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BAL BHARATI PUBLIC SCHOOL

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

SUBMITTED TO:
K VASEEMUL RAHAMAN
SUBMITTED BY:
VEDANT SURESH POPHALE
R OLL NO:
1231
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S ESSION 2023-2024

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to convey my heartfelt gratitude to Mr. K Vaseemul Rahaman Sir

for his tremendous support and assistance in the completion of my project.

I would also like to thank our Principal Mr. Kuldeep Singh Sir,

for providing me with this wonderful opportunity to work on a project with the

topic Li-Fi Audio Transmission

The completion of the project would not have been possible without their help

and insights.
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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Vedant Suresh Pophale, a student of class XII-A has

successfully completed the research on the below mentioned project under the

guidance of Mr. K Vaseemul Rahaman during the year 2023-2024 in the

partial fulfillment of the Physics Practical Examination conducted by CBSE,

New Delhi.

__________________ ____________________

Mr. Kuldeep Singh (Principal) Mr. K Vaseemul Rahaman (PGT Physics)

__________________
External Examiner
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INDEX

SR NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

2 AIM 6

3 APPARATUS 7

4 THEORY 8

5 PROCEDURE 9

6 WORKING 13

7 OBSERVATION 15

7 CONCLUSION 17

8 RESULT 18

9 SOURCES OF ERROR 19

10 APPLICATIONS 20

11 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 23

12 BIBLIOGRAPHY 24

INTRODUCTION
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With the boom of Smart Phones, Industrial Automations, Smart phone

Automation systems etc. the demand for internet is also growing exponentially.

The technology has evolved so much that everything from our car to our

refrigerator needs a connection to the internet.

In today’s world, communication between the devices is much common. Radio

wave spectrum is very small part of spectrum available for communication. Wi-

Fi and Bluetooth are currently the two prominent short range wireless

technologies but with increase in advanced technology and number of user the

network becomes overloaded which results in failure to provide high data rate.

All these will be tackled by this upcoming technology called Li-Fi. Li-Fi(light

fidelity) is transmission of data using visible light by sending data through an

LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than the human eye can follow. The

idea of LI-Fi was introduced by a German physicist Harald Hass, which he also

referred to as “Data through illumination”. The general term visible light

communication includes any use of the visible light portion of the

electromagnetic spectrum to transmit information.

AIM
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To Construct LI-Fi Audio Transmitter

[To demonstrate Visible Light Communication (VLC) through an LED and

receive the signal at the receiver through a detector. The sound transferred by

LED in the form of visible light at the receiver without fading.]

APPARATUS REQUIRED
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THEORY
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Li-Fi is a derivative of Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) technology,

which use light from lightemitting diodes (LEDs) as a medium to deliver

network, mobile, high-speed communication in a similar manner to Wi-Fi.

The Li-Fi market was projected to have a compound annual growth rate of 82%

from 2013 to 2018 and to be worth over $6 billion per year by 2018. However,

the market has not developed as such and Li-Fi remains with a niche market,

mainly for technology evolution.

PROCEDURE
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Step 1 - Preparing the 3.5 mm Jack

A 3.5mm Jack consists of 3 terminals. The highest part is known as GROUND.

The other 2 shorter parts are known as LEFT and RIGHT.

1. Cut the AUX cable in two halves.

2. Remove the outer layer ,we get three wires namely red , green and blue .

3. Removing the covering of the red , green and blue wires

4. Connect the green and red wire and convert them into one combined while

leaving the blue one aside

5. Repeat the same steps for the other half of the cable
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Step 2 - Building the Li-Fi Transmitter

1. Connect a 100 Ohm resister to the negative (-ve) terminal of the LED

2. Now, connect the negative terminal of the battery connector to the 100 Ohm

resistor.

3. Connect the combined wire to the positive (+ve) terminal of the battery

connector.

4 . Now at last connect the 9 Volt battery to the battery connector to complete

the circuit

Step 3 - Building The Li-FI Receiver

1.Solder the wires to the positive (+ve) and negative(-ve) terminals of the solar

panel.

2.Now, connect the negative (-ve) terminal of the solar panel to the Ground

terminal(Blue wire) of the other Jack.

3.Connect the positive (+ve) terminal of the solar panel to the common

wire(combined wire) of Left and Right terminals from the jack to complete the

circuit

Step 4 - Building The Cases for Transmitter and Receiver

TRANSMITTER CASE

1. Make a cardboard box using cardboard pieces and a glue gun.

2. Place the battery inside the box.

3. Make a hole on the centre of cardboard support and pass the LED through it.

4. Glue the resister and wires of jack at the end of lower cardboard..

RECIEVER CASE

1. Repeat the same steps of the transmitter case(1-4)

2. Glue the supports on the ends of the solar panel.

Step 5 - Testing
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1. Take the LI-Fi transmitter jack and connect it with the phone (audio source).

2. Take the LI-Fi receiver jack and connect it with the speaker.

3. Place the LI-Fi transmitter and receiver face to face with each other with a

distance of 5cm or 2 inches between them.

4. Connect the battery to the 9 Volt battery connector in the LI-Fi transmitter.

5. The LED will light up.

6. Play a song on the connected phone.

You will observe that the song will also start to play on the speaker too!

