REPORT ON:

SUB-SOIL INVESTIGATION FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PROPOSED MULTI

STORIED BUILDING AT MOUZA:- MOHAKAL, J.L NO:- 19, KHATIAN NO:- 1711,
R.S DAG NO:- 415, THANA:- ABHAYNAGAR, DIST:- JASHORE.

CLIENT:
ENAYET HOSSAIN

MARCH-2021

GEOTECH Boring & Engineering

Nahar Mention, House No:- 150, Road No:- 9-10, Sonadanga R/A 1 st Phase, Khulna-9100.
Mob:01775664866,01714940302,[email protected]
 CONTENTS
SL NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

1 Introduction: 3

2 Client and Project: 3

3 Objective 3

4 Scope of Work: 4

5 Field Works: 4

6 Laboratory Works : 12

7 Corrected SPT Values 16

8 Physical and Engineering properties of Soil 16

9 Estimation of Allowable Bearing Capacity 17

10 Conclusions and Recommendations 24

11 Appendix A: Site Plan 25

12 Appendix B (a): Bore-Logs 26

2
1. Introduction:

A fairly accurate assessment of the characteristics and engineering properties of the soils at aside is
essential for proper design and successful construction of any structure at the site. The field and
laboratory investigations required to obtain the necessary data for the soils for this purpose are
collectively called soil exploration. The choice of the foundation and its depth, the bearing capacity,
settlement analysis and such other important aspects depend very much upon the various engineering
properties of the foundation soils involved. Soil exploration may be needed not only for the design
and construction of new structures, but also for deciding upon remedial measures if a structure shows
signs of distress after construction. The design and construction of highway and airport pavements
will also depend upon the characteristics of the soil strata upon which they are to be aligned. Sub-soil
investigation and laboratory tests for proposed project were prepared by Geotech Boring &
Engineering.

2. Client and Project:

The Name of the Client is Enayet Hossain. The Sub-Soil Investigation for the Proposed Multistoried
Building at Mouza:- Mohakal, J.L No:- 19, Khatian No:- 1711, R.S Dag No:- 415, Thana:-
Abhaynagar, Dist:- Jashore.

3. Objective:

The objective of the exploration work was to determine the probable sub surface conditions such
as stratification, denseness or hardness of the strata, position of ground water table etc. and to
evaluate probable range of safe bearing capacity for the structure. To fulfill the objective, the
work carried out is comprises of:

• Drilling the boreholes up to the depth of 60ft below existing ground level in order to know the
sub surface stratification, conducting necessary field tests and to collect disturbs and undisturbed
soil samples for laboratory testing.

• Testing soil samples in the laboratory to determine its physical and engineering properties of the
soil samples, and

• Analyzing all field and laboratory data to evaluate safe bearing capacity of the soil for given
foundation sizes and necessary recommendations for foundation design and construction.

3
4. Scope of Work:

The main scope of this investigation works are:

i. Drilling of exploratory borings BH1 to BH3 up to the maximum depth of 60ft from the existing
ground surface.
ii. Performing of Standard Penetration Test (SPT) at 5 ft. intervals up to the required depth.
iii. Collection of disturbed (by thin walled Shelby tubes) and undisturbed sample for laboratory
test and visual classification.
iv. Determining the ground water table in each borehole.
v. Determining the geotechnical properties of soil from various laboratory and field test.
vi. Preparation of final report with all works including detailed description of soil stratification.

5. Field Works:

Following field tests are performed to determine the properties of soil into the field:
1. Standard penetration test
2. Cone penetration test
3. Static Cone penetration test
4. Dynamic Cone penetration test
3. Vane shear test
4. Relative density test
5. Ground water table
6. Collection of disturbed soil samples
7. Collection of undisturbed soil samples
8. Field classification

5.1 Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is widely used to determine the parameters of the soil in-
situ. The test is especially suited for cohesion less soils as a correlation has been established between
the SPT value and the angle of internal friction of the soil. The test consists of driving a split-spoon
sampler (Fig. 18.6) into the soil through a borehole 55 to 150 mm in diameter at the desired depth. A
hammer of 140 lb (63.6 kg) weight with a free fall of 750 mm is used to drive the sampler. The
number of blows for a penetration of 300mm is designated as the “Standard Penetration Value” or
“Number” N. The test is usually performed in three stages. The blow count is found for every 150 mm
penetration. If full penetrations obtained, the blows for the first 150 mm are ignored as those required
for the seating drive. The number of blows required for the next 300 mm of penetration is recorded as

4
the SPT value. The test procedure is standardized by ISI and set out in “IS: 2131-1986—Standard
Penetration Test”.
Usually SPT is conducted at every 1.5 to 2 m depth or at the change of stratum. If refusal is noticed at
any stage, it should be recorded.

