with us to the movies.
6. May she arrive late for the h. He might not be able to join the gym.
meeting? i. The weather might change later in the
7. Could they join us for dinner day.
tonight? j. They might consider your suggestion for
8. Might he visit his the event.
grandparents over the
weekend?
9. Might she call you later to
discuss the project?
10. Might they consider your
suggestion for the event?

42
C. Read the sentences and correct them.

1) She may go to the party tonight.

2) They might arrive late to the meeting

3) I could to visit my grandparents next week.

4) We may have pizzas for dinner.

5) He might come to the film with us.

6) It could rain tomorrow

7) I may to study for the exam tonight.

8) They might not attend the concert.

9) She could be a talented musician

10) We may to have a holiday next month.

43
D. LISTENING
1. Listen to the conversation and answer the questions below.

https://www.elllo.org/class/A2/A2-12-May-Might.html

1) What do they say about Monday?

a) They will not be in the office.

b) The man may or may not need help.

2) What will she do in retirement?

a) Play music

b) Play golf

3) What might the device make him do?

a) Eat less

b) Walk more

E. WRITING and SPEAKING

WRITING
Write a 75-word paragraph with some predictions about: How will the world be in
2050? How will traveling be? How will learning be? How about social life and sports?
How about pets? How will working life be?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

44
Using the May-might-could
Watch the video for deeper understanding of the use of may- might and could.
Write any question you have to check them with the teacher.
Retrievedfrom: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABrjdyavqkI

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

F. SPEAKING
a. Share with your teacher and classmates the ideas you wrote in the writing exercise.

45
 WORLD ISSUES
UNIT 2 LESSON 2C
First conditional/if-when-unless-in case

A. VOCABULARY
1. Match the pictures with the words on your right.

Vocabulary List

 Refugees
 Poor development
 Corruption
 Religious Intolerance
 Environmental crisis
 Rights of indigenous
peoples
 Child Labor
 Humanitarian Crises
 Nuclear energy

2. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate vocabulary words.

1) The must be respected and protected.
2) seek safety and protection in other countries.
3) deprives children of their childhood and education.
4) demand immediate aid and support for affected populations.
5) has the potential to provide clean electricity but also carries risks.
6) leads to conflicts and discrimination.
7) The crisis requires urgent global action to address climate change.

8) aims to balance environmental, social, and economic needs.

46
B. READING
1. Read the text and answer the questions.

World Issues What are world issues?

World issues are

Why are world issues considered complex
complex problems problems?

that affect people

What are some examples of world issues
and the planet
mentioned in the text?
around the world.

These issues can How do world issues affect people's lives?

have a devastating
Why is it important to work together to
impact on people's lives, and they can also threaten the find solutions to these problems?

global economy and environment. There is no easy

solution to world issues, but it is important to continue

to work towards finding solutions that will benefit all

people.

Here are some examples of world issues: climate

change, poverty, hunger, conflict, and inequality. These

issues are all interconnected, and they can all have a

negative impact on people's lives. It is important to

work together to find solutions to these problems, so

that we can create a better future for all.

47
 C. GRAMMAR – First conditional/if-when-unless-in case.

FIRST CONDITIONAL

➔ The first conditional is used to talk about possible situations, things that may easily happen. It
is also used to make predictions about the future.

Positive:

if + present simple, will + infinitive

Negative:

if + present simple, will not/won’t+ infinitive

Here are some examples of when we use the first conditional:

● To talk about possible situations:

○ If I win the lottery, I'll buy a new house.

● To make predictions about the future:

○ If it keeps raining, the ground will be too wet to play football.

We can also use the following words instead of "if": When, Unless, In case. For example:

● I'll call you when I get home.

● I won't go out unless I have enough money.

● I'll bring an umbrella in case it rains.

a. Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the first conditional.

1. If I (bump) into Claire, I (tell) her you said hello.

2. People (be) happy if there (be) enough food and drink.

3. We (call) you if your parcel (arrive) today.

4. They (come) if she (send) them a hand-written invitation.

48
 5. If Tom (have) enough money left over, he (book) a holiday.

6. If Charlie (buy) a new TV, he (not/have) enough money to pay his rent.

7. If you (not/learn) the key vocabulary, you (not/pass) the test.

8. They (not/be) angry if you (tell) them the truth.

9. She (not/change) her mind if he (keep) asking her.

10. His health (not/get) _ better if he (not/stop) _ smoking.

b. Match the sentences with the corresponding question.

1. I will go to the store a. If I have a good job.

2. I will travel the world b. I will watch TV
3. I will get a promotion c. I will not grow
4. if I get good grades. d. I will be happy
5. I will move to New York e. I will not go to the beach.
6. if I finish my homework. f. If I get a job offer.
7. I will buy a new car g. If I have enough money.
8. if I do not eat my vegetables. h. If I do not leave now.
9. I will be late i. If I win the lottery.
10. if it rains j. If I work hard.

c. Read the sentences and correct them.

1. I will go to the store when I get enough money, in case I need to buy something.

2. I will not go to the beach unless it starts to rain, unless I have an umbrella.

3. I will buy a new car if I get a good job, in case I need to commute.

4. I will get a promotion if I work hard enough, unless I make a big mistake.

5. I will be late if I do not leave now, in case I get caught in traffic.

49
 6. I will not grow if I do not eat my vegetables, unless I take a multivitamin.

7. I will travel the world if I win the lottery, unless I decide to use the money for something else.

8. I will move to New York if I get a job offer, in case I want to be closer to family.

9. I will watch TV if I finish my homework, unless I am too tired.

10. I will not be late if I leave now, unless I get caught in traffic.

D. LISTENING

Sound Grammar 4-10 First Conditional

a. Watch the video. Once you have seen the video, check the questions and response
using first conditional.
1. What are the factors that determine whether they will play soccer on Sunday?

2. What is the alternative plan if they can't use the pitch for the soccer match?

3. Why the park on the East Side is considered an alternative field?

50
E. WRITING AND SPEAKING

WRITING

a. Write a 75-word paragraph about: world issues (like pollution, wars, poorness, etc.). Where

you have to describe the situation which you consider most difficult to deal with.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
SPEAKING

a. With a partner, talk about pollution in your local area. What do you do to help?
Use first conditional
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

51
 LIFE
UNIT 2 STYLE LESSON 2D
PROBLEMS
Zero conditional and first conditional

A. VOCABULARY – Lifestyle problems

1. Match the pictures with the words on your right.

Vocabulary List
Sedentary lifestyle

Obesity

Stress

Depression

Anxiety

Insomnia

Social isolation

smoking

Alcoholism

2. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate vocabulary.

a. If you lead a , you are more likely to be obese.

b. is a major risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, and

type 2 diabetes.

52
 c. can lead to a number of health problems, including anxiety, depression, and

insomnia.

d. is a serious mental illness that can have a significant impact on your physical

and emotional health.

e. is a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease. It can be mild or severe, and it

can be short-term or long-term.

f. is a sleep disorder that makes it difficult to fall asleep or stay asleep.

g. is the state of being alone or having few social connections. It can be a risk

factor for a number of health problems, including depression, anxiety, and dementia.

h. is a major risk factor for lung cancer, heart disease, and stroke.

i. is a chronic disease that can have a devastating impact on your physical and

mental health.

B. READING
Lifestyle problems
Highly motivated and adaptable What is the candidate's background?
individual with a strong passion for
problem-solving and personal What are the candidate's skills in handling
development. They possess a lifestyle-related challenges?
diverse background in handling
lifestyle- How does the candidate prioritize self-care

related challenges and are committed to promoting a and well-being?

balanced and fulfilling life. Skilled in stress management
techniques, this candidate prioritizes self-care and What are the areas the candidate focuses on
mindfulness to maintain optimal well-being in the face of to lead an active lifestyle?
modern-day pressures. With a focus on healthy eating
habits and regular exercise, they strive to lead an active
lifestyle and inspire others to do the same. Additionally,
they recognize the significance of genuine connections and

53
 emphasize building meaningful relationships to How does the candidate approach media
counteract social isolation. An avid learner and consumer consumption for a positive impact on mental
of information, this candidate approaches media health?
consumption with mindfulness to ensure a positive impact
on mental health. By integrating these strategies into their
daily routines, they aim to empower individuals in
overcoming lifestyle problems and achieving a
harmonious and contented life.

C. GRAMMAR – Zero conditional and first conditional.

➔ Zero conditional: Use the Zero Conditional when you want to express general truths,
scientific facts, or situations that are always true and do not depend on any specific conditions.
It emphasizes that the result is inevitable when the condition is met.
➔ First conditional: Use the First Conditional when you want to talk about real and
possible future situations, where there is a reasonable chance that the condition will be
fulfilled. It emphasizes the likelihood of the result happening if the condition is met.

Zero conditional First conditional

Positive: Positive:

If + present simple, present simple if + present simple, will + infinitive

Negative: Negative:

If + present simple, do not/does not + infinitive if + present simple, will not/won’t+ infinitive

For example:
First Conditional:
● Positive: If you study hard, you will pass the test.
● Negative: If you do not study hard, you will not pass the test.
Zero Conditional:
● Positive: If you heat water, it boils.
● Negative: If you don't heat water, it doesn't boil.

54
 a. Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the first conditional or zero conditional.

1. If you heat ice, it (melt).

2. If it rains, we (bring) an umbrella.

3. We will go to the beach if the weather (be) sunny tomorrow.

4. If water reaches 100 degrees Celsius, it (boil).

5. If I see her, I (say) hello.

6. We will miss the bus if we (not leave) on time.

7. If you mix red and blue, you (get) purple.

8. If she (study) hard, she (pass) the exam.

9. I will call you if I (get) home early.

10. If you touch a hot stove, you (burn) yourself.

b. Match the correct sentences with their question using zero and first conditional.

1) If you heat ice, it melts. a) What will happen if you heat ice?

2) We will go to the park if it is sunny b) Will you buy a new phone?

tomorrow.

3) If he misses the bus, he will be late for work. c) What will she get if she studies hard?

4) If she studies hard, she gets good grades. d) Will they go to the beach tomorrow?

5) I will buy a new phone if I save enough e) What will he be if he misses the bus?
money.

6) If it rains, we will bring an umbrella. f) Will you go to the park tomorrow?

7) If you don't eat breakfast, you feel g) What will happen if water reaches
hungry before lunch. 100 degrees Celsius?

8) They will not go to the beach if it h) Will you bring an umbrella?

rains tomorrow.

9) If water reaches 100 degrees Celsius, it boils. i) What will you do if you see her?

10) If I see her, I will say hello. j) Do you feel hungry before lunch?

55
 c. Correct sentences using zero and first conditional.

1. If it rains tomorrow, I will bring my umbrella.

2. If I will have enough money, I will buy a new laptop.

3. If he misses the train, he gets late for work.

4. If the sun will shine, we will go to the beach.

5. If you eat too much, you will not feel sick.

6. If she will finish her work early, she will go out with friends.

7. If they study hard, they getting good grades.

8. If I see him, I will told him the news.

9. If it snow tomorrow, the school will be close.

10. If the cat sees the mouse, it runs after it.

D. LISTENING
Listen to the conversation then answer the questions below.

https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/grammar/b1-b2-grammar/conditionals

56
 1. What is Sophie's opinion about camping and volcanoes in Iceland?

2. Why is Oliver upset with Sophie, and what topic did she forget to ask him about?

3. How does Sophie describe the landscape of Iceland and the volcanoes she has seen?

E. WRITING AND SPEAKING

Write 75 words about lifestyle problems what do you know (Use Zero and First conditional)

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
SPEAKING

In groups of 4 students talk about daily problems each one has in their lives. Share with

the class.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

57
 AUTONOMOUS
UNIT 2 WORK #2 LESSON 2E

A. VOCABULARY
1. Read and complete the statements. Use the words in the box. There is one extra word.
3. Virus 4. Social division
2. Plastic pollution

5. Sustainability 6. lack of food 7. Poorness

8. Opportunity 9. Drugs 10. Depression

1. The alarming increase in poses a significant threat to marine life

and ecosystems worldwide.

2. The outbreak of a new, highly contagious has led to widespread concern

and measures to contain its spread.

3. The prolonged drought and crop failure resulted in a severe crisis, leaving

millions of people hungry and malnourished.

4. Emphasizing in our practices can help preserve natural resources for future

generations and protect the environment.

5. The economic downturn presented an for entrepreneurs to innovate and create

new business solutions.

6. The government's failure to address in certain regions has led to increased

social unrest and inequality.