WORKING
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o The LI-Fi Transmitter will transmit the audio signals from the phone through

light (LED) to the LI-Fi receiver

o The LI-Fi receiver will collect these LI-Fi Signals and send them to the

Speaker.

o Then the Speaker will amplify these LI-Fi Signals and convert them to Audio

Signals again.

o Visible light is a new technique of data transmission method.

o Li-Fi, data is transmitted by modulating the intensity of the light, which is

then received by a Photo-sensitive detector. o Louder the voice, the glow of the

LED will be more.

o The receiver section interprets the incoming light which is detected using a

solar panel and converts to the audible sound signal with the help of Speaker.

o Hence with Li-Fi this method is made sophisticated by using more than one

LED and passing more than one data stream at a given time.
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o This way more information can be passed and hence a faster data

communication is possible.

OBSERVATION
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The transmission of audio signal was done through a Smartphone at the

transmitter end, providing the audio signal through the 3.5 mm jack. The 3.5mm

audio jack and the input audio from the phone is converted from digital to

analogue. This circuit effectively modulates the intensity of the LEDs light,

which acts as carrier wave, according to the effective voltage difference. The

fluctuations occur at a high speed, invisible to the naked human eye. This

variation in the intensity of light, however, is captured on a solar panel that acts

as a photo detector. It captures all the variations and sends the received signal to

the amplifier, which amplifies the signal and giving the audio output through the

speaker.

The sound intensity received from the speaker varies based on the distance of

the solar panel from the LED arrays. This shows that the information can be

received from the line of sight of the LED array. As the distance between LED

array and the solar panel increases, the intensity of light reduces and the light

becomes more scattered thus, making it difficult for the solar panel to detect all

the light rays being emitted.

CONCLUSION
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The possibilities are numerous and can be explored further. The concept of Li-Fi

is currently attracting a great deal of interest, not least because it may offer a

genuine and very efficient alternative to radio-based wireless. As a growing

number of people and their many devices access wireless internet, the airwaves

are becoming increasingly clogged, making it more and more difficult to get a

reliable, high-speed signal. This may solve issues such as the shortage of radio-

frequency bandwidth and also allow internet where traditional radio based

wireless isn't allowed such as aircraft or hospitals.

RESULT
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Audio was successfully transmitted from phone to speaker vie Li-Fi Technology

SOURCES OF ERROR
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➢ Distance between the transmitter and receiver might be high.

➢ Components might be damaged.

➢ Connections between the components may not be proper.

➢ Charge of battery may be low.

➢ The LED light(of the transmitter) and the solar panel(of the receiver) may

not be facing each other

APPLICATIONS
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There are Plenty of applications of this Technology, From Internet Access

Around Our Surroundings Through Street Lamps To Auto-Piloted Cars That

Communicate Through Their Headlights. Applications Of Li-Fi Can Be Extend

In Areas Where The Wi-Fi Technology does Not Entertain its presence like

Medical Technology, Power Plants And Various Other Areas.

1. Airlines and Aviation: Wi-Fi is often prohibited in aircrafts, However, since

aircrafts already contain multiple lights, thus Li-Fi can be used for data

transmission

2. Mobile Connectivity: Laptops, tablets, smart phones and various other

mobile devices can interconnect with each other using Li-Fi, much like they

interconnect today using Wi-Fi These short-range links provide very high data

rates as well as increased security.

3. Traffic: Li-Fi can be used for communications between the LED lights of

cars to reduce and prevent traffic accidents. LED headlights and tail-lights are

being implemented for different cars. Traffic signals, signs and street lamps are

all also transitioning to LED With these LED lights in place, Li-Fi can be used

for effective vehicle-to-vehicle as well as vehicle-to-signal communications .

This would of course lead to increased traffic management and safety.

4. RF Avoidance: Li-Fi can be used as a solution to any situation in which

hyper sensitivity radio frequencies is a problem and radio waves cannot be used

for communication or data transfer.

5. Hidden Communications: Li-Fi is extremely useful for applications in

which communications must be hidden. These involve various military and

defence-based communications as well as communications in hospitals.

6. Power Plants and Hazardous Environments: Wi-Fi is not suitable for

sensitive areas like power plants. However, power plants still require fast and

interconnected data systems for monitoring grid intensity, demand, temperature

etc. In place of Wi-Fi, Li-Fi can provide safe connectivity throughout the power

plant. Li-Fi offers a safe alternative to electromagnetic interference due to radio

waves in environments such as petrochemical plants and mines.

7. Underwater Explorations and Communications: Remotely operated

underwater vehicles or ROVs work well except in situations when the tether is

not long enough to fully explore an underwater area or when they get stuck. If

instead of the wires, lights were used then the ROVs would be freer to explore.

With Li-Fi, the headlamps could also then be used to communicate with each

other, data processing and reporting findings back to the surface at regular

intervals, while also receiving the next batch of instructions. Radio waves

cannot be used in water due to strong signal absorption. Acoustic waves have
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low bandwidth and disrupt marine life. Li-Fi offers a solution for conducting

short-range underwater Communications.

8. Medical and Healthcare: Due to concerns over radiation, operating rooms

do not allow Wi-Fi and even though Wi-Fi is placed in several hospitals,

interferences from computers and cell phones can block signals from medical

and monitoring equipment. Li-Fi solves these problems. Lights are an essential

part of operating rooms and LiFi can thus be used for modern medical

instruments . Moreover, no electromagnetic interference is emitted by Li-Fi and

thus it does not interfere with any medical instruments such as MRI Scanners
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

▪ www.wikipedia.org

▪ www.google.com

▪ www.youtube.com

▪ www.knowledgecycle.in

▪ books.google.co.in