In the case of fine sand or silt below water-table, apparently high values may be noted for N.
In such cases, the following correction is recommended for observed SPT value greater than 15
(Terzaghi and Peck, 1948):

𝑁 = 15 + 0.5 ∗ (𝑁′ − 15)

Where N′ = observed SPT value, and N = corrected SPT value.

For SPT made at shallow levels, the values are usually too low. At a greater depth, the same soil, at
the same density index, would give higher penetration resistance. The effect of the overburden
pressure on SPT value may be approximated by the equation:

350
𝑁 = 𝑁′ ∗
𝜎 + 70

Where N′ = observed SPT value,

N = corrected SPT value, andσ = effective overburden pressure in KN/m2, not exceeding 280 KN/m2.
This implies that no correction is required if the effective overburden pressure is 280 kN/m2.Terzaghi
and Peck also give the following correlation between SPT value, Relative density, Dr, and Angle of
friction, φ:

Table 5.1Correlation between N, Drand φ

S. No. Condition N Relative density, Dr Angle of friction, φ

1 Very Loose 0–4
2 Loose 4 – 10
3 Medium 10 – 30 35 – 65% 30° – 36°
4 Dense 30 – 50 65 – 85% 36° – 42°
5 Very dense Greater than 50 Greater than 85% Greater than 42°

5
For clays the following data are given:
Table 5.2Correlation between N and qu

S. No. Consistency N qu(kN/m2)

1 Very soft 0–2 Less than 25
2 Soft 2–4 25 – 50
3 Medium 4–8 50 – 100
4 Stiff 8 – 15 100 – 200
5 Very stiff 15 – 30 200 – 400
6 Hard Greater than 30 Greater than 400

5.2 Ground Water Table (GWT):

The ground water table in each borehole is recorded. It is measured when the water is stable
in a complete boring (not before 12 hours). The bore is protected from any kind of physical
disturbance during this period. The recorded data of ground water tables are shown on the bore-logs
and it is found 2.5 to 3.5 ft lower the existing ground surface. The ground water table may vary
widely with respect to time and precipitation, fluctuation in ground water conditions may occurred.

5.3 Collection of Disturbed Soil Samples:

During standard penetration test undisturbed samples were collected at every 5 ft interval
from each borehole. Collected samples are preserved properly in polythene bags and labeled with
details job designation (date, depth and borehole number) for relevant test.

5.4 Collection of Undisturbed Soil Samples:

Undisturbed soil samples are collected by thin walled sharp-ended 3 inch diameter Shelby
tubes from different depth. Undisturbed soil samples with corresponding depth are shown on bore-
logs. Collected samples are preserved properly in and labeled with details job designation (date, depth
and borehole number) for relevant test required for subsoil investigation.

6
5.5 Field Classification:

Collected disturbed soil samples from field were thoroughly examined and classified roughly (type
and color) according to ASTM D2488 (see Appendix).

5.6 Boring

Making or drilling bore holes into the ground with a view to obtaining soil or rock samples
from specified or known depths is called ‘boring’.

The common methods of advancing bore holes are:

1. Auger boring
2. Auger and shell boring
3. Wash boring
4. Percussion drilling (more commonly employed for sampling in rock)
5. Rotary drilling strata.

5.6.1 Auger Boring

‘Soil auger’ is a device that is useful for advancing a bore hole into the ground. Augers may
behind-operated or power-driven; the former are used for relatively small depths (less than 3 to5 m),
while the latter are used for greater depths. The soil auger is advanced by rotating it while pressing it
into the soil at the same time. It is used primarily in soils in which the borehole can be kept dry and
unsupported. As soon as the auger gets filled with soil, it is taken out and the soil sample collected.

5.6.2 Auger and Shell Boring

If the sides of the hole cannot remain unsupported, the soil is prevented from falling in by
means of a pipe known as ‘shell’ or ‘casing’. The casing is to be driven first and then the auger;
whenever the casing is to be extended, the auger has to be withdrawn, this being an impediment to
quick progress of the work. An equipment called a ‘boring rig’ is employed for power-driven augers,
which may be used up to 50 m depth (A hand rig may be sufficient for borings up to 25 m in depth).
Casings may be used for sands or stiff clays. Soft rock or gravel can be broken by chisel bits attached
to drill rods. Sand pumps are used in the case of sandy soils.