7. Online platforms can either exacerbate or mitigate , depending on how they

manage and moderate discussions among users.

58
 8. Substance abuse and addiction to illegal have devastating effects on individuals

and communities.

9. The pandemic's impact on mental health has led to a surge in cases of among

people of all ages.

2. Order the following sentences in their correct form with the previous vocabulary.

a. Famine /in / a /crisis/resulted/severe.

b. has led to / a/Depression/surge.

c. Opportunity /to/ for /and / create /entrepreneurs/ new / solutions/innovate.

d. The/address / government's failure / to/inequality/ in certain regions /poorness/ has led to

/ increased /and/social/division.

e. of7 The / irresponsible disposal / pollution/ has led to / a severe increase / in /waste/ plastic.

f. concept/ The / of / is crucial / sustainability/ for the future / sustainability/ as / it / for future
/ ensures.

g. A new / and / contagious / health / has emerged/ highly causing/ virus/ concern / among
/ authorities.

h. public/ crime/ availability / The / widespread/ health issues/ of / illegal / has led to / a rise / in
/ drugs/ rates/ and.

i. Depression / can / have / of all ages / surge / in cases / the pandemic's impact / on mental
health / led to / a.

59
B. READING

Read the following text and choose the correct answers:

WHAT ARE DRUGS?

Drugs are substances that alter the way the body or

mind works. Some drugs are legal, such as caffeine,
alcohol, or nicotine. Some drugs are illegal, such as
cocaine, heroin, or marijuana. Some drugs are used for
medical purposes, such as antibiotics, painkillers, or
antidepressants. Other drugs are used for recreational
purposes, such as ecstasy, LSD, or mushrooms.

Drugs can have various effects on the user, depending on the type, dose, frequency,
and mode of consumption. Some effects can be positive, such as euphoria, relaxation, or
creativity. These pleasurable effects are often what lead individuals to use drugs recreationally.
For instance, ecstasy, commonly referred to as "Molly" or "MDMA," is known for its ability
to induce feelings of intense joy and emotional warmth, making it popular in party and
nightclub scenes.

On the other hand, drugs can also have negative consequences on both physical and
mental health. Substance abuse and addiction are significant concerns associated with drug
use. Many illegal drugs have a high potential for addiction, leading individuals to crave and
depend on them, ultimately impacting their ability to function in daily life. Moreover,
addiction can lead to destructive behaviors, strained relationships, and financial problems.

True or false: True False

1. Some drugs, such as caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine, are

legal substances.

60
 2. The use of drugs can lead to both positive effects, like euphoria

and relaxation, as well as negative consequences on

physical and mental health.

3. All illegal drugs have a high potential for addiction, leading

individuals to crave and depend on them, ultimately

impacting their ability to function in daily life.

C. WRITING.

Write a 75-word paragraph about what you think of plastic pollution.

61
 UNIT 3
ALL THE ACTION

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

 Passive Voice Proficiency: Develop a solid understanding of passive

voice usage in various tenses, including present simple, past simple,
present continuous, past continuous, present perfect, past perfect, and
future simple.
 Contextual Application: Apply passive voice knowledge to real-world
situations, such as news reports, scientific writing, or narrative
descriptions, to enhance communication and comprehension.

62
 MOVIES REVIEW
UNIT 3 LESSON 3A
Passive voice-present simple, past simple

A. VOCABULARY
1. Match the pictures with the words on your right.

Vocabulary
1. List
2. Plot
3. Acting
4. Cinematography
5. Direction
6. Screenplay
7. Dialogue
8. Character
development
9. Editing
10. Special effects

2. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate vocabulary.

1. The movie's impressive captivated audiences with its realistic and awe-inspiring

visual elements.

2. The award-winning film received high praise for its exceptional , showcasing

the actors' skillful performances.

3. The well-crafted laid the foundation for an emotionally impactful and thought-

provoking film.

4. The director's impeccable skillfully guided the actors and brought the story to

life on the screen.

63
 5. The stunning added a visual masterpiece to the movie, enhancing its overall

appeal.

6. The witty and engaging between the main characters brought humor and depth

to the storyline.

7. The movie's intricate kept the audience engaged and guessing until the very

end.

8. The seamless of scenes ensured a smooth flow of the narrative, enhancing the

viewer's experience.

9. The gradual of the protagonist throughout the film allowed the audience to

connect and empathize with the character's journey

B. READING

Movies Review

Disney's "Tarzan" is an enchanting-animated

classic that takes audiences on a captivating journey
through the jungle. With its brilliant plot and exceptional
character development, the film has become a timeless
favorite for families worldwide.

The story revolves around Tarzan, an orphaned

human child raised by gorillas, as he grapples with his
identity as both man and ape. The film beautifully portrays
his journey of self-discovery and acceptance, brought to
life by Tony Goldwyn's emotive voice acting.

"Tarzan" boasts stunning cinematography, depicting lush jungle landscapes with meticulous
detail. The seamless blend of traditional hand-drawn animation and innovative CGI creates a
visually stunning and immersive experience.

Under the skillful direction of Chris Buck and Kevin Lima, the film strikes a perfect
balance between heartwarming moments and thrilling action sequences. The screenplay, written by
Tab Murphy and Bob Tzudiker, weaves humor, emotion, and adventure into the narrative
seamlessly.

64
 The engaging dialogue enhances the characters' depth and strengthens the emotional
connection between Tarzan and Jane. Their chemistry is heartwarming, and the relationships
among the jungle's inhabitants evoke empathy and compassion.

The film's exceptional character development is evident as it explores themes of identity,

acceptance, and family bonds. Tarzan's emotional growth, from an uncertain young boy to a
confident leader, is truly inspiring.

With masterful editing, "Tarzan" maintains an engaging pace, preserving its emotional
impact throughout. The movie's special effects, especially during action sequences, add an extra
layer of excitement and wonder.

1. After you have read the text, match the correct sentences.

The seamless blend of a confident leader, is

traditional hand-drawn truly inspiring.
animation and
Their chemistry is audiences on a captivating
heartwarming journey through the
jungle.
The film beautifully and the relationships among
portrays his journey of self- the jungle's inhabitants evoke
discovery and acceptance empathy and compassion.

Tarzan's emotional growth, the film strikes a perfect

from an uncertain young balance between
boy to heartwarming moments and
thrilling action sequences

The movie's special effects, innovative CGI creates

especially during action a visually stunning and
sequences immersive experience.

With masterful editing, add an extra layer of

"Tarzan" maintains an excitement and
engaging pace wonder.

Disney's "Tarzan" is an depicting lush jungle

enchanting-animated classic landscapes with meticulous
that takes detail

Under the skillful direction brought to life by Tony

of Chris Buck and Kevin Goldwyn's emotive voice
Lima acting.

"Tarzan" boasts stunning preserving its emotional

cinematography impact throughout.

65
C. GRAMMAR- Passive voice –present simple, past simple

➔ Passive voice: Passive voice is a grammatical construction used to focus on the action of
the sentence rather than the doer of the action. In passive voice sentences, the subject of the
sentence is not the doer but the receiver of the action.
➔ When do we use it?
a. When the doer of the action is unknown or unimportant.
b. To emphasize the receiver of the action.
c. When the focus is on the action rather than the doer.
d. In formal or scientific writing.

Present be Past simple

Structure: Structure:
Subject + is/am/are + past participle Subject + was/were + past participle
Examples: Examples:
● The dishes are washed by my sister. ● The ball was thrown by the boy.
● The dog is walked by my neighbor every ● The house was built in 1900.
day. ● The car was stolen last night.
● This book is written by Stephen King.

Additional rules for forming the passive voice in past simple and present simple:
● The verb to be must agree with the subject in both tenses.
● The past participle of the verb must be used.
● The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
● The word order of the sentence changes. In the active voice, the subject comes before the
verb. In the passive voice, the verb comes before the subject.

1. Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the passive voice: present simple and past
simple.

a. The window by the burglar last night. (break)

b. The letter by the postman this morning. (deliver)

c. The cake by the children at the party. (eat)

66
 d. The dishes by my sister every day. (wash)

e. The dog by my neighbor every morning. (walk)

f. This book by Stephen King. (write)

g. The report by the team tomorrow. (write)

h. The meeting in the conference room next week. (hold)

i. The new office by the end of the year. (build)

j. The food by the chef in the kitchen. (prepare)

2. Multiple choice. Select the correct answer to complete the passive voice of each sentence.

The window by the burglar last This book by Stephen King.

night.

❖ Had been broken

❖ Will be written
❖ Has been broken
❖ Has been written
❖ Will be broken
❖ Was written
❖ Was broken
❖ Had been written

The letter by the postman The report by the

this morning. team tomorrow.

❖ Has been delivered ❖ Will be written

❖ Was delivered ❖ Has been written
❖ Will be delivered ❖ Had been written
❖ Had been delivered ❖ Will have been written

The cake by the children at The meeting in the conference

the party. room next week.

❖ Had been eaten ❖ Will be held

❖ Has been eaten ❖ Has been held
❖ Was eaten ❖ Had been held

67
 ❖ Will be eaten ❖ Will have been held

The dishes by my sister The new office by the end of

every day. the year.

❖ Had been washed ❖ Had been built

❖ Has been washed ❖ Has been built
❖ Will be washed ❖ Will be built
❖ Are washed ❖ Will have been built

The dog by my neighbor The food by the chef in the

every morning. kitchen.

❖ Has been walked ❖ Has been prepared

❖ Had been walked ❖ Had been prepared
❖ Is walked ❖ Will be prepared
❖ Will be walked ❖ Is prepared

3. Read the exercise carefully, form the correct sentences using passive voice.

a. The dog was bit by the cat.

_ _ _ _

b. The house was painted by the artist beautifully.

_ _ _

c. The report was written by the students good.

_ _ _

d. The mistakes were corrected by the teacher carefully.

_ _ _

e. The house was destroyed by the fire badly.

_ _ _

68
 f. The property was damaged by the storm heavily.

_ _ _

g. The car was stolen by the thief quickly.

_ _ _

h. The patient was operated on by the doctor successfully.

_ _ _

i. The letter was delivered by the postman yesterday.

_ _ _

j. The food was prepared by the chef in the kitchen.

_ _ _

D. LISTENING

https://youtu.be/2Gr6fGFqubo

1. After you have seen the video, complete the following sentences:

a. A lovely perfume! Where ? France

b. Excuse me, ? Yes, sir. It .

c. Wonderful vegetables! Were they ? Yes. It took a lot of hard work.

d. Is this already? We wanted to buy it! Oh, so sorry. This house

yesterday!

69
 e. My boyfriend! Oh, no! What him? that your boyfriend is

cheating on you.

f. Hey Ethan, where did you say that good Japanese restaurant ? Zoe,

right next to the port

g. Quick quiz! Who the Tesla ? Too easy! The Tesla

Elon Musk.

h. Hm…so crowded. Who this picture ? The Mona Lisa Leonardo

da Vinci .

i. Final Exam question… When the Colosseum ? I know that! I believe it

AD.

j. Aiden, my friends by Facebook. How about you? Actually.

many people by WhatsApp.

E. WRITING AND SPEAKING

1. Write a 75-word composition of a famous movie director you know well.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

F. SPEAKING

1. Share the writing activity with the class. Ask your classmates if they know more information
of her/him.

70
 71

NEWS
UNIT 3 Passive voice-present continuous and past LESSON 3B
continuous

A. VOCABULAR
1. Match the pictures with the words on your right.

Vocabulary List
1. Headline
2. Breaking
3. Journalism
4. Coverage
5. Editorial
6. Broadcast
7. Reporter
8. Source
9. Update

2. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate vocabulary.

1. The seasoned quickly gathered information from the scene of the accident.

2. We are waiting for an from the press conference to know the latest developments.

3. The news about the earthquake interrupted the regular programming on TV.

4. The newspaper's grabbed everyone's attention with its bold and eye-catching title.

5. The reliable confirmed the authenticity of the leaked document.

6. The live of the sports event kept the viewers on the edge of their seats.

71
 72

7. The media of the event was extensive, providing in-depth information from

various perspectives.

8. She pursued a career in as she was passionate about reporting and storytelling.

9. The newspaper's column expressed the author's personal opinion on the current

political situation.

B. READING

COVID-19

COVID-19 is a disease caused by a new type of

coronavirus that emerged in China in late 2019 and has since
spread to almost every country in the world. COVID-19 can
cause mild to severe respiratory symptoms, such as fever, cough,
shortness of breath, and loss of taste or smell. Some people may
develop more serious complications, such as pneumonia, organ
failure, blood clots, or death.

