NATIONAL POWER INTRODUCTION ‘+ National Power is a key component of International Politics. Basically International Politics is the process of struggle for power among Nations in which each nation seeks to secure its desired goals and objectives of National interests. Because of the absence of sovereign or of a fully powerful centralized international machinery making authoritative allocation of values among the nations and because of the sovereign status of each nation- state, the securing of national interest by each state is always done by the use of its national power. Definition: National power is the capacity or ability of a nation with the use of which it can get its will obeyed by other nation. It involves the capacity to use force or threat of the use of force over other nations. With the use of National Power a nation is able to control the behaviour of other nations in accordance with one’s own will. NATURE OF NATIONAL POWER ‘© Power is different from Force and Influence National Power is both Means as well as an End to secure National Interests National power is an abilit It is dynamic in nature National Power varies Nation to nation ‘+ There are several elements of National Power There is different between the Actual power and Potential power of a Nation. National Power is backed by Sanctions National Power depends on its Use. It is not Material Power Integrated nature of National power KINDS OF FORM OF NATIONAL POWER + Military Power * Economic Power * Psychological power METHOD OF EXERCISING NATIONAL POWER © Persuasion © Reward © Punishment © Manipulation © Force © DominanceELEMENTS OF NATIONAL POWER 1. GEOGRAPHY > Size, Maps, Location > Climate > Boundaries > Topography 2, NATURAL RESOURCES > Minerals, Petroleum products, Crude oil > Uranium > Coal, Iron, Copper, lead, Gold, Sulpher, zinc etc. Population Economic Development Technology Military Preparedness National Character Quality and type of the Government ). Leadership 10. Efficiency of Bureaucracy 11. Diplomacy 12. Ideology 13, Education 14, Foreign Support and Dependency 15. Intelligence network LIMITATION ON NATIONAL POWER ‘International Law and Treaties ‘* Balance of Power International Morality ‘* International Public Opinion ‘ International Organisations * Collective Security Disarmament and arm and controlNational Security National security refers to the protection and preservation of a nation’s interests, sovereignty, and well-being against internal and external threats. It encompasses various aspects, including political, economic, military, and societal dimensions. The primary goal of national security is to ensure the safety and stability of a country and its citizens. Internal threats to national security can arise from factors such as terrorism, insurgency, organized crime, civil unrest, and cyberattacks. These threats can destabilize a nation, compromise its institutions, and harm its citizens. Governments employ various measures, such as intelligence gathering, law enforcement, and counterterrorism operations, to counter internal threats. External threats to national security typically come from other nations or non-state actors. ‘These threats may include military aggression, territorial disputes, espionage, economic coercion, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. National security strategies often involve diplomacy, alliances, military preparedness, and intelligence sharing to deter potential adversaries and protect the nation's interests. In the modern era, national security also encompasses non-traditional threats such as cyberattacks, pandemics, climate change, and economic vulnerabilities. These emerging challenges require governments to adapt their strategies and develop new capabilities to address them effectively. NS vs ND ‘Notional security refers to the broader concept of protecting and preserving a nation's interests, sovereignty, and well-being against internal and external threats. It encompasses various dimensions, including political, economic, military, societal, and environmental aspects. National security involves not only defense against military aggression but also the protection of critical infrastructure, economic stability, public safety, cybersecurity, intelligence gathering, and counterterrorism efforts. It takes a comprehensive and holistic approach, aiming to ensure the safety, stability, and prosperity of a nation as a whole. National defense, on the other hand, specifically refers to the military capabilities, strategies, and operations that a nation employs to protect itself against external military threats. It focuses primarily on the use of military force and defense mechanisms to deter potential adversaries, defend national territory, and ensure the physical security of a nation and its citizens. National defense involves maintaining a strong military, including army, navy, air force, and other branches, along with the development of military doctrines, technologies, and infrastructure. It encompasses activities such as border security, military exercises, intelligence gathering, weapons development, and mi operations in times of conflict.Regional and global security Regional and global security is a broad topic that encompasses various aspects of security, such as military, economic, environmental, and political security. Regional security refers to the security of a particular region or group of countries, while global security refers to the security of the entire world. Regional security is often influenced by factors such as geography, history, culture, and Politics, while global security is influenced by factors such as international relations, ‘economic interdependence, and technological advancements. ‘The relationship between regional and global security is complex and interdependent. Regional security issues can have global implications, and global security issues can have regional