Project Report
PHYSICS – XII
TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATION BETWEEN THE RATIO OF
–
(i) Output and Input Voltage
(ii) No. Of turns in the Secondary Coil and Primary
Coil of a self designed transformer
Submitted to –
OXFORD PUBLIC SCHOOL – Ranchi
Submitted by –
Aditya Choudhary - Class XII – E , Roll No -
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Master Aditya Choudhary Class XII, Section E of
OXFORD PUBLIC SCHOOL – RANCHI has prepared the project work on the
topic TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATION BETWEEN THE RATIO OF –
(i) Output and Input Voltage
(ii) No. Of turns in the Secondary Coil and Primary Coil of a self
designed transformer
For the academic year 2023-24 towards the partial fulfilment of credit for
physics evaluation
The above-mentioned project work has been completed under my
guidance during the academic year 2023-24
Student Name – Aditya Choudhary
Class – XII- E
Roll No - 01
Signature of Teacher- Dated -
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my English teacher, Mr.
BIRENDRA SINGH for their invaluable guidance and support throughout
this project. I am especially grateful for their help in brainstorming ideas,
providing feedback on my work, and encouraging me to push myself to
my best.
I would also like to thank my classmates and friends for their support and
encouragement. I am grateful for their willingness to read my drafts and
offer feedback and for their help in finding sources and gathering data.
Finally, I would like to thank my family for their love and support. I am
especially grateful to my parents for always believing in me and for their
encouragement to pursue my dreams.
Aditya Choudhary
Class – XII- E
Roll No - 01
OXFORD PUBLIC SCHOOL – Ranchi Dated –
INDEX
Theory
Working of transformer
Ideal Power equation of Transformer
Requirement
Procedure
Results
Bibliography
THEORY
TO Investigate the Relation between –
(i) Output and Input Voltage
(ii) No. of turns in the secondary coils and primary coils of
a self designed transformer.
INTRODUCTION –
A transformer is a device that transfers energy from one circuit to
another through a varying magnetic field between the two circuits.
Transformers are used in a wide variety of applications, including power
transmission and distribution, electronics, and telecommunications.
A transformer consists of two coils of wire, the primary coil and the
secondary coil, wound around a common core of ferromagnetic material,
such as iron. When an alternating current (AC) is applied to the primary
coil, it creates a varying magnetic field in the core. This varying magnetic
field induces an AC voltage in the secondary coil.
The ratio of the voltage in the secondary coil to the voltage in the
primary coil is equal to the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary
coil to the number of turns in the primary coil. This means that a
transformer can be used to step up or step down the voltage of an AC
signal.
Transformers are very efficient devices, with efficiencies typically greater
than 95%. They are also very reliable and have a long lifespan.
Applications of transformers
Power transmission and distribution: Transformers are used to step up
the voltage of AC electricity for transmission over long distances. This
reduces the current flow and therefore the losses in the transmission
lines. Transformers are also used to step down the voltage to safe levels
for distribution to homes and businesses.
Electronics: Transformers are used in a wide variety of electronic
devices, including power supplies, amplifiers, and radios.
Telecommunications: Transformers are used in telecommunications
equipment to isolate circuits and to match impedances.
Working Principle of a Transformer
The transformer works on the principle of Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction and mutual induction.
There are usually two coils – primary coil and secondary coil – on the
transformer core. The core laminations are joined in the form of strips.
The two coils have high mutual inductance. When an alternating current
passes through the primary coil, it creates a varying magnetic flux. As per
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, this change in magnetic flux
induces an EMF (electromotive force) in the secondary coil, which is
linked to the core having a primary coil. This is mutual induction.
Overall, a transformer carries out the following operations:
1. Transfer of electrical energy from one circuit to another
2. Transfer of electrical power through electromagnetic induction
3. Electric power transfer without any change in frequency
4. Two circuits are linked with mutual induction
The figure shows the formation of magnetic flux lines around a current-
carrying wire. The normal of the plane containing the flux lines is parallel
to the normal of a cross-section of a wire.
The figure shows the formation of varying magnetic flux lines around a
wire wound. The interesting part is that the reverse is also true; when a
magnetic flux line fluctuates around a piece of wire, a current will be
induced in it. This was what Michael Faraday found in 1831, which is the
fundamental working principle of electric generators, as well as
transformers.
Parts of a Single-phase Transformer
The major parts of a single-phase transformer consist of
1. Core
The core acts as a support to the winding in the transformer. It also
provides a low reluctance path to the flow of magnetic flux. The winding
is wound on the core, as shown in the picture. It is made up of a
laminated soft iron core in order to reduce the losses in a transformer.