COVID-19 is mainly transmitted when people breathe in air contaminated by droplets or

aerosols that contain the virus. The virus can also spread through contact with infected surfaces or
objects. The best way to prevent COVID-19 is to get vaccinated when it is available and follow
public health measures, such as wearing a mask, keeping physical distance, washing hands
frequently, and avoiding crowded or poorly ventilated places.

COVID-19 has had a huge impact on the health, social, and economic aspects of human life. It
has overwhelmed health systems, disrupted education and work, increased poverty and inequality,
and threatened human rights and democracy. It has also highlighted the need for global solidarity and
cooperation to overcome the pandemic and its consequences.

a. Response true or false

True False

72
 73

COVID-19 can only cause mild respiratory symptoms.

COVID-19 can spread through contact with infected surfaces or objects.

The best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid wearing a mask.

C. GRAMMAR – Passive voice – Present Continuous and Past Continuous

➔ Passive voice: Passive voice is a grammatical construction used to focus on the action of
the sentence rather than the doer of the action. In passive voice sentences, the subject of the
sentence is not the doer but the receiver of the action.
➔ When do we use it?
a. When the doer of the action is unknown or unimportant.
b. To emphasize the receiver of the action.
c. When the focus is on the action rather than the doer.
d. In formal or scientific writing.

Present continuous Past continuous

Structure: Structure:
Positive: Positive:
object + be (present) + being + past participle object + be (past) + being + past participle + (by
+ (by + subject) + subject)
Negative: Negative:
object + be (present) + not + being + past object + be (past) + not + being + past participle
participle + (by + subject) + (by + subject)
Examples: Examples:
● The house is being painted by my father. ● The car was being washed by John when
● The house is not being painted by my it started to rain.
father. ● The car was not being washed by
John when it started to rain.

Additional rules for forming the passive voice in past simple and present simple:
● The verb to be must agree with the subject in both tenses.
● The past participle of the verb must be used.

73
 74

● The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
● The word order of the sentence changes. In the active voice, the subject comes before the
verb. In the passive voice, the verb comes before the subject.

1. Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the passive voice: present continuous and past continuous.

a. The new building (construct) by a renowned construction company.

b. The patient (examine) by the doctor when the accident occurred.

c. The project (work on) by the team for the upcoming presentation.

d. The car (repair) by the mechanic when the heavy rain started.

e. The cake (bake) by my sister for the family gathering tonight.

f. The document (review) by the supervisor when the printer ran out of ink.

g. The new software (test) by the IT department for any glitches.

h. The students (teach) by the substitute teacher when the regular teacher fell ill.

i. The garden (tend) by the gardener to prepare for the upcoming event.

j. The presentation (prepare) by the team when the power outage occurred.

2. Please, choose the correct option (a, b, or c) for each

sentence.

1. The house (build) by a team of architects.

a) was built b) is built c) is being built

2. The project (develop) by the team of engineers.

a) is being developed b) was developed c) is developed

3. The important report (prepare) by the finance department.

a) is preparing b) was prepared c) is being prepared

4. While it was raining, the flowers (water) by the gardener.

74
 75

a) were being watered b) were watered c) are being watered

5. The secret project (discuss) by the company executives.

a) was discussed b) is being discussed c) is discussed

6. The nature documentary (film) by a famous filmmaker.

a) was filmed b) is being filmed c) is filmed

7. While we were sleeping, the problem (solve) by the team of experts.

a) was being solved b) was solved c) is being solved

8. The delicious cookies (bake) by my grandmother.

a) are being baked b) were baked c) are baked

9. The new shopping mall (construct) in the city center.

a) is being constructed b) was constructed c) is constructed

10. The technical issues (resolve) by the support team.

a) were resolved b) are being resolved c) are resolved

3. Matching exercise.

1. The breaking news a) is being reported by journalists from

the field. b) were being discussed in the
2. The headlines
newsroom yesterday.
3. The latest updates
c) are being broadcasted on the national
4. The news articles news channel.
d) is being updated every hour on the
5. The current events
website.
6. The news report
e) were being analyzed by the political
7. The news story experts.

75
 76

8. The trending topics f) is being covered by the international

correspondents.
9. The news anchor
g) are being read by millions of viewers.
10. The news coverage
h) was being interviewed by a
prominent journalist.
i) is being shared on social
media platforms.
j) were being investigated by
the investigative reporters.

D. LISTENING
1. Listen to the recording then mark true or false the statements below.

https://soundcloud.com/teacherpaul/listening-lab-exercise-49-present-continuous-tense-passive-voice

1. The children by their mother.

2. The game by millions of people.

3. I from the airport?

4. You next week.

5. The students to leave the building.

6. The hotel rooms by the housekeepers.

7. the electrical work by an electrician?

8. The extra furniture in the basement.

9. New employees fast enough.

10. the car in a garage?

76
 77

E. WRITING AND SPEAKING

1. Write a 100- word essay about recent health news in your city. (Use passive voice in present continuous
and pastcontinuous form)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

F. SPEAKING
1. Describe the image using the passive voice in the present continuous form. Share with the class your ideas.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

77
 78

ENVIRONMENTAL
UNIT 3 DISASTERS LESSON 3C
Passive voice-present continuous and past
continuous

A. VOCABULARY- Environmental disasters

1. Match the pictures with the words on your right.
Vocabulary List
1. Pollution
2. Deforestation
3. Climate change
4. Oil spill
5. Acid rain
6. Ozone depletion
7. Toxic waste
8. Erosion
9. Extinction

2. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate vocabulary.

a. The caused by industrial discharges has contaminated the river, posing a serious threat
to aquatic life and human health.
b. Massive in the Amazon rainforest has led to the loss of precious biodiversity
and increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.
c. Scientists warn that urgent actions are required to combat and its severe consequences
on global weather patterns.
d. An off the coast resulted in devastating consequences for marine ecosystems,
affecting fish populations and coastal habitats.
e. The phenomenon of is a major concern as it damages forests, lakes, and
buildings, endangering both natural ecosystems and man-made structures.

78
 79

f. The excessive use of certain chemicals has contributed to the of the ozone layer,
raising concerns about increased ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface.
g. Improper disposal of from industrial processes can lead to soil and water
contamination, posing health risks to nearby communities.
h. Widespread in vulnerable regions has caused significant loss of fertile soil,
making agriculture difficult and impacting local economies.
i. The ongoing environmental crisis is driving many species towards , with some
already disappearing from the planet forever.

B. READING

Deforestation
Deforestation in the Amazon rainforest is a pressing
environmental issue with far-reaching consequences. As one of the most
biodiverse and ecologically vital regions on Earth, the Amazonas plays a
critical role in regulating the global climate and housing numerous
unique plant and animal species. However, rampant logging,
agricultural
expansion, and illegal activities have led to massive deforestation in recent years.
The clearing of vast forested areas for agriculture, livestock grazing, and logging not only
contributes to the release of significant amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere but also destroys
essential habitats for countless species. This loss of biodiversity can disrupt entire ecosystems, leading
to imbalances that affect both the environment and local communities that depend on the rainforest for
their livelihoods.
Moreover, deforestation exacerbates the issue of climate change, as fewer trees are available to
absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The reduction in forest cover also affects the water cycle,
potentially leading to altered rainfall patterns and increased vulnerability to droughts or floods.

1. True or false.

True False

Deforestation in the Amazon rainforest is a pressing environmental issue

with far-reaching consequences.

The clearing of vast forested areas for agriculture, livestock grazing, and logging
only contributes to the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Deforestation in the Amazon exacerbates climate change, as it reduces the

number of trees available to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

79
 80

C. GRAMMAR- Passive voice – Present Perfect and Past Perfect.

➔ Passive voice: Passive voice is a grammatical construction used to focus on the action of
the sentence rather than the doer of the action. In passive voice sentences, the subject of the
sentence is not the doer but the receiver of the action.
➔ When do we use it?
a. When the doer of the action is unknown or unimportant.
b. To emphasize the receiver of the action.
c. When the focus is on the action rather than the doer.
d. In formal or scientific writing.

Present perfect Past perfect

Structure: Structure:
Positive: Positive:
Subject + has/have + been + past participle + by Subject + had + been + past participle + by + agent
+ agent Negative:
Negative: Subject + had + not + been + past participle + by
Subject + has/have + not + been + past participle + agent
+ by + agent Examples:
Examples: ● Positive: The clinic had been cleaned
● Positive: The clinic has been cleaned by them before they left.
by them. ● Negative: The clinic had not been cleaned
● Negative: The clinic has not been by them before they left.
cleaned by them. ● The books had been read by the
● The books have been read by the students. students before they took the test.

Additional rules for forming the passive voice in past simple and present simple:
● The verb to be must agree with the subject in both tenses.
● The past participle of the verb must be used.
● The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
● The word order of the sentence changes. In the active voice, the subject comes before the
verb. In the passive voice, the verb comes before the subject.

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1) Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the passive voice: present perfect and past perfect.

a) The new building (construct) in just six months, and it already looks impressive.

b) By the time the firefighters arrived, the fire (contain) and the damage was extensive.

c) The lost keys (find) by my sister, who had been searching for them all day.

d) Many endangered species (rescue) and rehabilitated by dedicated conservationists.

e) The important documents (misplace) by someone in the office, causing a lot of chaos.

f) The valuable artwork (steal) from the museum last week and the investigation is

ongoing.

g) The exams (complete) by the students, and now they are eagerly awaiting their results.

h) By the time, we got to the party, all the food (eat), and only a few drinks remained.

i) The repairs (finish) on the bridge and it is now open for traffic again.

j) The surprise birthday party (plan) by her friends, and she had no idea it was coming.

2) Matching exercise.

1. Deforestation in the a) Have a devastating impact on

Amazonas local communities.
2. The recent oil spill in b) Plays a critical role in regulating the
the ocean global climate.
3. Many species are facing c) Disrupt entire ecosystems.
4. Climate change is a d) Has caused significant harm to marine life.
pressing e) Has been a major environmental concern.
5. The ozone layer depletion f) Results in harmful ultraviolet
6. Toxic waste from radiation reaching the Earth's surface.
industries g) Has led to the loss of fertile soil regions.
7. Extensive erosion in h) Contributes to the release of
vulnerable greenhouse gases.
8. Acid rain i) Is linked to increased vulnerability
9. The Amazon rainforest to droughts and floods.
10. Global warming j) is responsible for many
species disappearing from the
planet.

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3) The students should order the sentences using passive voice in both present perfect and past perfect.

a) has been/by /The cake/ baked/ delicious/ the chef/and /it looks.

_ _

b) Have been /had/the presentation/ already/ for / and /the meeting/ they/ awarded medals/been prepared.

_ _

c) Had been/Many endangered species/ rescued/ and/ the consequences/ devastating/for decades/
have been.

_ _

d) Contract/had already/The tickets/been/ for the event/ and /the/ has been/ both parties/sold
out/signed by.

_ _

e) the case/is/The investigation/ongoing/and/handled/the authorities/has been/by

_ _

f) CEO/restored/had been/ during the storm/and/a/ new/had been/by/the company/The power/appointed.

_ _

g) in this region/Deforestation/rampant/and/it/significant/harm/has been/has caused.

_ _

h) and/have been/ the chef/the food/served/The dishes/has been/washed by.

_ _

i) had been/by/The car/ the mechanic/ and/it/is now/smoothly/running.

_ _

j) have been/The repairs/completed/the workers/and/the building/brand new/by/looks.

_ _

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D. LISTENING

https://www.elllo.org/class/C1/C1-08-Passive-Present-Perfect.html

1. Listen to the conversation one and two, after choosing the correct answer.
a. So, do you think our tax refunds are already?
i. have been deposited
ii. have deposited
iii. had been deposited
b. Yeah, I still haven't been paid for my last job, so I really it.
i. need
ii. needed
iii. have needed
c. The project I was working on yet. No one gets paid until it's finished.
i. has not been completed
ii. was not completed
iii. had not been completed
d. Yeah, it's really frustrating because all of my work , but I need the others to finish
before I get paid.
i. have been completed
ii. had been completed
iii. has been completed
e. Good, the hotel , and the invitations have been sent out.
i. has been booked
ii. had been booked
iii. have been booked

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f. Yes, all but one .

i. have been confirmed
ii. has been confirmed
iii. had been confirmed
g. A contract by a local restaurant to provide food, but the menu has not been decided
on yet.
i. has been signed
ii. had been signed
iii. have been signed

E. WRITING AND SPEAKING

F. WRITING

Write an essay about forest fires in Ecuador. Write no less than 75 words.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

G. SPEAKING

Talk about the pollution in Ecuador and the impact in your health.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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FUTURE
UNIT 3 INVENTIONS LESSON 3D
Passive voice-present continuous and past
continuous

A. VOCABULARY.

1. Match the pictures with the words on your right.

Vocabulary List
1. Nanotechnology
2. Robotics
3. Artificial Intelligence (AI)
4. Quantum Computing
5. Biotechnology
6. Augmented Reality (AR)
7. Renewable Energy
8. Space Exploration
9. Internet of Things (IoT)

2. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate vocabulary.