implications 1. For example, a regional conflict can escalate into a global conflict if it involves major powers orif it threatens global security. In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of regional and global cooperation in addressing security challenges. This has led to the development of various regional and global security frameworks and institutions, such as the United Nations, NATO, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Elements of National Security National security is a broad concept that encompasses various aspects of security, such as military, economic, environmental, and political security. The elements of national security are interconnected with the elements of national power. Here are some of the commonly listed elements of national security: ‘+ Military security: This element concerns the protection of a nation’s sovereignty tegrity through the use of military force. ‘+ Political security: This element concerns the stability of a nation’s political system and the protection of its citizens’ rights and freedoms. ‘+ Economic security: This element concerns the protection of a nation’s economic trade, investment, and financial systems. ‘+ Energy security: This element concerns the availability and affordability of energy resources, and the protection of critical energy infrastructure. ‘+ Environmental security: This element concerns the protection of a nation’s natural resources and ecosystems, and the mitigation of environmental risks and threats. + Cybersecurity: This element concerns the protection of a nation’s information and communication systems from cyber threats and attacks.Foreign Policy Q. What is a Foreign Policy? © Acountry's foreign policy is the set of principles, interests, and goals that it promotes in its interactions with other countries. © The objectives and activities of a state's foreign policy or external policy (as opposed to its internal or domestic policy) in relation to its interactions with other states, unions, and other political entities, whether bilaterally or through ‘multilateral platforms. ‘© Itstates that "domestic considerations, the policies or behaviour of other states, or plans to advance specific geopolitical designs" can all influence a government's foreign policy. Foreign policy is a government's strategy in dealing with other nations. It is shaped by various factors, including the country’s history, geography, economy, culture, and political system. Here are some of the basic determinants of foreign policy: ‘+ Geography: A country’s location, size, and terrain can influence its foreign policy. For example, a country with a long coastline may prioritize naval power, while a landlocked country may focus on building strong alliances with neighboring countries. ‘+ History: A country’s past experiences with other nations can shape its foreign policy. For example, a country that has been invaded or colonized in the past may be more wary of foreign powers. + Economy: A country’s economic interests can influence its foreign policy. For example, a country that relies heavily on exports may prioritize free trade agreements with other countries. ‘+ Culture: A country’s cultural values and beliefs can shape its foreign policy. For example, a country that values human rights may prioritize promoting democracy and human rights abroad. + Domestic politics: A country’s political system and public opinion can influence its foreign policy. For example, a democratic country may prioritize human rights and democracy promotion, while an authoritarian country may prioritize stability and security. ‘+ Military: A country’s military capabilities can influence its foreign policy. For example, a country with a strong military may be more willing to use force to achieve its foreign policy goals.n Foreign Policy: Main Objectives ‘+ To safeguard India against both traditional and non-traditional threats. ‘© To create an external environment that is conducive to India's inclusive development, so that the country's growth benefits can reach the poorest of the poor. ‘+ To ensure that India's voice is heard in international forums and that India has the ability to influence world opinion on global issues like terrorism, climate change, disarmament, and reforms of global governance institutions. + To reach out to and protect the Indian diaspora. ‘+ India’s foreign policy is guided by several principles, including mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty, mutual non-aggression, mutual non-interference, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful co-existence. ‘+ The determinants of India’s foreign policy include its history, culture, geography, economy, domestic politics, and military capabilities. Defence Policy India's defence policy is aimed at safeguarding the country’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, and ensuring its security against both traditional and non-traditional threats. India's defence policy is guided by several principles, including non-alignment, self- reliance, and strategic autonomy. India’s defence policy luding its history, culture, geography, and economy. Nuclear Policy India’s nuclear policy is centered around the “No First Use” policy and “Credible Minimum. Deterrence” (CMD). The “No First Use” policy means that India will not be the first to use nuclear weapons in a conflict, but reserves the right to use them in response to a nuclear attack. The CMD policy means that India’s nuclear arsenal is designed to deter nuclear threats and attacks, and is kept at a minimum level to ensure survivability and credibility.Indian relations with Pakistan India and Pakistan have a complex and largely hostile relation: that is rooted ina multitude of historical and political events, most notably the partition of British India in ‘August 1947. The India-Pakistan border is one of the most militarized international