7
(a) Post-hole auger(b) Helical auger
Fig. Soil augers

5.6.3 Wash Boring

Wash boring is commonly used for exploration below ground water table for which the auger method
is unsuitable. This method may be used in all kinds of soils except those mixed with gravel and
boulders. The set-up for wash boring is shown in Fig. 18.2.

Initially, the hole is advanced for a short depth by using an auger. A casing pipe is pushed in and
driven with a drop weight. The driving may be with the aid of power. A hollow drill bit is screwed to
a hollow drill rod connected to a rope passing over a pulley and supported by a tripod. Water jet under
pressure is forced through the rod and the bit into the hole. This loosens the soil at the lower end and
forces the soil-water suspension upwards along the annular surface between the rod and the side of the
hole. This suspension is led to a settling tank where the soil particles settle while the water overflows
into a sump. The water collected in the sump is used for circulation again.

The soil particles collected represent a very disturbed sample and is not very useful for the evaluation
of the engineering properties. Wash borings are primarily used for advancing bore holes; whenever a
soil sample is required, the chopping bit is to be replaced by a sampler. The change of the rate of
progress and change of color of wash water indicate changes in soil strata.

8
 Fig.Set-up for Wash Boring
5.6.4 Percussion Drilling

A heavy drill bit called ‘churn bit’ is suspended from a drill rod or a cable and is driven by repeated
blows. Water is added to facilitate the breaking of stiff soil or rock. The slurry of the pulverized
material is bailed out at intervals. The method cannot be used in loose sand and is slow in plastic clay.
The formation gets badly disturbed by impact.

5.6.5 Rotary Drilling

This method is fast in rock formations. A drill bit, fixed to the lower end of a drill rod, is rotated by
power while being kept in firm contact with the hole. Drilling fluid or betonies slurry is forced under
pressure through the drill rod and it comes up bringing the cuttings to the surface. Even rock cores
may be obtained by using suitable diamond drill bits. This method is not used in porous deposits as
the consumption of drilling fluid would be prohibitively high.

9
5.6.6 Planning an Exploration Program
The two important aspects of a boring program are ‘spacing of borings’ and ‘depth of borings’.
Table 5.3 Spacing of Borings (Sowers and Sowers, 1970)

Sl. No. Nature of the project Spacing of borings (meter)

1 Highway (Sub-grade survey) 300-600
2 Earth dam 30-60
3 Borrow pit 30-120
4 Multistory buildings 15-30
5 Single story factories 30-90
Note: For uniform soil conditions, the above spacing are doubled; for irregular conditions, these are
halved.

For important and heavy structures such as bridges and tall buildings, the borings should extend to
rock.E.De Beer of Belgium adopted this rule for determining the so-called ‘critical depth of boring’
(Hvorslev, 1949). Based on this, recommended depths of borings for buildings are about 3.5 m and
6.5 m for single- and two-storey buildings. For dams and embankments, the depth ranges between
half the height to twice the height depending upon the foundation soil.

5.6.7 Boring Log

Information on subsurface conditions obtained from the boring operation is typically presented in the
form of a boring record, commonly known as “boring log”. A continuous record of the various strata
identified at various depths of the boring is presented. Description or classification of the various soil
and rock types encountered, and data regarding ground water level have to be necessarily given in a
pictorial manner on the log.

5.7 SOIL SAMPLING

‘Soil Sampling’ is the process of obtaining samples of soil from the desired depth at the desired
location in a natural soil deposit, with a view to assessing the engineering properties of the soil for
ensuring a proper design of the foundation.

10
5.7.1 Types of Samples

Soil may be classified as: Disturbed samples, and undisturbed samples, depending upon the degree of
disturbance caused during sampling operations.
A disturbed sample is that in which the natural structure of the soil gets modified partly or fully
during sampling, while an undisturbed sample is that in which the natural structure and other physical
properties remain preserved. ‘Undisturbed’, in this context, is a purely relative term, since a truly
undisturbed sample can perhaps be never obtained as some little degree of disturbance is absolutely
inevitable even in the best method of sampling devised till date.