1. In the field of , scientists manipulate matter at the nanoscale to create innovative materials
with unique properties.
2. The advancements in have enabled the development of autonomous machines capable
of performing complex tasks without human intervention.
3. is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, which allows them to
learn, reason, and make decisions.

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4. With the help of , quantum physicists and computer scientists can solve complex
problems much faster than classical computers.
5. is a multidisciplinary field that applies biological processes to develop technologies
and products for various industries, such as medicine and agriculture.
6. By using , users can experience a digitally enhanced view of the real world through
devices like smartphones or AR glasses.
7. The increasing adoption of sources like solar and wind power plays a crucial role
in addressing climate change and reducing reliance on fossil fuels.
8. has enabled humans to explore the cosmos, sending spacecraft to distant planets and
beyond to uncover the mysteries of the universe.
9. The refers to a network of interconnected devices, enabling them to collect and exchange
data for various applications, making our lives more efficient and convenient.

B. READING

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a groundbreaking field of
computer science that aims to develop machines capable of
emulating human intelligence. It encompasses a diverse range
of technologies and methodologies, including machine learning,
natural language processing, computer vision, and robotics. The
ultimate goal of AI is to create intelligent systems that can
perceive reason, learn, and adapt, leading to more efficient
problem solving and decision-making.
Machine learning is a core aspect of AI, where
algorithms enable systems to learn from data and improve their performance over time. Deep
learning, a subset of machine learning, has revolutionized AI by using neural networks with multiple
layers to extract intricate patterns and representations from vast amounts of data. This has led to
significant breakthroughs in various domains, such as image and speech recognition, language
translation, and autonomous vehicles.
Natural language processing (NLP) allows machines to understand and generate human
language. This technology enables voice assistants, chatbots, and language translation services,
facilitating seamless communication between humans and machines.

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AI's impact extends beyond academia and research labs, with practical applications in
industries like healthcare, finance, transportation, and entertainment. AI-driven systems streamline
processes, enhance diagnostics, optimize financial transactions, and offer personalized
recommendations, improving overall efficiency and user experiences.
However, the rapid advancement of AI also raises ethical and societal concerns. Issues like
data privacy, bias in algorithms, and the potential for job displacement necessitate careful
consideration and responsible development.

1. True or false

True False

Machine learning is not a core aspect of AI; it is the central technique used
in AI to enable systems to learn from data and improve their performance
over time.

Natural language processing (NLP) does not allow machines to generate

human language. Instead, it enables machines to understand and process
human language, facilitating seamless communication between humans and
machines through applications like voice assistants, chatbots, and language
translation services.

Artificial Intelligence aims to develop machines capable of emulating

human intelligence, encompassing a diverse range of technologies like
machine learning, natural language processing, computer vision, and
robotics

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C. GRAMMAR- Passive Voice future simple.

➔ Passive voice: Passive voice is a grammatical construction used to focus on the action of
the sentence rather than the doer of the action. In passive voice sentences, the subject of the
sentence is not the doer but the receiver of the action.
➔ When do we use it?
a. When the doer of the action is unknown or unimportant.
b. To emphasize the receiver of the action.
c. When the focus is on the action rather than the doer.
d. In formal or scientific writing.

Future simple

Structure:
Positive Form:
Subject + will be + past participle (by + agent, if mentioned)
Negative Form:
Subject + will not (won't) be + past participle (by + agent, if mentioned)
Examples:
Positive Form:
● The new software will be installed by the IT team tomorrow.
Negative Form:
● The meeting won't be rescheduled again.

Additional rules for forming the passive voice in past simple and present simple:
● The verb to be must agree with the subject in both tenses.
● The past participle of the verb must be used.
● The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.
● The word order of the sentence changes. In the active voice, the subject comes before the
verb. In the passive voice, the verb comes before the subject.

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1. Matching exercise.

1. The new building's design A. will be completed by the end of

2. The books for the library the year.
3. The concert tickets B. will be organized by the
4. The latest research findings students.
5. The important documents C. will be held at the city stadium.
6. The party decorations D. will be launched next month.
7. The movie premieres E. will be built in the next five
8. The winners of years.
the competition F. will be shipped to the
conference venue.
9. The software updates I.
G. will be presented by the mayor.
will be printed and
H. will be announced on TV.
distributed to the
employees. I. will be printed and distributed
to the employees.
10. The charity event J. will be
J. will be prepared by the
prepared by the
fundraising team.
fundraising team.

2. Complete the sentences, choosing the correct word to complete the passive voice in their future simple form.
a. The new laboratory equipment by the scientists.
a) will be developed

b) will be developing

c) will be develop

b. The important message _ to all employees.

a) will be sending

b) will be sent

c) will send

c. The concert due to bad weather.

a) will cancel

b) will be canceling

c) will be canceled

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d. The annual report to the board of directors next week.

a) will be presented

b) will present

c) will be presenting

e. The delicious cake for the party.

a) will be baking

b) will bake

c) will be baked

f. The new product worldwide.

a) will distribute

b) will be distributed

c) will distributing

g. The museum exhibition for two months.

a) will be running

b) will run

c) will be run

h. The movie _ at the cinema on Friday.

a) will release

b) will be released

c) will be releasing

i. The meeting until the manager arrives.

a) will delay

b) will be delayed

c) will be delaying

j. The charity funds _ by the organization.

a) will be raising

b) will raise

c) will be raised

3. Choose the correct form of the passive voice future simple.

a. The new project (will be completed / will complete) by the team of experts.

b. The valuable artifacts (will be displayed / will display) at the museum next month.

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c. The conference (will be attended / will attend) by delegates from various countries.

d. The secret recipe (will be kept / will keep) confidential by the chef.

e. The important documents (will be sent / will send) to the client tomorrow.

f. The old building (will be renovated / will renovate) next year.

g. The final decision (will be made / will make) by the committee.

h. The concert (will be performed / will perform) on the grand stage.

i. The birthday surprise (will be prepared / will prepare) by her friends.

j. The competition winners (will be announced / will announce) on the website.

D. LISTENING

Future Passive Voice Listening worksheet | Live Worksheets

Open the link and complete the exercise.

E. WRITING AND

SPEAKING WRITING

Write an essay about: What do you think of the use of Artificial Intelligent in everyday activities
for example, reading, listening music, movies, etc. Use no more than75 words.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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F. SPEAKING

In groups of three, debate about the role of technology in the future, its advantages,
anddisadvantages.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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AUTONOMOUS
UNIT 3 WORK #3 LESSON 3E

1. Choose the correct form of the passive voice in their future simple form
a. The new product (will be launched / will launch) next month.
b. The report (will be submitted / will submit) to the manager by the team.
c. The project (will be completed / will complete) before the deadline.
d. The tickets (will be bought / will buy) online for the concert.
e. The meeting (will be scheduled / will schedule) for tomorrow afternoon.
f. The book (will be written / will write) by a famous author.
g. The cake (will be baked / will bake) by my sister for the party.
h. The movie (will be released / will release) in cinemas next week.
i. The room (will be cleaned / will clean) by the hotel staff every day.
j. The letter (will be sent / will send) to the recipient by courier.
2. Complete the sentences using passive voice in present perfect.
a. The new building (complete) by the construction team.

b. The report (submit) to the supervisor last week.

c. The package (deliver) to the customer just now.

d. The cake (bake) by my mom for the party.

e. The documents (process) by the administrative staff already.

f. The car (repair) by the mechanic recently.

g. The novel (write) by a famous author in 2019.

h. The presentation (prepare) by the team since morning.

i. The movie (release) in cinemas last month.

j. The project (finish) by the deadline.

3. Complete the sentences using passive voice in past perfect.

a. The cake (baked) by my sister before the guests arrived. (bake)
b. The report (completed) by the team before the deadline. (complete)

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c. The car (washed) by the mechanic before it was returned to the owner. (wash)
d. The movie (watched) by millions of people before it won the award. (watch)
e. The building (destroyed) by the earthquake before any help could arrive. (destroy)
f. The letter (sent) to the recipient before the mistake was noticed. (send)
g. The repairs (done) by the technicians before the machine was operational again. (do)
h. The books (returned) to the library before the due date. (return)
i. The project (approved) by the committee before it was implemented. (approve)
j. The concert (cancelled) due to the bad weather before the audience arrived. (cancel)
4. Select the correct form of the passive voice in passive voice past continuous.
A. The car by the mechanic when the customer arrived.
a. was being washed
b. being washed
c. was washing
B. The new software on all the computers in the office.
a. installed
b. was being installed
c. was installing
C. The house while the family was on vacation.
a. was cleaning
b. being cleaned
c. was being cleaned
D. The bridge after the storm damaged it.
a. repaired
b. was repairing
c. was being repaired
E. The meeting in the conference room when the fire alarm went off.
a. being held
b. was holding
c. held
F. The trees by the volunteers in the park.
a. were being planted
b. were planting
c. being planted
G. The documents by the CEO during the board meeting.

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a. being signed
b. were being signed
c. was signing
H. The cake for the special occasion.
a. was being decorating
b. being decorated
c. was being decorated
I. The concert by the enthusiastic crowd.
a. enjoyed
b. was being enjoyed
c. being enjoyed
J. The experiment by the scientists when the equipment malfunctioned.
a. conducted
b. was being conducting
c. being conducted)

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UNIT 4
INTERVIEWS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

 Gain a solid understanding of tag questions in English grammar,

including their structure and usage across various tenses (present
be, present simple, past simple, past continuous, present perfect,
past perfect, and future simple).
 Master the specific usage and formation of tag questions for
present be, present simple, past simple, and other tenses.
 Apply tag questions to engage others in dialogue, express ideas,
and elicit responses effectively.

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COMMOM JOB
INTERVIEWS
UNIT 4 QUESTIONS LESSON 4A
Passive voice-present simple, past simple

A. VOCABULARY
1. Match the pictures with the words on your right.

Vocabulary List
1. Experience
2. Skills
3. Strengths
4. Weaknesses
5. Achievements
6. Challenges
7. Teamwork
8. Goals
9. Career

2. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate vocabulary.

1. The job requires a high level of , as it involves working closely with different departments.

2. During the job interview, the candidate highlighted their extensive work in the
marketing industry.

3. The candidate shared their of successfully leading a team of professionals in their

previous role.

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4. When asked about their , the candidate mentioned their proficiency in multiple
programming languages.

5. The candidate described their in completing a challenging project ahead of schedule.

6. One of the candidate's is their ability to solve complex problems efficiently.

7. The company is looking for someone with excellent communication to join their
customer service team.

8. In response to the question about their , the candidate acknowledged that they
sometimes struggle with public speaking.

9. The interviewee mentioned that one of their greatest is their ability to adapt quickly to
new situations.

B. READING

In a highly ● How did Mark Harrington discuss the

anticipated job challenges he faced during the
interview, the interview?
renowned actor and
philanthropist, Mark
● Question: What range of topics did the
Harrington, recently sat down for a candid
panel of interviewers explores during
conversation with a panel of industry experts. The
the interview?
interview took place in a sleek, modern conference
room adorned with minimalist decor, reflecting both
Harrington's sophistication and the gravity of the
● Question: Where did the job
occasion. interview with Mark Harrington take
As the interview commenced, Harrington's place?
calm demeanor and confident poise were
immediately evident, mirroring his on-screen
● Question: What impression did Mark
presence. The panel of interviewers delved into a
Harrington leave on both the panel and
wide range of topics, from his early career
the audience during the interview?
breakthroughs to his recent endeavors in
humanitarian work.
Harrington eloquently discussed the
challenges he faced while juggling his dual roles as
an

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artist and a philanthropist, highlighting the ● Question: What was immediately evident
importance of leveraging his platform to create about Mark Harrington's demeanor as
positive change. Throughout the interview, his the interview began?
passion for acting and commitment to social causes
shone through, leaving an indelible impression on
both the panel and the audience.
As the conversation concluded, it was clear
that Mark Harrington's job interview transcended the
conventional, offering insights into a remarkable life
that has left an indelible mark on both the
entertainment industry and the world at large.