The factors, such as operating voltage, current, power, etc., decide core
composition. The core diameter is directly proportional to copper losses
and inversely proportional to iron losses.
2. Windings
Windings are the set of copper wires wound over the transformer core.
Copper wires are used due to the following:
The high conductivity of copper minimises the loss in a transformer
because when the conductivity increases, resistance to current flow
decreases.
The high ductility of copper is the property of metals that allows it
to be made into very thin wires.
There are mainly two types of windings: primary windings and secondary
windings.
Primary winding: The set of turns of windings to which the supply
current is fed.
Secondary winding: The set of turns of winding from which output
is taken.
The primary and secondary windings are insulated from each other using
insulation coating agents.
3. Insulation Agents
Insulation is necessary for transformers to separate windings from each
other and to avoid short circuits. This facilitates mutual induction.
Insulation agents have an influence on the durability and stability of a
transformer.
The following are used as insulation mediums in a transformer:
Insulating oil
Insulating tape
Insulating paper
Wood-based lamination
Ideal Transformer
The ideal transformer has no losses. There is no magnetic leakage flux,
ohmic resistance in its windings and no iron loss in the core.
N1 – Number of turns in the primary
N2 – Number of turns in the secondary
Φm – Maximum flux in the weber (Wb)
T – Time period. It is the time taken for 1 cycle.
The flux formed is a sinusoidal wave. It rises to a maximum value of
Φm and decreases to a negative maximum of Φ m. So, flux reaches a
maximum in one-quarter of a cycle. The time taken is equal to T/4.
Average rate of change of flux = Φm/(T/4) = 4fΦm
Where, f = frequency
T = 1/f
Induced EMF per turn = Rate of change of flux per turn
Form factor = RMS value / average value
RMS value = 1.11 (4fΦm) = 4.44 fΦm [form factor of a sine wave is 1.11]
RMS value of EMF induced in winding = RMS value of EMF per turn x No.
of turns
Primary Winding
RMS value of induced EMF = E1 = 4.44 fΦm * N1
Secondary Winding
RMS value of induced EMF = E2 = 4.44 fΦm * N2
This is the EMF equation of the transformer.
For an ideal transformer at no load condition,
E1 = Supply voltage on the primary winding
E2 = Terminal voltage (theoretical or calculated) on the secondary
winding
Voltage Transformation Ratio
K is called the voltage transformation ratio, which is a constant.
Case 1:If N2 > N1, K>1, it is called a step-up transformer.
Case 2: If N2< N1, K<1, it is called a step-down transformer.
REQUIREMENTS & PROCEDURE -
The transformer consist of twocoils. They are insulated with each other
by insulated material and wound on a common core. For operation at
low frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft iron core is insulating by
joining thin strips coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce energy
losses by eddy currents.
The input circuit is called primary and the output circuit is called
secondary
1. Take a soft iron rod 04 cm and 5 cm diameter, wrap thick paper on
it
2. Wind a coil P of enamelled copper wire 200 turns
3. Wind another coil S of thick enamelled copper wire with 400 turns
4. Both coils are wound over the same length of the rod, so that
almost the entire flux produced y current in one is linked to the
other.
5. Connect the coil S with an AC voltmeter, connect an identical
Voltmeter across P also
6. Switch on the current in P and note voltage across the two coils.
7. Find the ratio Vp to Vs
OBSERVATION –
1 We will find that ratio of Vp and Vs across the two coils is equal
to the ratio of number of turns in the coil P to that in the coil S –
Vp/Vs = Np/Ns ------------------------ I
2 The coil P (to which AC voltage is applied ) is also called the
primary and coil S ( In which AC is included) is called
SECONDARY.
3 Since Coil S is placed very close to the coil P, the power in the
primary is transferred into the secondary through mutual
induction.
4 It is clear from the equation I , that by appropriate choice of the
turn ratio ie Np/Ns. We can obtain a higher voltage or lower
voltage in S compared to that in P
RESULT –
Following are themajor source of energy loss in a transformer –
1. Copper Loss –Is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper
coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting
wires.
2. Iron Loss – Is the energy Loss in the form of a heat in the iron
core of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy
currents in the iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated
cores
3. Leakage of magnetic flux – occurs in spite of best insulation.
Therefore , arte of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn
of S1 S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked
with each turn of P1 P2
4. Hysteretic loss – is the loss of energy due to repeated
magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when AC is
fed to it
5. Magneto striation – humming noise of a transformer.
BIBLIOGRPHY
Physics NCERT Book
Websites
Google
Wikipedia