Disturbed samples may be further subdivided as: (i) Non-representative samples, and(ii)
Representative samples. Non-representative samples consist of mixture of materials from various soil
or rock strata or are samples from which some mineral constituents have been lost or got mixed up.
Soil samples obtained from auger borings and wash borings are non-representative samples. These are
suitable only for providing qualitative information such as major changes in subsurface strata.
Representative samples contain all the mineral constituents of the soil, but the structure of the soil
may be significantly disturbed. The water content may also have changed. They are suitable for
identification and for the determination of certain physical properties such as Atterberg limits and
grain specific gravity.

5.7.2 Types of Samplers

Soil samples are classified as ‘thick wall’ samplers and ‘thin wall’ samplers. Split spoon sampler (or
split tube sampler) is of the thick-wall type, and ‘Shelby’ tubes are of the thin-wall type.
Depending upon the mode of operation, samplers may be classified as the open drive sampler,
stationary piston sampler and rotary sampler.
Open drive sampler can be of the thick wall type as well as of the thin wall type. The head of the
sampler is provided with valves to permit water and air to escape during. The check valve helps to
retain the sample when the sampler is lifted. The tube may be seamless or may be split in two parts; in
the latter case it is known as the split tube or split spoon sampler.
Stationary piston sampler consists of a sampler with a piston attached to a long piston rod extending
up to the ground surface through drill rods. The lower end of the sampler is kept closed with the
piston while the sampler is lowered through the bore hole. When the desired elevation is reached, the
piston rod is clamped, thereby keeping the piston stationary, and the sampler tube is advanced further
into the soil. The sampler is then lifted and the piston rod clamped in position. The piston prevents the
entry of water and soil into the tube when it is being lowered, and also helps to retain the sample
during the process of lifting the tube. The sampler is, therefore, very much suited for sampling in soft

11
soils and saturated sands. Rotary samplers are of the core barrel type (USBR, 1960) with an outer tube
provided with cutting teeth and a removable thin liner inside. It is used for sampling in stiff cohesive
soils.

6. Laboratory Works:

To know the characteristics of soil sample following tests are performed as per ASTM
method are described below:-

6.1 Natural Moisture Content: (ASTM D 2216)

‘Water content’ or ‘moisture content’ of a soil has a direct bearing on its strength and stability. The
water content of a soil in its natural state is termed its ‘Natural moisture content’, which characterizes
its performance under the action of load and temperature.

The most accurate approach is that of oven-drying the soil sample and is adopted in the laboratory. A
clean container of non-corrodible material is taken and its empty weight along-with the lid is taken. A
small quantity of moist soil is placed in the container, the lid is replaced, and the weight is taken. The
lid is taken removed and the container with the soil is placed in a other most apically controlled oven
for 24 hours, the temperature being maintained between 105-110°C. After drying, the container is
cooled in a desiccators, the lid is replaced and the weight is taken. For weighing a balance with an
accuracy of 0.0001 N (0.01 g) is used. Thus, the observations are:

Weight of an empty container with lid = W1

Weight of container with lid + wet soil = W2
Weight of container with lid + dry soil = W3
The calculations are as follows:
Weight of dry soil = W3 – W1
Weight of water in the soil = W2 – W3

W2–W3
Water content, 𝑤 = × 100%
W3–W1

12
6.2 Grain Size Distribution: (ASTM D 421 & D 422)

Mechanical analysis is the determination of the size range of particles present in a soil,
expressed as a percentage of the total dry weight. Used methods are generally to find the particle-size
distribution of soil: (l) sieve analysis-for larger than particle sizes 0.075 mm in diameter, and (2)
hydrometer analysis –for particle sizes smaller than 0.075 mm in diameter.

A series of sieves having different-size openings (according to British Standard) are stacked
with the larger sizes over the smaller. A receiver is kept at the bottom and a cover is kept at the top of
the assembly. The soil sample to be tested is dried, clumps are broken if necessary, and the sample is
passed through the series of sieves by shaking.
The material retained on any particular sieve should naturally include that retained on the sieves on
top of it, since the sieves are arranged with the aperture size decreasing from top to bottom. The
weight of material retained on each sieve is converted to a percentage of the total sample. The
percentage material finer with respect to any sieve size is calculated by subtracting this from 100.