C. GRAMMAR- Tag questions: present be, present simple.

➔ Tag questions: A tag question is a grammatical construction that turns a statement into a
question. It involves adding a short question tag to the end of a declarative sentence. Tag
questions are used to seek confirmation or agreement from the listener. The tag generally
consists of an auxiliary verb and a pronoun that corresponds to the subject of the main
sentence.
➔ When do we use it?
a. Seeking Confirmation
b. Checking Information
c. Softening Statements
d. Inviting Agreement
e. Expressing Surprise
f. Seeking Conversation
Present be Present simple

Structure: Structure:
● Positive Statement: Subject + "am/are/is" ● Positive Statement: Subject + main
+ main verb-ing, e.g., "You are studying." verb (base form), e.g., "He likes pizza."
● Negative Tag: "aren't/amn't/isn't" + ● Negative Tag: "don't/doesn't" +
subject, e.g., "aren't you?" subject, e.g., "doesn't he?"

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0

Examples:
● Statement: "You are studying, aren't you?" Examples:
● Statement: "She is reading, isn't she?" ● Statement: "He likes pizza, doesn't he?"
● Statement: "She sings beautifully,
doesn't she?"

a. Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the tag questions: present be, present simple.

1. She is a doctor, ?
2. We are going to the party tonight, ?
3. They live in that house, ?
4. He speaks Spanish fluently, ?
5. You enjoy playing the guitar, ?
6. It's a beautiful day, ?
7. The book is on the table, ?
8. I am not late, ?
9. We need to finish this by tomorrow, ?
10. The movie starts at 7 PM, ?
b. Multiple choice. Select the correct answer to complete the tag questions: present be, present simple.

She is a teacher, ? They live in the city, ?

a) is she a) don't they
b) isn't she b) isn't it
c) does she c) are they
d) doesn't she d) do they

You play the piano, ? He speaks English fluently, ?

a) aren't you a) doesn't he
b) do you b) isn't he
c) don't you c) does he
d) are you d) is he

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1

We are going to the party, ? It's a beautiful day, ?

a) are we a) isn't it
b) aren't we b) is it
c) do we c) does it
d) don't we d) doesn't it

The book is on the table, ? I am right, ?

a) is it a) am I
b) isn't it b) aren't I
c) does it c) do I
d) doesn't it d) don't I

They need help with their homework, ? You like ice cream, ?
a) do they a) aren't you
b) don't they b) do you
c) are they c) don't you
d) aren't they d) are you

c. Choose the correct option and complete using tag questions: present be and present simple.

1. She (is / likes) coffee, ?

2. They (are / go) to the gym every day, ?
3. He (has / lives) in the city, ?
4. We (do / can) this later, ?
5. It (looks / has) like rain, ?
6. You (are / enjoy) reading mystery novels, ?
7. The concert (starts / plays) at 8 PM, ?
8. I (am / think) on the right track, ?
9. They (have / want) to finish the project today, ?
10. You (like / go) swimming in the ocean, ?

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2

D. LISTENING

https://slideplayer.com/slide/9296412/

1. Listen to the recording and complete the sentences with tag question forms.
● He won the prize, ?

● Ann never goes anywhere, ?

● I shouldn’t laugh, ?

● Sara was winning, ?

● You live near here, ?

● I’m helpful, ?

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E. WRITING AND SPEAKING

F. WRITING

Write five tips for a first job interview. What people should consider to make a good
interview?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

G. SPEAKING

In pairs, tell your classmate how was your first experience at a job interview.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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JOB MEETINGS
UNIT 4 LESSON 4B
Passive voice-present simple, past simple

A. VOCABULARY.
a. Match the pictures with the words on your right.

Vocabulary List
1. Meeting
2. Agenda
3. Participants
4. Discussion
5. Decision
6. Presentation
7. Collaboration
8. Feedback
9. Conference call

b. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate vocabulary.

1. The marketing team prepared an impressive highlighting product key point.
2. from different departments will attend the upcoming .
3. led to an exceptional design after intense .
4. Valuable followed the product launch and .
5. A is scheduled due to remote team .
6. The teams were reached after an extensive .
7. The agenda will guide topics in the upcoming .
8. shaped a remarkable design after thorough .

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9. Post-launch from customers augmented the .

B. READING

Job meetings 1. What is the significance of job

Job meetings play a meetings in the employment
pivotal role in the process?
employment process, ………………………………………….
serving as a platform 2. How do job meetings contribute to
where job seekers and the success of both job seekers and
employers come employers?
together to discuss opportunities, qualifications, and
………………………………………….
expectations. These gatherings often set the tone for
3. What are some key elements of
future collaboration and success. During a job
effective communication during
meeting, candidates have the chance to showcase their
job meetings?
skills, experiences, and passion for the role, while
employers assess whether the individual is the right fit
………………………………………….
for their organization.
4. How has the format of job
Effective communication is paramount in job meetings.
meetings evolved in the modern
Job seekers must articulate their qualifications and
era?
demonstrate their enthusiasm, while employers need to
communicate job requirements and company culture.
………………………………………….
The meeting may include discussions about the job's
5. Can you provide examples of
responsibilities, work environment, and compensation
industries that commonly use
package, allowing both parties to align their
job meetings as part of their
expectations. In the modern era, job meetings can take
hiring process?
various forms, from traditional in-person interviews to
virtual video calls. They also encompass diverse ………………………………………….
industries, ranging from tech startups to established
corporations, making
each encounter unique.

C. GRAMMAR-Tag questions: past simple, past continuous.

➔ Tag questions: A tag question is a grammatical construction that turns a statement into a

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question. It involves adding a short question tag to the end of a declarative sentence. Tag
questions are used to seek confirmation or agreement from the listener. The tag generally
consists of an auxiliary verb and a pronoun that corresponds to the subject of the main
sentence.
➔ When do we use it?
a. Seeking Confirmation
b. Checking Information
c. Softening Statements
d. Inviting Agreement
e. Expressing Surprise
f. Seeking Conversation
Past simple Past continuous

Structure: Structure:
● Positive Statement → Negative Tag ● Positive Statement → Negative Tag
If the main sentence is positive in the If the main sentence is positive in the
past simple tense, the tag question is past continuous tense, the tag question is
negative. negative.
● Positive Statement → Negative Tag ● Negative Statement → Positive Tag
If the main sentence is positive in the If the main sentence is negative in the
past simple tense, the tag question is past continuous tense, the tag question is
negative. positive.
Examples: Examples:
● She visited the museum yesterday, ● He was studying all night, wasn't he?
didn't she? ● She wasn't feeling well, was she?
● They didn't enjoy the movie, did they?

a.
Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the tag questions: past simple, past continuous.

1. She was baking cookies, ?

2. They were watching a movie last night, ?

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3. He wasn't feeling well yesterday, ?

4. You were studying for the exam, ?
5. We were playing tennis at the park, ?
6. Jenny and Mark were visiting their grandparents, ?
7. The dog wasn't barking loudly, ?
8. I was reading that book yesterday, ?
9. They were laughing at the joke, ?
10. Were you enjoying the party last evening, ?
b. Please, choose the correct option (a, b, or c) for each sentence.

1. She was singing in the choir, ?

a) wasn't she? b) didn't she? c) wasn't it?

2. They were building a sandcastle on the beach, ?

a) weren't they? b) didn't they? c) were they?

3. He wasn't listening to the radio at that time, ?

a) wasn't he? b) didn't he? c) was he?

4. You were cooking dinner when I called, ?

a) weren't you? b) didn't you? c) were you?

5. We were hiking in the mountains, ?

a) weren't we? b) didn't we? c) were we?

6. Susan and Tom were attending the conference, ?

a) weren't they? b) didn't they? c) were they?

7. The engine wasn't running smoothly, ?

a) wasn't it? b) didn't it? c) was it?

8. I was playing the piano at the party, ?

a) wasn't I? b) didn't I? c) was I?

9. They weren't dancing at the wedding, ?

a) were they? b) did they? c) weren't they?

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10. Were you helping your friend with the project, ?

a) weren't you? b) didn't you? c) were you?

c. Choose the correct answer from the box.

weren't they? didn't they? wasn’t she? wer en’t you? was he?

didn't you? didn't he? didn't it? w it? weren't we?

wasn’t I? were they?

1. She was singing in the choir, ?

2. They were building a sandcastle on the beach, ?

3. He wasn't listening to the radio at that time, ?

4. You were cooking dinner when I called, ?

5. We were hiking in the mountains, ?

6. Susan and Tom were attending the conference, ?

7. The engine wasn't running smoothly, ?

8. I was playing the piano at the party, ?

9. They weren't dancing at the wedding, ?

10. Were you helping your friend with the project, ?

D. LISTENING
Past Continuous

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https://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Listening_Lab/Listening_Lab_Exercise_37_past_continuous_
tense.html
● I this morning.

● What you when I called you?

● Bill heard about the report as he to the radio.

● Who all that noise last night?

● The machines properly.

Past Simple

https://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Listening_Lab/Listening_Lab_Exercise_4_past_tense_be.htm
l
● Where you yesterday?

● He at home last night.

● the children happy with their gifts?

● There any problems.

● Do you know where they ?

E. WRITING AND
SPEAKING WRITING
Write a paragraph like you are chief of marketing business using tag questions: past simple, past
continuous.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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SPEAKING.
F. With a partner, create a conversation like if you are in a job meeting using tag questions: past simple,

pastcontinuous. Share with the class.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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RUN INTO SOMEONE

UNIT 4 LESSON 4C
Tag questions: present perfect, past perfect

A. VOCABULARY
a. Match the pictures with the words on your right.

Vocabulary List
1. Encounter
2. Meet unexpectedly
3. Chance encounter
4. Unplanned meeting
5. Reunite
6. Confront
7. Run across by accident
8. go to cinema
9. Matrimonial proposal

b. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate vocabulary.

1. The took place on a beautiful beach during sunset.

2. They decided to to watch the latest blockbuster film.
3. After years apart, they had a(n) in a foreign city and rekindled their friendship.
4. She didn't expect to with her former colleague during the conference.
5. When they the challenges together, their bond grew even stronger.
6. Despite their differences, they managed to have a civil and resolve the issue.
7. I had a(n)
with an old friend at the grocery store yesterday.
8. As I was walking in the park,
a book I had been looking for.
I

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9. The with the CEO gave him a chance to discuss his innovative ideas.
10. Sarah and Mark after many years apart, and it was a heartwarming moment.

B. READING

1. Read the text carefully. Answer the following quest.

Running into someone

Running into someone unexpectedly can create a serendipitous

moment that leaves a lasting impact. It's a collision of lives, a sudden
intersection of paths that brings two individuals together in a unique
and unplanned way. The encounter might be an old friend, a familiar
face from the past, or a stranger who could potentially become a
significant
part of one's life story.

In those brief seconds, as gazes meet and words are exchanged, there's a fusion of surprise,
curiosity, and perhaps even a touch of awkwardness. It's a reminder of the unpredictability of life,
that amidst our meticulously planned days, fate can intervene with an encounter that stirs emotions
and memories. These impromptu meetings can spark new connections or rekindle forgotten ones,
triggering a cascade of emotions ranging from joy to nostalgia.

Whether it's a chance to catch up, a doorway to a new friendship, or simply a reminder of the
intricate tapestry of human interactions, running into someone unexpectedly underscores the beauty
of spontaneity in a world often dominated by routine. These encounters, like fleeting stars in the night
sky, illuminate the unexpected and keep life's narrative rich and diverse.

a. Response true or false

True False

Running into someone unexpectedly can lead to a serendipitous

moment that has a lasting impact
Impromptu meetings with people can evoke a range of
emotions, including surprise, curiosity, and nostalgia.
Encounters with old friends, familiar faces, or strangers can
potentially become significant parts of one's life story.

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C. GRAMMAR-Tags questions: present perfect, past perfect.