boundaries in the world. Since 1947, India and Pakistan have fought three major wars and one undeclared war, and have also engaged in numerous armed skirmishes and military standoffs; the Kashmir conflict has served as the catalyst for every war between the two states, with the exception of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, which instead occurred alongside the Bangladesh Liberation War. There have been numerous attempts to improve the relationship, notably the Shimla summit, the Agra summit, and the Lahore summit, as well as various peace and co-operation initiatives. Despite those efforts, relations between the countries have remained frigid, following repeated acts of cross-border terrorism. Indian relations with China India and ct a have had a complex relationship over the years. The two countries have historically maintained peaceful relations for thousands of years of recorded history, but the harmony of their relationship has varied in modern times. The two nations have sought economic cooperation with each other, while frequent border disputes and econor both countries are major points of contention. Between 2008 and 2021, China has been India’s largest trading partner, and the two countries have also extended their strategic and military relations. However, conflict of interest leads to hostility. India has a large trade deficit that is favored towards China. The two countries failed to resolve their border dispute and Indian media outlets have repeatedly reported Chinese military incursions into Indian territory. nationalisrelation with Bangladesh India and Bangladesh share a complex relationship that has evolved over the years. In The two countries share a common history, culture, and language, which has helped to foster close ties between them. Diplomatic relations between the two countries formally began in 1971 with India’s recognition of an independent Bangladesh (which was formerly known as East, Pakistan). Although some disputes remain unresolved, the relations between the two countries have been characterized as friendly. India and Bangladesh have a strong economic relationship, with Bangladesh being India’s largest trading partner in South Asia. The two countries have also worked together on various infrastructure projects, such as the construction of the Akhaura-Agartala r bridge. relation with Nepal India and Nepal share a unique relationship characterized by an open border and deep- rooted people-to-people contacts of kinship and culture. The India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1950 forms the bedrock of the special relations that exist between India and Nepal. The two countries have a long tradition of free movement of people across the border, and Nepalese citizens avail facilities and opportunities on par with Indian citizens in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty. Nearly 8 million Nepalese citizens live and work in Indi ‘There are regular exchanges of high-level Nepal. The two countries have several bilateral institutional dialogue mechanisms, including the India-Nepal Joint Commission co-chaired by External Affairs Minister of India and Foreign Minister of Nepal. 's and interactions between India andrelation with Sri Lanka India and Sri Lanka share a long-standing relationship that is characterized by intellectual, cultural, religious and linguistic interaction. ‘+ The relationship between the two countries is more than 2,500 years old. * India has emerged as the foremost partner for Sri Lanka in the endeavor to revitalize its economy, reform its bureaucracy, and enhance decision-making processes for future economic collaborations. * The two countries have reached an agreement to strengthen their econo! energy ties, signaling a new phase of cooperation and mutual benefits. + India and Sri Lanka share a maritime border. + India is the only neighbor of Sri Lanka, separated by the Palk Strait; both states ‘occupy a strategic position in South Asia and have sought to build a common security umbrella in the Indian Ocean, and India relation with USA India and the United States have a long-standing relationship that dates back to India’s, dependence movement and has continued well after independence from the United Kingdom in 1947. ‘© Currently, India and the United States enjoy close relations and have deepened collaboration on issues such as counterterrorism and countering Chinese influence in the Indo-Pacific. ‘+ The U.S~ndia strategic partnership is founded on shared values including a commitment to democracy and upholding the rules-based international system. ‘+ The United States and India have shared interests in promoting global security, stability, and economic prosperity through trade, investment, and connectivity. ‘+ India and the United States have also stepped up their cooperation among multilateral groups such as The Quad and I2U2 Group.India relation with Russia India and Russia have a long-standing relationship that dates back to Indi independence movement and has continued well after independence from the United Kingdom in 1947. The two countries share a special and privileged strategic partnership. The relationship between the two countries is based on shared values including a commitment to democracy and upholding the rules-based international system. The India-Russia strategic partnership is built on five major components: politics, defence, civil nuclear energy, anti-terrorism co-operation, as well as the advancement of and exploration of outer space travel. The two countries have several bilateral institutional dialogue mechanisms, including the India-Russia Intergovernmental Commission (IRIGC). India and Russia have a strong economic relationship, with Russia being India’s largest supplier of defence equipment. India and Russia have also extended their strategic and military relations. India and Russia Bilateral Relations