The soil particles less than 75–μ size can be further analyzed for the distribution of the
various grain-sizes of the order of silt and clay is ‘sedimentation analyses or ‘wet analyses. The soil
fraction is kept in suspension in a liquid medium, usually water. The particles descend at velocities,
related to their sizes, among other things. The analysis is based on ‘Stokes Law’ for what is known as
the ‘terminal velocity’ of sphere falling through an infinite liquid medium. If a single sphere is
allowed to fall in an infinite liquid medium without interference, its velocity first increases under the
influence of gravity, but soon attains a constant value. This constant velocity is maintained
indefinitely unless the boundary conditions change, is known as the ‘terminal velocity’. The principles
obvious; coarser particles tend to settle faster than finer ones. By Stokes’ law, the terminal velocity of
the spherical particle is given by

Here γsand γw are in kN/m3, μw in N-sec/m2, and D in mm; v will then be in cm/sec .The sedimentation
analysis may be conducted with the aid of hydrometer in the laboratory.

D = K√ (H/t)

H = fall in cm, and t = time in min.The factor K can be tabulated or graphically represented for
different values of temperature and grain specific gravity.

13
“Particle-size distribution curve “or “Grain-size distribution curve” plotted on semi-log co-ordinates,
where the particle size is on a horizontal ‘logarithmic’ scale, and the percentage by weight of the size
smaller than a particular sieve-size is on a vertical ‘arithmetic ‘scale.

6.3 Atterberg Limits (ASTM D 4318)

In 1911, A. Waterberg, a Swedish scientist, developed a method for describing the limit
consistency of fine-grained soils on the basis of moisture content. These limits are the liquid limit, the
plastic limit, and the shrinkage limit. The liquid limit is defined as the moisture content, in percent, at
which the soil changes from a liquid state to a plastic state. The moisture contents (in percent) at
which the soil changes from a plastic to a semisolid state and from a semisolid to a solid state is
defined as the plastic limit and the shrinkage limit, respectively. These limits are generally referred to
as the Atterberg limits. The Atterberg limits of cohesive soil depend on several factors, such as
amount and type of clay minerals and absorbed action.

Fig. Variation of volume of soil mass with variation of water content

6.4 Specific Gravity (ASTM D 854)

Values for specific gravity of the soil solids were determined by placing a known weight of
oven-dried soil in a flask, then filling the flask with water. The weight of displaced water was then
calculated by comparing the weight of the soil and water in the flask with the weight of flask

14
containing only water. The specific gravity was then calculated by dividing the weight of the dry soil
by the weight of the displaced water. A 50-cc density bottle or a 500-cc Psycho meter may be used.
With the aid of these four observations, the grain specific gravity may be determined as follows:

Fig. 3.3 Determination of grain specific gravity

From the readings, the wt of solids Ws = W2 – W1, from (a) and (b)

𝑊𝑠
𝑆𝑝. 𝐺𝑟. 𝐺 =
𝑊𝑠 − (𝑊3 − 𝑊4)

6.5 Organic Content (ASTM D 2974)

The organic content of each soil was determined by first oven-drying a representative sample
of each soil at 105°C for 24 hours, then recording the moisture content. The sample was then placed
in a muffle furnace, heated to 440°C, then reweighed after a nearly constant mass was achieved. The
ash content of the sample was then recorded as the weight loss due to ignition divided by the initial
dry weight. The organic content was then calculated as 1 minus the ash content.

15
7. Corrected SPT Values
Corrected SPT Values for Bore Holes 1 to 3.
Bore Hole No:- 01 Bore Hole No:- 02 Bore Hole No:- 03
Depth (ft) N' N Depth (ft) N' N Depth (ft) N' N
5 2 2 5 6 6 5 4 4

10 2 2 10 9 9 10 2 2

15 2 2 15 5 5 15 3 3

20 5 5 20 2 2 20 2 2

25 7 7 25 12 12 25 6 6

30 10 10 30 10 10 30 9 9

35 8 8 35 6 6 35 7 7

40 8 8 40 4 4 40 5 5

45 9 9 45 5 5 45 6 6

50 10 10 50 9 9 50 10 10

55 7 7 55 6 6 55 8 8

60 9 9 60 7 7 60 9 9

8. Physical and Engineering properties of Soil.

8.1 Description of soil Composition:
The following terms are used in this report for description of soil composition
Trace: 1 to 10 %
Little: 11 to 20 %
Some: 21 to 35%
Sandy: 36 to 50% Sand
Clayey: 36 to 50 % Clay
Silty: 36 to 50 % Silt