➔ Tag questions: A tag question is a grammatical construction that turns a statement into a
question. It involves adding a short question tag to the end of a declarative sentence. Tag
questions are used to seek confirmation or agreement from the listener. The tag generally
consists of an auxiliary verb and a pronoun that corresponds to the subject of the main
sentence.
➔ When do we use it?
a. Seeking Confirmation
b. Checking Information
c. Softening Statements
d. Inviting Agreement
e. Expressing Surprise
f. Seeking Conversation
Present perfect Past perfect

Structure: Structure:
● Positive Statement → Question Word + ● Positive Statement → Subject + had +
Have/Has + Subject + Past Participle + past participle (verb's 3rd form) + rest
Rest of the Sentence of the sentence
● Positive Statement → Subject + ● Negative Statement → Subject + had
Have/Has not + Past Participle + Rest not (hadn't) + past participle (verb's 3rd
of the Sentence form)
Examples: + rest of the sentence
1. How long have they studied French? Examples:
2. We haven't seen that movie before. ● They had completed their work by the
time I arrived.
● They hadn't completed their work by
the time I arrived.

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a. Choose the correct answers:

1. She has visited Paris before, ?

a) hasn't she b) hasn't it c) has she
2. They had already left, ?
a) hadn't they b) hadn't it c) hadn't them
3. He hasn't seen the movie yet, ?
a) hasn't he b) hasn't it c) hasn't him
4. You had finished your work, ?
a) hadn't you b) hadn't it c) hadn't they
5. It's been a long journey, ?
a) hasn't it b) hasn't there c) hasn't he
6. We've been to that restaurant, ?
a) haven't we b) haven't us c) haven't it
7. Mary hadn't tried sushi before, ?
a) had she b) had they c) hadn't she
8. They haven't watched the new episode, ?
a) have they b) have it c) haven't them
9. John has finished the project, ?
a) hasn't he b) hasn't it c) hasn't him
10. The team had won the championship, ?
a) hadn't they b) hadn't it c) hadn't them

b. Matching exercise. Match each sentence with their correct tag question.

1. She hasn’t visited Paris before. a) has it?

2. They hadn’t already left. b) hasn't he?
3. He hasn't seen the movie yet. c) had they?
4. You hadn’t finished your work. d) had you?
5. It hasn’t been a long journey. e) has he?
6. We haven’t been to that restaurant. f) haven't they?
7. Mary hadn't tried sushi before. g) had she?
h) have they?

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8. They haven't watched the i) has she?

new episode. j) hadn't they?
9. John has finished the project.
10. The team had won
the championship.

c. Choose the correct form of the tag question.

1. She has already eaten, (hasn't she/has she)?

2. They had visited London before, (hadn't they/had they)?
3. He hasn't finished his assignment yet, (has he/hasn't he)?
4. You had met him previously, (hadn't you/had you)?
5. It's been a great day, (hasn't it/has it)?
6. We've traveled to that country before, (haven't we/have we)?
7. Mary hasn't read the book, (has she/hasn't she)?
8. They hadn't seen that movie, (had they/hadn't they)?
9. John has learned to play the piano, (hasn't he/has he)?
10. The team had won the championship, (hadn't they/had they)?

D. LISTENING
E. WRITING AND
SPEAKING WRITING
Write five original sentences using tag questions with present perfect or past perfect. Make sure the tag
questions are correctly formed and appropriate for the sentences.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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F. SPEAKING
Imagine you're sharing your past experiences with a friend. Talk about at least three situations where
you've used present perfect or past perfect in your sentences. Use tag questions at the end of your
statements and questions. For example: "I have visited New York, haven't I?" or "She had already
left, hadn't she?"

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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MY DREAMS
UNIT 4 LESSON 4D
Tag questions: future simple

A. VOCABULARY.
1. Match the pictures with the words on your right.

Vocabulary List
1. Aspiration
2. Ambition
3. Imagination
4. Fantasy
5. Goal
6. Vision
7. Desire
8. Hope
9. Dreamscape

b. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate vocabulary.

1. The company's of a sustainable future guides all its decisions and innovations.
2. Graduating with honors was his ultimate , and he worked diligently to achieve it.
3. Her
to become a successful artist has driven her to practice tirelessly every day.
4. The child's
allows them to create entire worlds in their mind.
vivid
5. Even in the face of adversity, his unwavering inspired those around him.
6. Exploring the enchanted realm of the book, she lost track of time.
7. She had a deep to travel the world and experience diverse cultures.
8. His knows no bounds; he's determined to excel in both his career and personal life.
9. The painting depicted a surreal , where reality blended with the fantastical.

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B. READING

1. Read the text carefully. Answer the following quest.

Thoughts and aspirations

In the realm of my innermost thoughts and aspirations, lies a
tapestry woven from the threads of my dreams. These dreams, fueled by a
boundless imagination, form the bedrock of my journey through life.
They are the stars that light my path, the silent orchestrators of my
endeavors.
Each night, as I close my eyes, I enter a dreamscape where reality
merges seamlessly with the extraordinary. Among these dreams, I find
aspiration that propels me forward, ambitions that challenge me to
transcend my limits, and a profound desire to carve my mark on the
world.
In this ethereal landscape, my hopes take shape, painting vivid
portraits of possibilities yet unexplored. These dreams are the
guardians
of my vision, granting me glimpses of a future imbued with purpose and fulfillment. They offer a
sanctuary where the boundaries of the ordinary yield to the extraordinary, a realm where I can be
anything I dare to imagine. As I navigate the waking world, these dreams remind me that within the realm
of possibility, every aspiration can evolve into reality. My dreams, ever-present and unwavering, are the
compass that guides me through the myriad paths of life, an eternal source of inspiration that fuels my
pursuit of greatness.

a. Response true or false

True False

The dreams described in the passage are driven by a limited imagination.

The dreams act as guiding stars in the journey of the author's life.

The dreams described in the passage are disconnected from the

author's waking reality.

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C. GRAMMAR-Tag questions: future simple

➔ Tag questions: A tag question is a grammatical construction that turns a statement into a
question. It involves adding a short question tag to the end of a declarative sentence. Tag
questions are used to seek confirmation or agreement from the listener. The tag generally
consists of an auxiliary verb and a pronoun that corresponds to the subject of the main
sentence.
➔ When do we use it?
a. Seeking Confirmation
b. Checking Information
c. Softening Statements
d. Inviting Agreement
e. Expressing Surprise
f. Seeking Conversation
Future simple

Estructure:
Positive Statement → Subject + Future Simple (Will) + Rest of the Sentence
Negative Statement → Subject + Will Not (Won't) + Rest of the Sentence

Examples:
1. They will attend the meeting, won't they?
2. He won't forget, will he?

a. Choose the correct tag question for each sentence.

1. She will attend the meeting, ? a) won't she? b) will she? c) doesn't she?
2. They won't forget, ? a) will they? b) won't they? c) don't they?
3. He will finish on time, ? a) won't he? b) will he? c) doesn't he?
4. You'll help me, ? a) won't you? b) will you? c) don't you?
5. It will rain tomorrow, ? a) won't it? b) will it? c) doesn't it?
6. We'll be there early, ? a) won't we? b) will we? c) don't we?
7. Mary will pass the test, ? a) won't she? b) will she? c) doesn't she?

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8. They won't miss the flight, ? a) will they? b) won't they? c) don't they?
9. The event will start at 8, ? a) won't it? b) will it? c) doesn't it?
10. You'll remember to call, ? a) won't you? b) will you? c) don't you?
b. Use the words in the box to complete the sentences. Choose the correct tag question.
will / won't / you / they / she / we / it / he

don’t you won’t you won’t she won’t we won’t it

won’t it can they won’t they won’t he will it

1. The concert starts soon, ?

2. They can't come, ?
3. She'll bring the dessert, ?
4. You need some help, ?
5. The movie won't be boring, ?
6. He'll finish the project, ?
7. We'll see each other tomorrow, ?
8. It will rain in the afternoon, ?
9. You'll be careful, ?
10. They’ll join us, ?

c. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of tag questions.

1. You'll be there, ?
2. She won't forget, ?
3. We'll meet at the park, ?
4. The train will arrive on time, ?
5. They won't need directions, ?
6. He'll call you later, ?
7. It won't take long, ?
8. She'll bring the book, ?
9. You'll let me know, ?
10. They won't mind waiting, ?

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D. WRITING AND SPEAKING

E. WRITING
Write a paragraph describing your plans for the upcoming weekend or a future event. Use future simple
statements in your paragraph, and then add tag questions to each statement to create a conversational tone.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

F. SPEAKING
Imagine you are talking to a friend over the phone. Describe your plans for an upcoming event or
weekend using future simple statements. Remember to use tag questions to engage your friend in the
conversation. Practice speaking out loud, just as you would in a real conversation.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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AUTONOMOUS
UNIT 4 WORK #4 LESSON 4E

GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY PRACTICE

a. Complete the following sentences using tag questions - Present Be, Present Simple.

1. She is a doctor, ?
2. They live in the city, ?
3. He's not coming to the party, ?
4. You like ice cream, ?
5. It's a beautiful day, ?
6. We are late, ?
7. Mary knows the answer, ?
8. The dogs chase cats, ?
9. John and Lisa are married, ?
10. The sun rises in the east, ?

b. Complete the following sentences using tag questions - Past Simple, Past Continuous.

1. He studied all night, ?

2. They were playing soccer, ?
3. She didn't like the movie, ?
4. You were sleeping, ?
5. It rained yesterday, ?
6. We weren't invited, ?
7. Mark enjoyed the concert, ?
8. They weren't watching TV, ?
9. Sarah was cooking dinner, ?
10. The cat was sleeping, ?

c. Complete the following sentences using tag questions - Present Perfect, Past Perfect.

1. She has finished her work, ?

2. They had already eaten, ?
3. He hasn't been to Paris, ?

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4. You had seen that movie before, ?

5. It's been a long day, ?
6. We've visited London, ?
7. Susan hasn't read the book, ?
8. They hadn't met before, ?
9. John has traveled to Japan, ?
10. The team had won the championship, ?

d. Complete the following sentences using tag questions - Future Simple.

1. She will come to the party, ?

2. They won't forget, ?
3. He will finish on time, ?
4. You'll help me, ?
5. It will rain tomorrow, ?
6. We'll be there early, ?
7. Mary will pass the test, ?
8. They won't miss the flight, ?
9. The event will start at 8, ?
10. You'll remember to call, ?

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UNIT 5
DIFFERENT
CULTURES

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

 Be able to use "too" to indicate an excessive amount and "enough"

to indicate sufficiency in various contexts.
 Identify infinitives in sentences and understand their basic
structure, which includes "to" followed by the base form of a verb
(e.g., "to run," "to eat").
 Recognize when to use gerunds and infinitives in different
grammatical contexts, including as subjects, objects, complements,
or after specific verbs (e.g., "I enjoy swimming" vs. "I want to
swim").

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MONEY
UNIT 5 TRANSACTIONS LESSON 5A
Too/enough

A. VOCABULARY
1. Match the pictures with the words on your right.

Vocabulary List

1. Deposit
2. Money order
3. Transferability
4. Payment instrument
5. Currency
6. Check
7. Credit card
8. Bills
9. Bank

2. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate vocabulary.

1. I need to pay my utility _ before the due date to avoid late fees.
2. He decided to _ some money into his savings account for a future vacation.
3. The he received from his employer was a safe way to get paid without carrying
cash.
4. International business transactions often involve the exchange of _ to complete
payments.
5. You can make a at this bank branch using cash or a check.
6. She used her _ to buy a new laptop, taking advantage of the deferred payment
option.

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7. Online banking allows for easy between your accounts.

8. The _ of this item is not guaranteed, so be sure to read the fine print before
purchasing.
9. He received a in the mail and decided to cash it at the nearest bank.
10. Can you go to the _ and inquire about the status of our loan application?

B. READING

Money transactions ● What were some of the primary methods

Modern banking people had used for financial
has revolutionized the transactions before the digital era?
way we handle money.
With the advent of online
banking, individuals have
been able to access their
accounts and make transactions from the comfort of ● How had cash been used for
their homes. Furthermore, digital wallets and mobile currency exchange in the past?

payment apps have become increasingly popular,

providing a convenient way to pay for goods and
services. These advancements have changed the way
we conduct day-to-day financial transactions.
● Had you ever utilized paper checks or
Before the digital era, financial transactions
money orders for transactions in the
had been primarily carried out through physical
past?
means. People had used paper checks to transfer
funds, and money orders had been a reliable method
for making payments. Cash had also been the
primary mode of currency exchange. These methods
had served the purpose well at the time.