The Indo-Russian strategic partnership has been built on six major components: politics, defence, trade, civil nuclear energy, anti-terrorism cooperation and space. During the Cold War, India and the Soviet Union had a strong strategic, military, economic and diplomatic relationship. After the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia inherited its close relationship with India which resulted in both nations sharing a Special Strategic Relation. The Indo-Russian Inter-Governmental Commission (IRIGC) is the main body that conducts affairs at the governmental level between both countries. The two countries are members of various International Organisations and connectivity projects. This includes: > BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) > Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) > Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) > United Nations Security Council (UNSC) India is the second-largest market for the Russian defence industry. In 2017, approximately 68% of the Indian Military’s hardware import came from Russia, making Russia the chief supplier of defence equipment. r visited Russia to commemorate World War Il Victory Day inSecurity problems of India “Security is an integrated, sustainable, comprehensive protection from fear, conflict, ignorance, poverty, social and cultural deprivation, and hunger, resting upon positive and negative freedoms.” Attributes of Internal Security: ‘© Secure territorial integrity and protect internal sovereignty © Maintain domestic peace ‘© Prevalence of law and order ‘© The rule of law and equality before the law—the law of the land, should protect everyone irrespective of status ‘© The absence of fear implies individual freedom for people as guaranteed by the Constitution © Peaceful co-existence and communal harmony. India faces a number of internal and external security challenges. Some of the internal security challenges include terrorism, insurgency, naxalism, communal violence, cybersecurity threats, and organized crime. India’s external security challenges include border disputes with neighboring countries, terrorism emanating from across the border, and maritime security in the Indian Ocean region. India’s internal security environment is highly complex and challenging, and is impacted by both external and domestic factors. India’s external security environment is shaped by i geopolitical location, its relations with neighboring countries, and its strategic interests in the Indian Ocean region. Internal Security Problems of India India faces a number of internal security challenges. Some of the internal security challenges include terrorism, insurgency, naxalism, communal violence, cybersecurity threats, and organized crime. * Terrorism: The country has been the target of numerous terrorist attacks, including the 2008 Mumbai attacks, the 2016 Pathankot attack, and the 2019 Pulwama attack. ‘© Insurgency: The country has faced several insurgencies, including the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, the Naga insurgency, and the insurgency in the Northeastern states. ‘© Naxalism is a Maoist insurgency that is active in several states of India, including Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Odisha. ‘* Communal violence: The country has experienced several incidents of communal violence, including the 1984 anti-Sikh riots, the 1992 Babri Masjid demolition, and the 2002 Gujarat riots.‘* Cybersecurity threats: The country has been the target of several cyberattacks, including the 2016 cyberattack on the Indian banking system. © Organized crime: The country has several organized crime sync ‘Mumbai underworld and the D-Company. ates, including the External Security Problems of India India faces a number of external security challenges that demand constant vigilance and coordinated efforts 1. Some of the external security challenges include: ‘+ Border disputes: India has several border disputes with neighboring countries, including China, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. + Terrorism: India has been the target of numerous terrorist attacks, including those perpetrated by groups based in Pakistan. ‘Maritime security: India has strategic interests in the Indian Ocean region and faces several maritime security challenges, including piracy, smuggling, and illegal fishing. ‘+ Cybersecurity threats: India has been the target of several cyberattacks, including those originating from China and Pakistan. ‘+ Energy security: India is heavily dependent on imported energy resources, which makes it vulnerable to supply disruptions and price fluctuations. India’s external security environment is shaped by its geopolitical location, its relations with neighboring countries, and its strategic interests in the Indian Ocean region. Security problems in J & K Jammu and Kashmir (J8&K) has been facing several security challenges for decades. Some of the security problems in J&K include terrorism, insurgency, cross-border infiltration, and ‘communal violence. + Terrorism: The region has been the target of numerous terrorist attacks, including the 2019 Pulwama attack and the 2016 Uri attack. ‘Insurgency: The region has faced several insurgencies, including the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, the Naga insurgency, and the insurgency in the Northeastern states. ‘+ Cross-border infiltration: The region shares a border with Pakistan, and there have been several instances of militants infiltrating into J&K from across the border. ‘+ Communal violence: The region has experienced several incidents of communal olence, including the 2013 Kishtwar riots and the 2008 Amarnath land transfer controversy.Security problem North Eastern Region The North Eastern Region of India has been facing several security challenges for decades. Some of the security problems in the region include terrorism, insurgency, cross-border