16
Test results:
Table Physical and Engineering properties of Soil.

Bore Hole No: 01

Depth Moisture Sand Content Specific Atterberg Limits
(feet) Content (%) (%) Gravity Liquid Limit Plastic Limit Plasticity
(wL) (wp) Index (PI)
5 41.27 2.74 44.60 28.71 15.89
25 28.80 2.70 38.11 28.71 9.4
50 16 2.69

Bore Hole No: 02

Depth Moisture Sand Content Specific Atterberg Limits
(feet) Content (%) (%) Gravity Liquid Limit Plastic Limit Plasticity
(wL) (wp) Index (PI)
10 28 2.68

20 38.54 2.74 42.70 28.54 14.16

55 7 2.70

Bore Hole No: 03

Depth Moisture Sand Content Specific Atterberg Limits
(feet) Content (%) (%) Gravity Liquid Limit Plastic Limit Plasticity
(wL) (wp) Index (PI)
5 26.43 2.70 37.80 29.70 8.1
20 43.67 2.74 47.20 31.60 15.6
40 7

60 14 2.69

9. Estimation of Allowable Bearing Capacity

9.1 Bearing Capacity for Shallow Foundation:

The soil must be capable of carrying the loads from any engineered structure placed upon it without a
shear failure and with the resulting settlements being tolerable for that structure. This session will be
concerned with evaluation of the limiting shear resistance.

17
9.1.2 Clay and Clayey Soil:

The ultimate bearing capacity of these soils depends upon its consistency (or shear strength). The
consistency can be determined by standard penetration resistance. For small jobs where a better
economy can be achieved by using a conservative design value based on simple test results, the
standard penetration test is used. The relationship between the standard penetration resistances, the
consistency in the accompanying table (Terzaghi and Peck, 1948) is very approximate.
Consistency of Soil N(Standard penetration Square footing Continuous footing
resistance) (Allowable bearing (Allowable bearing
pressure)* pressure)
tons/sq ft tons/sq ft
Very soft ** 1 0.15 0.11
2 0.30 0.22
Soft ** 3 0.45 0.34
4 0.60 0.45

5 0.75 0.56
6 0.90 0.68
Medium **
7 1.05 0.79

8 1.20 0.90

9 1.35 1.01
10 1.50 1.12

11 1.65 1.23
Stiff ***
12 1.80 1.35

13 1.95 1.46

14 2.05 1.57

15 2.25 1.68

Very stiff *** 15-30 2.25-4.50 1.68-3.38

Hard 30+ 4.50+ 3.38+

* Ultimate bearing capacity is equal to three times the allowable.

** Settlement often large and should be determined.
*** Stiff clays often possess fissures and cracks which are weak planes in resisting shearing forces.
Such clays must be kept from being softened by water, the shear strength on these planes may be as
low as that of soft clays.

18
The Load Bearing Capacities of Different Types of Shallow Foundation/Footing at Different
Depths are calculated as Per Field Results That Are Bellows:
BH No. Depth (ft) Field SPT Bearing Capacity Ton/Sqft (F.S.-3)
Square Footing Continuous Footing
5 2 0.328 0.258

01 10 2 0.328 0.258

15 2 0.328 0.258

BH No. Depth (ft) Field SPT Bearing Capacity Ton/Sqft (F.S.-3)

Square Footing Continuous Footing
5 6 0.983 0.775

02 10 9 1.475 1.163

15 5 0.820 0.646

BH No. Depth (ft) Field SPT Bearing Capacity Ton/Sqft (F.S.-3)