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C. GRAMMAR-Too/Enough

➔ Too / Enough: "Too" and "enough" are words that are used to indicate the degree or extent
of something in relation to a specific condition or requirement.
➔ When do we use it?
a. Too is used to mean more than sufficient or more/less than necessary
b. Enough is used to mean sufficient

Too Enough

Structure: Structure:
● Too goes before adjectives and adverbs. It ● Enough goes before nouns but after
has a negative meaning and shows that adjectives or adverbs. It has positive
something is more than enough, more meanings and shows that there is as
than necessary or more than wanted. much of something as is wanted or
● too + adjective/adverb + to –infinitive. needed.
● Adjective/adverb + enough + to –infinitive
Examples:
● Helen is too rude to become a doctor. Examples:
● He explains me too clearly for me to ● The weather is warm enough to swim.
understand him ● There isn’t enough water

1. Fill in the Blanks with "Too" or "Enough"

● The soup is hot to eat right now.

● She didn't have time to complete the assignment.

● The concert tickets were expensive, but I had saved money to buy them.

● The car was traveling fast for the road conditions.

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● He wasn't feeling well to attend the meeting.

● The book was difficult for me to understand.

● The store didn't have apples for the recipe.

● The movie wasn't long, and it kept my interest throughout.

● The weather is warm for us to have a picnic.

● She's tired to go out tonight.

2. Choose the Correct Word - "Too" or "Enough"

● The coffee was hot for me to drink.

● She didn't have time to finish the test.

● The cake was delicious; I couldn't stop eating it.

● The pool wasn't deep for diving.

● He wasn't feeling well to go to work.

● The exercise was easy that everyone could do it.

● The store didn't have apples for the pie.

● The movie was short; I wanted it to last longer.

● Is the music loud for you?

● She didn't have money to buy the expensive dress.

3. Rewrite the Sentences with "Too" or "Enough"

● The room is very cold. (Use "too")

● The coffee isn't hot for me to drink. (Use "enough")

● The laptop isn't powerful enough to run the software. (Use "too")

● I have some free time to finish the project. (Use "enough")

● The coat isn't warm for the winter weather. (Use "too")

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● He has sufficient skills to solve the puzzle. (Use "enough")

● The movie was short; I wanted it to last longer. (Use "too")

● The cake is delicious for me to eat. (Use "enough")

● The book is easy for me to understand. (Use "enough")

● The car was driving fast because of the road conditions. (Use "too")

D. LISTENING

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O85iiVbHNTs

Complete the sentence with too or enough

● He is not strong,

● He can’t get job because he isn’t experienced

● He is not old

● You don’t work hard

● The coffee is hot

● The wind blows hard

● You are driving fast

● The dog is running fast

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E. WRITING AND SPEAKING

F. WRITING

Write a short composition about the money transactions you do in a bank (use too/enough)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

G. SPEAKING

With a partner, talk as if you are in a business meeting with an investor (use too/enough)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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BASIC
UNIT 5 CONSUMER LESSON 5B
PRODUCTS
Infinitives

A. VOCABULARY. Basic consumer products

1. Match the pictures with the words on your right.

Vocabulary List

2. Complete the sentences with the words from activity 1.

1. She bought new _ for her children's bedroom.

2. The party had a variety of to cater to different tastes.
3. His allergies require him to carry with him at all times.
4. The store is having a sale on and accessories.
5. We need to purchase some _ to fill our new apartment.
6. The section in the supermarket offers a range of personal care products.
7. The baby was playing with colorful in the living room.

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8. Our kitchen is well-equipped with modern _ like a microwave and a blender.

9. The sports store had a great collection of for various activities.
10. They served a variety of at the event, from soft drinks to cocktails.?

B. READING

One of the most fundamental consumer 1. Response true or false based in the text:
products is food, which provides us with nourishment a. Food is one of the most
and energy. We rely on supermarkets and grocery fundamental consumer products
stores to supply us with a variety of food items, from that provide nourishment and
fresh produce to packaged goods. Another critical energy.
aspect of daily life is hygiene, which involves ………………………………………………
products like toothpaste, soap, and shampoo. These
b. Personal hygiene products, such as
items are designed to keep us clean and healthy.
toothpaste and shampoo, are designed to
Taking care of personal hygiene is a routine that we
keep us clean and healthy.
must follow to maintain our well-being.
Clothes and footwear are essential consumer ………………………………………………

products that serve both functional and aesthetic c. Clothing serves both functional and
purposes. We wear clothes to protect ourselves from aesthetic purposes, and our clothing
the elements and express our personal style. Whether choices reflect our personal style.
it's a formal suit or a casual T-shirt, our clothing
………………………………………………
choices reflect who we are. Footwear, such as shoes
and sandals, provide comfort and protection for our d. Footwear, like shoes and sandals, provides
feet as we go about our daily activities. Proper comfort and protection for our feet during
clothing and footwear not only keep us comfortable daily activities.
but also contribute to our confidence and self-
………………………………………………
expression.
e. Home appliances, such as refrigerators and
Consumer products also extend to our living
washing machines, simplify household
spaces. Home appliances, such as refrigerators,
tasks and enhance the quality of our daily
washing machines, and microwaves, simplify our
lives by adding convenience to our homes.
household tasks and save us time. They help us
maintain a comfortable and efficient living ………………………………………………
environment. Additionally, furniture like sofas,
tables, and chairs make our homes functional and

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comfortable, providing us with places to relax, eat,

and work. The use of these consumer products
enhances the quality of our daily lives by adding
convenience and aesthetics to our homes.

C. GRAMMAR-Infinitives

➔ Infinitives: Infinitives are a special form of verbs that can be used as a noun, adjective, or
adverb. They are usually made by adding the word to before the base verb, and they can be
useful when discussing actions without actually doing the action, such as “I want to go
home,”
➔ When do we use it?
a. To discuss an action in general instead of a specific instance of the action being done.
For example, take a look at these two sentences:
● I need to win.
● Today, we win.
The first sentence uses the infinitive form of the verb win as a noun; the main verb of
the sentence is actually “need.” The second sentence uses the standard form of win as
an actionable verb. In the first sentence with the infinitive, the action of “winning” is
not actually done; the sentence simply discusses the idea of winning. The second
sentence, however, describes the action of winning.

Infinitives

Structure:
● An infinitive is a verb retaining its basic or root form while being used as an adjective,
● The complete verb structure, in that case, would be … main verb + to + base verb ...
● The most popular among those verbs would be the verbs listed below :

agree demand hurry prepare

aim fail manage refuse

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ask hesitate offer want

decline hope plan wish

Examples:
● I decided not to go to London.
● He asked me not to be late.
● I'd like you not to sing so loudly.

1. Fill in the blanks with the correct infinitive form

● She likes (read) mystery novels in her free time.

● They decided (travel) to Europe next summer.

● He promised (help) with the cleaning after dinner.

● The goal is (complete) the project by the end of the week.

● I want (learn) how to play the guitar.

● She hopes (find) a job in the marketing field.

● We need (buy) some groceries for the weekend.

● He loves (cook) delicious meals for his friends.

2. Choose the correct infinitive

● She plans (to paint / painting) her bedroom walls this weekend.

● They hope (to visit / visiting) their grandparents during the holidays.

● The teacher asked us (to submit / submitting) the assignment by Friday.

● I would like (to try / trying) that new restaurant downtown.

● His dream is (to become / becoming) a successful entrepreneur.

● We should remember (to lock / locking) the front door before leaving.

● They decided (to take / taking) a long walk in the park.

● The first step is (to gather / gathering) all the necessary materials.

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3. Multiple Choice Infinitive Quiz

● She enjoys (to dance / dancing) at parties.

a) to dance

b) dancing

● I need (to study / studying) for the upcoming exam.

a) to study

b) studying

● He was excited (to receive / receiving) the award.

a) to receive

b) receiving

● Their plan is (to travel / traveling) around the world.

a) to travel

b) traveling

● She wants (to learn / learning) how to play the piano.

a) to learn

b) learning

● They decided (to go / going) to the beach for the weekend.

a) to go

b) going

● The team is ready (to compete / competing) in the championship.

a) to compete

b) competing

● I would like (to visit / visiting) the art museum tomorrow.

a) to visit

b) visiting

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D. LISTENING

https://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Listening_Lab/Listening_Lab_Exercise_19_infinitives.html

Listen to the recording then complete the sentences below.

1. They decided a movie.

2. I need something to eat.

3. Do you want a break?

4. It’s necessary as much as possible.

5. Their house is not easy .

6. There seems a problem with my phone.

7. Nobody wanted that .

8. to the highway, take this exit.

9. She hopes not .

10. She doesn’t want .

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E. WRITING AND SPEAKING

F. WRITING

Write a short essay about the basic consumer products you use daily. Use grammar and vocabulary
studied.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

G. SPEAKING

With a partner, talk about your favorite basic consumer products. . Use grammar and vocabulary
studied.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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SPARE TIME
UNIT 5 ACTIVITIES LESSON 5C
Gerunds

A. VOCABULARY
2. Match the pictures with the words on your right.

Vocabulary List

2. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate vocabulary from activity 1.

1. After a long day at work, I like to to recharge.

2. She has a beautiful voice and loves to in local talent shows.

3. Photography has become more than a _ _ for him; it's a passion.

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4. The amusement park offers various forms of for people of all ages.

5. We played a challenging board during our family game night.

6. is a great way to expand your knowledge and imagination.

7. The latest superhero _ was a blockbuster hit at the box office.

8. Exploring new cultures and trying new foods are highlights of my love for .

9. At the school prom, everyone gathered on the dance floor to the night away.

B. READING

Engaging in creative activities such as ● How do creative activities like painting

painting, drawing, and crafting allows you to express and crafting contribute to your well-
yourself and tap into your artistic side. Painting being?
landscapes, sketching portraits, and making
handmade crafts can provide a sense of
accomplishment and offer an outlet for self-
expression. These activities can be done individually ● What are the benefits of engaging in
or in groups, fostering a sense of community and physical activities as a way to spend
shared interests. your spare time?
like jogging, swimming, and playing sports
are not only great for your health but also offer a way
to clear your mind and relieve stress. Engaging in
regular exercise helps boost your energy levels and
enhances your overall well-being. Whether you ● How can learning and self-improvement
prefer solo activities or team sports, staying active activities positively impact your personal
during your spare time contributes to a healthier growth?
lifestyle.
Are also valuable ways to spend your free
moments. Reading books, attending workshops, or
even taking online courses can help you expand your
knowledge and skills. Learning a new language, for
instance, broadens your cultural understanding and
opens doors to new experiences.

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C. GRAMMAR-Gerunds

➔ Gerunds: A gerund is a verb that’s acting as a noun. By that, we mean that the verb—the word
that describes the action that’s happening, like “biking,” “thinking,” “running,” or “speaking”—
becomes a thing, a concept that can now be the sentence’s subject, direct object, indirect object,
or the object of a preposition.
➔ When do we use it?
a. Gerunds can be used after certain verbs including enjoy, fancy, discuss, dislike,
finish, mind, suggest, recommend, keep, and avoid.
b. After prepositions of place and time.
● I made dinner before getting home.
● He looked unhappy after seeing his work schedule.
c. To replace the subject or object of a sentence
● Lachlan likes eating coconut oil.
● Jumping off a cliff is dangerous, but a real thrill.

Gerunds
Structure:
● A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. The term verbal indicates that a
gerund, like the other two kinds of verbal, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action
ora state of being
● Gerund as subject:
○ Traveling might satisfy your desire for new experiences. (Traveling is the gerund.)
○ The study abroad program might satisfy your desire for new experiences. (The
gerund has been removed.)
● Gerund as direct object:
○ They do not appreciate my singing. (The gerund is singing.)
○ They do not appreciate my assistance. (The gerund has been removed)
● Gerund as subject complement:
○ My cat's favorite activity is sleeping. (The gerund is sleeping.)
○ My cat's favorite food is salmon. (The gerund has been removed.)

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● Gerund as object of preposition:

○ The police arrested him for speeding. (The gerund is speeding.)
○ The police arrested him for criminal activity. (The gerund has been removed.)

Examples:
● I don’t like doing anything.
● Running is fun.
● Making friends is important for children.
● Your sister admitted breaking the glasses.

1. Complete the sentences with gerunds.

a. She enjoys (read) novels in her free time.

b. They are interested in (learn) how to play the guitar.

c. I can't stand (wait) in long lines at the store.

d. He admitted (break) the vase accidentally.

e. She's considering (take) a cooking class next semester.

f. We need (clean) the garage before winter comes.

g. Their favorite hobby is (go) hiking in the mountains.

h. The kids spent the afternoon (play) soccer at the park.

2. Identify the Gerunds by circling them.

a. Singing brings her immense joy and satisfaction.

b. Swimming is a great way to stay fit and healthy.

c. They spent the evening watching a movie at the theater.

d. Learning a new instrument can be a rewarding experience.

e. I can't imagine living without reading novels.

f. Painting landscapes is his favorite form of relaxation.

g. She is passionate about traveling and exploring new cultures.