infiltration, and communal violence. The terrain, the state of socio-economic development, and historical factors such as language/ethnicity, tribal rivalry, migration, control over local resources, and a widespread feeling of exploitation and alienation have resulted in a fragile security ation in the North Eastern States. The international borders in the North East are extremely porous, which makes cross-border infiltration of militants and smuggling of arms rampant in the region. Insurgency and Counterinsurgency Insurgency is a form of political violence that seeks to overthrow an existing government. or political system. Insurgents often use guerrilla tactics, such as ambushes, sabotage, and hit-and-run attacks, to undermine the government's authority and legitimacy. Counterinsurgency refers to the military, political, and economic measures taken by a government to defeat an insurgency. Counterinsurgency operations are aimed at winning the support of the population, isolating the insurgents, and eliminating their ability to operate. Defence Policy of India since Independence India’s defence policy is aimed at safeguarding the country’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, and ensuring its security against both traditional and non- traditional threats. India’s defence policy is guided by several principles, including non-alignment, self- reliance, and strategic autonomy. India’s defence policy is shaped by various factors, including its geography, and economy. ory, culture, Nuclear Policy of India since Independence India’s nuclear policy is centered around the “No First Use” policy and “Credible Minimum Deterrence” (CMD). The “No First Use” policy means that India will not be the first to use nuclear weapons in a conflict, but reserves the right to use them in response to a nuclear attack. The CMD policy means that India’s nuclear arsenal is designed to deter nuclear threats and attacks, and is kept at a minimum level to ensure survivability and credibility.India’s strategic doctrine India’s strategic doctrine is based on the principles of minimum credible deterrence, no first use, and non-use against non-nuclear-weapon states. India’s strategic doctrine emphasizes the need for a strong conventional defence capability, as well as a credible nuclear deterrent. India's strategic doctrine is shaped by various factors, including its geopolitical relations with neighboring countries, and its strategic interests in the Indian Ocean region. Indian Ocean & India’s National Security The Indian Ocean region is of strategic importance to India's national security, given its geopolitical location and its strategic interests in the region. India has been taking several steps to strengthen its maritime security in the Indian Ocean region, including building its naval assets and maritime surveillance capabilities to counter the growing threat of China in the region. India is the dominant player in the Indian Ocean, but its capacities are still limited. India’s strategic doctrine is based on the principles of minimum credible deterrence, no first use, and non-use against non-nuclear-weapon states. India’s strategic doctrine emphasizes the need for a strong conventional defence capability, as well as a credible nuclear deterrent. Defence Production and Defence Potential of India India’s defence production and potential have been growing steadily over the years. The Indian government has set the defence production target at USD 25 billion by 2025 (including USD 5 billion from exports by 2025). The Department of Defense Production (DDP) has established wide-ranging production facilities to produce various defence equipment through Defense Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs) and Ordnance Factories. According to government data, India has around 194 defence start-ups building innovative tech solutions. The government has set a target of Rs 1.75 lakh crore of defence production by 2025, which includes export of Rs 35,000 crore. The Budget outlay for FY23 has been fixed at Rs 5.3 trillion, a 10 percent increase over last year.Defence Trade and Strategy of Arms Aid. ‘The defence trade and strategy of arms aid is a complex topic that involves several factors, including government-to-government arms transfers, commercial export licensing of U.S.- origin defense equipment and technologies, and global arms trade. The United States commands by far the largest share of the arms market, with ‘more than 40% of the global arms trade just in the last year alone. India’s defence production and potential have been growing steadily over the years, with the Indian government setting the defence production target at USD 25 billion by 2025 (including USD 5 billion from exports by 2025). India has around 194 defence start-ups building innovative tech solutions. The government has set a target of Rs 1.75 lakh crore of defence production by Economic Mobilisation during War and peace2025, which includes export of Rs 35,000 crore. Economic Mobilisation during War and Peace Economic mobilization is the process of reallocating resources from peacetime uses to. wartime uses. During war, countries often need to mobilize their economies to support the war effort. This can involve measures such as rationing, price controls, and government spending on defense production. In India, the government has set the defence production target at USD 25 billion by 2025 (including USD 5 billion from exports by 2025). The Department of Defense Production (DDP) has established wide-ranging production facilities to produce various defence equipment through Defense Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs) and Ordnance Factories. India has around 194 defence start-ups building innovative tech solutions. The government has set a target of Rs 1.75 lakh crore of defence production by 2025, which includes export of Rs 35,000 crore.