Square Footing Continuous Footing
5 4 0.656 0.517

03 10 2 0.328 0.258

15 3 0.492 0.388

19
9.2 Settlement of Footing:
Footings on granular soils will not suffer detrimental settlement if the smaller value of two
allowable pressures given by below equations is used.
For square footing:
qult = 2N2BRW + 6 (100 + N2)DR’W
For very long footing:
qult = 3N2BRW + 5 (100 + N2)DR’W
Where,
qult = net ultimate bearing pressure.
N = standard penetration resistance,
B = width of footing, ft
D = depth of footing, ft measured from ground surface to bottom of footing
Rw & R’w = correction factors for position of water level.
Allowable bearing pressure has been established empirically (Terzaghi & Peak, 1948) and may be
expressed by the equation:
B+1 2
qa = 720 (N-3) ( ) R’W
2B
Where,
qa = net allowable bearing pressure in psf for maximum settlement of 1 inch.
Footing on stiff clay, hard clay & other firm soils generally require no settlement analysis if the
design provides a minimum factor of safety of 3. Soft clay, compressible silt and other weak soils will
settle even under moderate pressure and therefore settlement analysis is necessary.
The total settlement of a footing on clay may be considered to consist of three parts (Skempton and
Bjerrum, 1957):
S = S i + S C + SS
Where,
S = total settlement
Si = immediate settlement.
SC = settlement due to consolidation of clay.
SS = settlement due to secondary consolidation of clay.
9.2.1 Immediate settlement:
Immediately upon application of load on the footing, elastic compression of the underlying soil
takes place causing a settlement of the footing. The amount can be computed by elastic theory.
However, it is usually very small and can be neglected for all practical purposes.

20
9.2.2 Settlement due to consolidation:
The settlement caused by consolidation is due to the slow extrusion of water from the pores of the
fine particles of clay. The amount of final consolidation settlement SC can be calculated by the
following equation:
S C = So β
Where,
β = the coefficient depending on the geometry of the footing and the loading history of the clay.
So = settlement calculated by Terzaghi theory of consolidation;
= mvΔpH
CC p0+∆p
= H log10
1+e0 p0

Where,
mv = coefficient of volume compressibility of clay. This value is determined by consolidation test.
Δp = vertical stress due to footing.
H = thickness of the compressible clay. The clay thickness should be divided into several layers to
obtain reasonably accurate settlement of a thick layer.
CC = compression index, also determined by consolidation test.
P0 = vertical effective pressure due to soil overburden.
9.2.3 Settlement due to secondary consolidation:
When an undisturbed soil sample is tested in the consolidometer (or oedometer) the rate of
volume decrease checks very closely with the theory. However, when the sample is one hundred
percent consolidated (according to the theory of consolidation) the volume decrease does not stop
according to the theory, but instead the sample continues to compress at a reduced and rather constant
rate. The amount of consolidation that can be computed by the theory is called primary consolidation;
whereas the slow consolidation the takes place afterwards is called secondary consolidation.
e0–e
S= 𝐻
1+e0
H p0+∆p
= CC 𝑙𝑜𝑔
1+e0 p0

t= T7H2
Cv

Where,
S = settlement due to consolidation
H = thickness of clay layer. If the soil is drained on top and bottom as in the consolidation test,
Half-thickness should be used.
e0 = natural void ratio of the steel in place.
P0 = weight of soil above mid height of the consolidating layer.
Δp = net additional pressure = consolidation pressure.
Tv = time factor, a coefficient depending upon the percentage of consolidation.

21
 t = time required to reach a certain percentage of consolidation. The percentage of consolidation
is the ratio of the amount of compression at the certain time during the process of consolidation to the
total calculated compression S.
CC = compression index, to be determined by consolidation test.
CV = coefficient of consolidation to be determined from the results of the consolidation test.
(Ref. Book: Foundation Design by Wayne C. Teng, page no.61, 62, 118, 129 & 130)
9.3 Determination of Bearing Capacity for Pile:
A pile is supported in the soil by the resistance of the toe to further penetration plus the frictional or
adhesive forces along its embedded length.
Ultimate bearing capacity = Ultimate base resistance + Ultimate skin friction
Qu = Qb + Qs
9.3.1 Cohesive Soil:
Qb for piles in cohesive soils is based on Meyerhof’s equation (1951):
Qb = NccbAbWhere,
Nc = bearing capacity factor, widely accepted as 9.0
Cb = undisturbed untrained shear strength at the base of the pile
Ab = the area of the pile base
Qs = αcuAs
Where, α = Adhesion factor (Table …. Ref. Peck, Hanson &Thornburn, 1973)
cu = undisturbed untrained shear strength of soil adjoining pile
As = surface area of embedded length of pile
Table. Adhesion Factor α for Cohesive Soil (Peck, Hanson &Thornburn, 1973)

qu (tsf) Α qu (tsf) α qu (tsf) α qu (tsf) α

0.1 0.99 0.6 0.943 1.1 0.80 1.6 0.657
0.2 0.986 0.7 0.92 1.2 0.78 1.8 0.62
0.3 0.98 0.8 0.89 1.3 0.75 2.0 0.565
0.4 0.97 0.9 0.87 1.4 0.72 2.2 0.535
0.5 0.957 1.0 0.836 1.5 0.674 2.4 0.550