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h. Running marathons requires dedication and training.

3. Rewrite the following sentences by changing the underlined verbs into gerunds:

a. She plays the piano in her free time.

b. He goes for a walk every morning.

c. They enjoy watching movies on weekends.

d. I like to cook dinner for my family.

e. She studies mathematics for two hours every day.

f. We listen to music while doing chores.

g. He writes stories in his notebook.

h. They practice soccer in the park.

D. LISTENING

https://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Listening_Lab/Listening_Lab_Exercise_18_gerunds.html

1. Listen to the recording and complete the sentences.

● Thank-you for me.

● We look forward to you tomorrow.

● in the United States can be stressful.

● Sarah has to go today.

● He’s not used to so late.

● I appreciate you the time to talk to me.

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● is believing.

● The kids enjoyed to the athletes after the game was over.

● Do you mind for a few minutes?

● He avoided the matter.

E. WRITING AND SPEAKING

F. WRITING

Write a short essay with 150 words about your favorite spare time activities.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

G. SPEAKING

With a partner, talk as if you were on vacations doing things you like, using the vocabulary learned in this
section
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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TIPS FOR
UNIT 5 REMEMBERING LESSON 5D
Infinitives vs gerunds

A. VOCABULARY.
1. Match the pictures with the words on your right.

Vocabulary List

2. Complete the sentences with the most appropriate vocabulary.

1. He loves to go for a _ in the park every morning.

2. She enjoys experimenting with new recipes and likes to meals from scratch.

3. During the summer, they often visit the beach to in the ocean.

4. The adventurous group decided to _ _ the mountain to catch the sunrise.

5. His favorite leisure activity is _ at the nearby lake.

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6. She learned how to _ baskets from natural fibers.

7. They spend their weekends _ and tending to their plants.

8. He has a passion for nature and loves wildlife in its natural habitat.

9. Every year, we go to the mountains to and enjoy the outdoors.

B. READING

1. Read the text carefully. Answer the following quest.

Regular exercise is essential to maintaining good health. Many

people aim to incorporate physical activities into their daily routines.
Whether it's jogging, swimming, or practicing yoga, staying active helps to
improve cardiovascular health and increase flexibility. It's important to set
achievable fitness goals and work towards reaching them.
Choosing nutritious foods is a key component of a healthy lifestyle.
Many individuals strive to follow balanced diets rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. It's
recommended to avoid consuming excessive amounts of sugary and processed foods. Cooking at
home allows individuals to control ingredients and portions, contributing to better dietary choices.
Managing stress effectively is crucial for overall well-being. Engaging in relaxation techniques,
such as meditation and deep breathing, helps to alleviate stress and promote mental clarity. It's important to
find activities that bring joy and tranquility, such as reading, gardening, or spending time with loved ones.

b. Response true or false

True False

Staying physically active is not important for a healthy lifestyle.

Engaging in relaxation techniques can help manage stress

Pursuing a healthy lifestyle involves setting achievable fitness goals

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C. GRAMMAR-Infinitives vs gerunds

➔ Infinitive vs Gerunds: Gerunds and infinitives are sometimes referred to as verb

complements. They may function as subjects or objects in a sentence.
➔ Gerunds:
Form: Gerunds are formed by adding "-ing" to the base form of a verb. For example:
walking, reading, swimming.
➔ Infinitives:
Form: Infinitives are the base form of a verb, often preceded by the word "to."
For example: to walk, to read, to swim.
➔ When do we use it?
a. Whether you use a gerund or an infinitive depends on the main verb in the
sentence. I expect to have the results of the operation soon. (Infinitive)
I anticipate having the research completed eventually. (Gerund)
b. Gerund
Usage:
● As a subject: Gerunds can function as the subject of a sentence.
Example: Swimming is good exercise.
● After prepositions: Gerunds are often used after prepositions. Example:
He's interested in painting.
● As an object: Gerunds can serve as the object of a sentence. Example: She
enjoys singing.
● After certain verbs: Some verbs are followed by gerunds. Example: He
likes playing basketball.
c. Infinitives
Usage:
● As a subject: Infinitives can function as the subject of a sentence. Example:
To travel is my dream.
● After certain verbs: Infinitives are used after certain verbs like want,
plan, decide, hope. Example: She wants to learn.
● After adjectives: Infinitives can follow adjectives to express purpose or intention.

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Example: It's important to study.

● After certain nouns: Some nouns are followed by infinitives. Example: He
has the ability to solve complex problems.

Infinitives Gerunds

Structure: Gerunds
● An infinitive is a verb retaining its basic or Structure:
root form while being used as an ● A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing
adjective, and functions as a noun. The term verbal
● The complete verb structure, in that case, indicates that a gerund, like the other
would be … main verb + to + base verb two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb
... and therefore expresses action or a state
● The most popular among those verbs of being
would be the verbs listed below : ● Gerund as subject:
agree demand hurry prepare ○ Traveling might satisfy your
aim fail manage refuse desire for new experiences.
ask hesitate offer want (Traveling is the gerund.)
declinehope plan wish ○ The study abroad program might
satisfy your desire for new
Examples: experiences. (The gerund has
● I decided not to go to London. been removed.)
● He asked me not to be late. ● Gerund as direct object:
● I'd like you not to sing so loudly. ○ They do not appreciate my singing.
(The gerund is singing.)
○ They do not appreciate my
assistance. (The gerund has
been removed)
● Gerund as subject complement:
○ My cat's favorite activity is
sleeping. (The gerund is
sleeping.)
○ My cat's favorite food is
salmon. (The gerund has been
removed.)
● Gerund as object of preposition:

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○ The police arrested him for

speeding. (The gerund is
speeding.)
○ The police arrested him for
criminal activity. (The gerund
has
been removed.)
Examples:
● I don’t like doing anything.
● Running is fun.
● Making friends is important for children.
● Your sister admitted breaking the glasses.

1.
PRACTICE

Fill in the blanks with the correct form (Infinitive or Gerund)

● They decided (travel) to Europe next summer.

● I enjoy (read) novels before going to bed.

● It's important (eat) a balanced diet for good health.

● He plans (study) abroad next year.

● She prefers (swim) in the ocean rather than the pool.

● They like (cook) new recipes from different cultures.

● The teacher encouraged us (participate) in the science fair.

2. Choose the Correct Form (Infinitive or Gerund)

● He loves (to play / playing) the guitar in his spare time.

● She decided (to take / taking) a dance class to improve her flexibility.

● They enjoy (read / reading) mystery novels on weekends.

● I can't stand (wait / waiting) in long lines at the amusement park.

● She hopes (travel / to travel) to Paris someday.

● We need (to buy / buying) some groceries for the weekend.

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● It's important (exercise / to exercise) regularly for overall well-being.

● They are interested in (learn / learning) a new language.

3. Rewrite the Sentences with the Correct Form (Infinitive or Gerund)

● He likes to swim in the pool. (gerund)

● She wants to travel around the world. (gerund)

● They enjoy reading books in their free time. (infinitive)

● I hope to become a successful writer one day. (gerund)

● She loves to dance at parties. (gerund)

● We need to clean the house before the guests arrive. (gerund)

● He's interested in playing the piano. (infinitive)

● They decided to start a new business. (gerund)

D. LISTENING

1. Listen to the recording then answer the questions below.

Audio link: https://www.esl-lab.com/easy/camping-gear/

a. What are they planning on doing in the d.According to the weather report, when is it
morning? going to start raining?
 Hiking  In the morning
 Mountain biking  At night
 Fishing  In the afternoon

b. What did Paul forget to bring? d.Sarah left the playing cards_______the
picnic table.
 Umbrellas
 Rain coat  Under
 Rain boots  Next to
 On
c. What do they finally decide to do?
 Sleep at the campground
 Stay at a hotel
 Return home

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E. WRITING AND SPEAKING

F. WRITING

Write a short essay about the hobbies you are interested in. Use the grammar and vocabulary studied.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

G. SPEAKING

With a partner, talk about your hobbies and ask each other questions about
them.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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AUTONOMOUS
UNIT 5 WORK #5 LESSON 5E

GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY PRACTICE

a. Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct option: "too" or "enough".
1. The coffee is hot to drink right now.
2. She didn't have time to finish her assignment.
3. The movie was boring for me to watch till the end.
4. We didn't have ingredients to make the recipe.
5. The water is cold to swim in.
6. He is tired to go to the party.
7. She has money to buy a new phone.
8. The music is loud to concentrate.
9. Do you have chairs for everyone?
10. The cake is delicious not to have another slice.

b. Complete the following sentences with the correct infinitive form of the given verb.

1. She promised dinner tonight.

2. He wants how to play the guitar.
3. I decided a vacation next month.
4. They plan their grandparents this weekend.
5. It's important regularly for good health.
6. She agreed with the charity event.
7. He offered us to the airport.
8. They hope the competition.
9. It's time the garage.
10. She needs for her exams.

c. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the given verb in gerund from the box.

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reading arriving going listening eating

cheating singing your help seeing learning

1. She enjoys novels in her free time.

2. They practiced for the upcoming talent show.
3. He apologized for late to the meeting.
4. I can't stand to that annoying noise.
5. We appreciate with the event preparations.
6. She avoids
too much junk food.
7. They are interested
a new language.
in
8. I look forward to you at the party.
9. He admitted on the test.
10. She suggested to the beach this weekend.

d. Choose the correct answer

1. She suggested to the new Italian restaurant for dinner.

a. to go
b. going
2. He enjoys basketball with his friends on weekends.
a. to play
b. playing
3. They started French last year.
a. to learn
b. learning
4. I can't imagine in a big city.
a. to live
b. living
5. We need some groceries for the week.
a. to buy
b. buying

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6. He apologized for late to the party.

a. to arrive
b. arriving
7. She loves in her free time.
a. to dance
b. dancing
8. They are excited about to Europe next summer.
a. to travel
b. traveling
9. I enjoy movies on Friday nights.
a. to watch
b. watching
10. We decided the museum this weekend.
a. to visit
b. visiting

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REFERENCIAS

https://whatsup.es/blog/lista-de-vocabulario-en-ingles-sobre-tecnologia-e-informatica

https://www.teachstarter.com/us/teaching-resource/weather-word-wall-vocabulary-us/

https://www.mansioningles.com/fichasingles/ficha235-vocabulario-oficina-empresa-ingles.htm

https://www.elllo.org/class/A2/A2-03-Present-Continuous.html

https://www.elllo.org/class/A2/A2-05-Going-To.html

https://www.soundgrammar.com/learn/L3-CEFR-A2/L3-05-GoingTo-Spain.htm

https://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=17590

https://www.elllo.org/class/A2/A2-03-Present-Continuous.html

https://www.elllo.org/class/A2/A2-14-Present-Continuous-Future.html

https://elllo.org/english/grammar/L4-09-Zero-Conditionals.htm

https://www.elllo.org/class/A2/A2-12-May-Might.html

https://www.soundgrammar.com/learn/L4-CEFR-B1/L4-10-First-Conditional.htm

https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/grammar/b1-b2-grammar/conditionals

https://youtu.be/2Gr6fGFqubo

https://soundcloud.com/teacherpaul/listening-lab-exercise-49-present-continuous-tense-passive-voice

https://www.elllo.org/class/C1/C1-08-Passive-Present-Perfect.html

Future Passive Voice Listening worksheet | Live

Worksheets https://slideplayer.com/slide/9296412/

https://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Listening_Lab/
Listening_Lab_Exercise_37_past_continuous_tense. html

https://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Listening_Lab/
Listening_Lab_Exercise_37_past_continuous_tense. html

https://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Listening_Lab/Listening_Lab_Exercise_4_past_tense_be.html

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O85iiVbHNTs

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https://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Listening_Lab/Listening_Lab_Exercise_19_infinitives.html

https://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Listening_Lab/Listening_Lab_Exercise_19_infinitives.html

https://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Listening_Lab/Listening_Lab_Exercise_18_gerunds.html

https://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Listening_Lab/Listening_Lab_Exercise_18_gerunds.html

https://study.com/academy/lesson/infinitive-verb-form-definition-examples-quiz.html#

https://www.ef.com/wwen/english-resources/english-grammar/infinitive/

https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/verbs/gerunds-and-infinitives/

https://www.grammarbank.com/too-or-enough.html

https://global-exam.com/blog/en/english-grammar-understanding-gerund-in-english-structure-and-examples/

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