Telegram @neetquestionpaper ol -T al lant ae) Chapter Contents 34 eed Re] ees 3.5 Ro) cre Es} 3.9 Vernier Callipers Screw Gauge ore tou Ren nee egne a Notre a etter eee eUce uel ore aa orenS celiac Seen ecuc ac mie) Mere ere KO nur are NLU Cg eeu Meter Bridge Experiment Post Office Box ERC Ngee MMene Rem eeue om stele ate can eens Rec acu een ema er)Telegram @neetquestionpaper 3.1 Vernier Callipers ee Sem te a eee ec ae cg ‘measurement of length is a meter scale (we can also call it mm scale). It can be used for measurement Cer eum eS Rec eee cee Seer a Red RO Ene os eeae ct cers Vernier callipers has following three parts : () Main scale It consists ofa steel metallic strip M, graduated in em and mm at one edge. It carries two fixed jaws 4 and C as shown in figure, Main scale ae [Earn Fig. 3.1 (ii) Vernier scale Vernier scale V slides on metallic strip M. It can be fixed in any position by screw 'S. The side of the vernier scale which slide over the mm sides has ten divisions over a length of 9 mm. B and D two movable jaws are fixed with it. When vernier scale is pushed towards 4 and C, then B touches A and straight side of C will touch straight side of D. In this position, if the instrament is free ee Reece a Ree a eee een Cre eee ere Leck een ee UC Stee eRe sar for measuring the internal diameter of a hollow object, (iii) Metallic strip There is a thin metallic strip attached to the back side of M and connected with See Ree Ue ROU cee oe ee Oe eR eR Pere eae ay ae ome ee een) rts) RO ecoln In the common form, the divisions on the vernier scale Vare smaller in size than the smallest division on the main scale M, but in some special cases the size of the vernier division may be larger than the main scale division. Let n vernier scale divisions (VSD) coincide with (n~1) main scale divisions (MSD). Then, PASC or re ed 7 Soe vsp=imsp-(*) Nise)Telegram @neetquestionpaper Chapter 3 Experiments * 35 BTU Ree ee A ose el See Pee Rie eRe Ce Meee en een en accurately measured with the vernier scale. Thus, Pees i Rees Vc=LC=1Msb-1vsp=[- |Msp= ine i. a acc nro In the ordinary vernier callipers one main scale division be I mm and 10 vernier scale divisions coincide with 9 main scale divisions Re en ers n Ee ESE ee ry Seon CETTE Me CL ed Ife have to measure a length AB, the end 4 is coincided with the zero of main scale, suppose the end Teen eee eo ec ae Cee Eat Fi 1 M2 A | Ree nen AWE OO TT TELA a | a L_y Peer) Pe nee ee Re eC Le ers Pere etn ers eee ara Thus, we can make the following formula, Total readin; +nxVC Ee eRe eee oR ee eR ete DT RR eR Re OS eR ce Note That the main scale reading with which the vernier scale division coincides has no connection with reading. eee Ifthe zero of the vernier scale does not coincide with the zero of main scale when jaw B touches A and the straight edge of D touches the straight edge of C, then the instrument has an error called zero error. Zero error is always algebraically subtracted from measured length. Zero correction has a magnitude equal to zero error but its sign is opposite to that of the zero error, Zero correction is always algebraically added to measured length. eee ee Tea teh Dee eee ee TeTelegram @neetquestionpaper 36 © Mechanics - I CEU ed Ifzero of vernier scale lies to the right of the main scale the zero error is positive and ifit lies to the left of the main scale the zero error is negative (when jaws 4 and B are in contact), eee eee eR Kel Cm ery cale reading on the left of zero of vernier scale. x= vernier scale division which coincides with any main scale division. Ae ee eed one ane Ceo eC Se eee eee Ty vernier scale division coincides with the main scale division, then Nee eee eee OU EE el SOUS Eck} Seto No Zero Error o A eae Sonoma o rd Cena ° or Main scale t Torres a eee ecu ‘@mm Tue coors 0 Ce eee TUE 1MSD ___ Smallest division on main scale Pon neers 2. In ordinary vernier callipers, 1 MSD =1 mm and n=10 i emrCan cone meee cn 4. VC=LC= IVS RSD ERR eee ae ae ee eee ea 5. Zero error is algebraically subtracted while the zero correction is algebraically added.Telegram @neetquestionpaper Chapter 3 Experiments * 37 . If zero of vernier scale lies to the right of zero of main scale the error is positive. The actual length Dea ee uceareer ee ae ee ee eee eee Ce ee length is more than the observed length . Positive zeto ertor = (NV +x x VO) CS Re RL eR LD See ee a ere ee units, determine the least count of the instrument. ery er ee ace ee ee TS Nc ea are ee ee eee eS i 1 division on vernier scale = | —— Tea tv vei cl=[ i Least count = Imain scale division ~ 1 vernier scale division i pee es) ees © Example 3.2 In the diagram shown in figure, find the magnitude and nature es Eva Sn en ee ce ee Pee esis es Emcee Ce cor Pee eee aLe Rea EET ee eee ToD een eR Ren ee OS ec Rc PER eee Ree ee Re eR ema measuring the length of a line, the zero mark of the vernier scale lies between SE er RO Rec Re Lie eee De eet a eas Ome eRe eer as ee ae LeeLeeTelegram @neetquestionpaper 38 © Mechanics - 1 SR ee me ear tren See ee 10 Nema ee PEE enc ) eer INTRODUCTORY EXERCISE 3.1 Soe acne ne eC a Raa ge eee coincide with nine divisions of the main scale. When the two jaws of the callipers touch each other, the fith division of the vernier coincides with 9 main scale divisions and the zero of the verieris to the right of zero of main scale, when a cylinders tightly placed between the two jaws, the zero of the vernier scale lies slightly to the left of 3.2 cm and the fourth vernier division coincides with a main scale division. Find diameter of the cylinder. 2. Inavernier callipers, N Ree ee ec Re nae 3.2 Screw Gauge Principle of a Micrometer Screw The least count of vernier callipers ordinarily available ai PRO nee Rene rnd a measured with greater accuracy, say upto 0.001 em, og screw gauge and spherometer are used which are based COS ce COM ame Ln Po Perea aes ea SELEY Ces Meet OR ROR tener airy of the screw there is a linear motion of the screw head in the forward or backward direction, along the axis of the screw. The linear distance moved by the screw, when it is given one complete rotation is called the pitch (p) of the screw. This is equal to the distance between two consecutive threads as measured along the axis of the screw. In most of the cases, it is either 1 mm or 0.5 mm. A circular cap is fixed on one end of the screw and the circumference of the cap is normally divided into 100 ot SO ieee Ce oe Re ce ce Roe Cad = i ce a re eM cone en Ret Com enc PSC Cee ee NC CRS RO eR eco mer) called the Least Count (LC) of the screw Pitch Number of divisions on circular scale arr eS ar,Telegram @neetquestionpaper Chapter 3 Experiments » 39 eae eee ene ten ace oat 12