9.3.2 Cohesion less Soil:

With cohesion less soil it is possible to make reasonable estimates of the values of qb and fsfrom in-
situ penetration test. Meyerhof (1976) suggests the following formulae to be used in conjunction with
the standard penetration test.
Sand and gravelqb= 400ND/B ≤400NkN/m2
=0.4ND/B ≤4N tsf
Large diameter driven pile fs = 2N≤100 kN/m2
=N/50≤1 tsf

22
9.2.3 Bearing Capacity of piles from the SPT and soil parameters:
Table 9. The skin friction and end bearing capacities of piles (F. S. = 3.0):
Bore Hole No: 1
Depth (ft) N Fs(tsf) Fb(tsf)
5 2 0.039 0.36
10 2 0.039 0.36
15 2 0.039 0.36
20 5 0.094 0.90
25 7 0.125 1.26
30 10 0.156 1.80
35 8 0.134 1.44
40 8 0.134 1.44
45 9 0.144 1.62
50 10 0.156 1.80
55 7 0.125 1.26
60 9 0.144 1.62

Bore Hole No: 2

Depth (ft) N Fs(tsf) Fb(tsf)
5 6 0.110 1.08
10 9 0.144 1.62
15 5 0.094 0.9
20 2 0.039 0.36
25 12 0.173 2.16
30 10 0.156 1.8
35 6 0.110 1.08
40 4 0.077 0.72
45 5 0.094 0.9
50 9 0.144 1.62
55 6 0.110 1.08
60 7 0.125 1.26

Bore Hole No: 3

Depth (ft) N Fs(tsf) Fb(tsf)
5 4 0.077 0.72
10 2 0.039 0.36
15 3 0.058 0.54
20 2 0.039 0.36
25 6 0.110 1.08
30 9 0.144 1.62
35 7 0.125 1.26
40 5 0.094 0.90
45 6 0.110 1.08
50 10 0.156 1.80
55 8 0.134 1.44
60 9 0.144 1.62

23
10. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS:

10.1 CONCLUSIONS:
The sub-soil exploration has been performed at the proposed site of multistoried building at Mouza:-
Mohakal, J.L No:- 19, Khatian No:- 1711, R.S Dag No:- 415, Thana:- Abhaynagar, Dist:-
Jashore.

Three bore holes were drilled up to the maximum depth of 60ft from the existing ground level. On the
basis of the information of the investigated site the following conclusions may be drawn:

1. The bearing capacity of the sub-soil of shallow foundation at normal foundation level is Llow.
2. On the basis of the field and laboratory information, shallow foundation may not be suitable
in this site.

10.2 RECOMMENDATIONS:
Based on the above conclusions the following recommendations are suggested for the
constructions of the proposed sites.
1. For the construction of low rise building up to 2-storied shallow foundation may be used.
2. For building with higher number of stories mat, pile or pile raft foundation may be provided.
3. As an alternative solution shallow foundation may be adopted after improving the foundation
soil by any suitable method.

However the consultant or design engineer should take any alternative decision about the type, depth
and dimension of foundation.

24
Appendix A (a): Site Plan
GEOTECH Boring & Engineering,
Nahar Mention, House No:- 150, Road No:- 9-10, Sonadanga R/A 1st Phase, Khulna-9100.
Project: Construction of Proposed Multi Storied Location:- Mouza:- Mohakal, J.L No:- 19,
Building. Khatian No:- 1711, R.S Dag No:- 415, Thana:-
Abhaynagar, Dist:- Jashore.

Client:- Enayet Hossain.

25
 GEOTECH Boring & Engineering
Bore Hole No.01 Project:- Construction of Proposed Multi Storied Building.

Land Detail:- Mouza:- Mohakal, J.L No:- 19, Khatian No:- 1711, R.S Dag No:-
Date:- 12.03.2021 415, Thana:- Abhaynagar, Dist:- Jashore.

Client:- Enayet Hossain. GWL:- 2'-10"

Total Depth = 60'-0" (Ft) & 18.00 (m)

Sample Type
Depth in meter

Depth in feet

SPT Graph

N- Values
Graphics

Discription of Classification
(Visual)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0.00
1.50 5 2 DS
1.50
3.00 10 Silty-Clay-Gray 2 DS
3.00
4.50 15 2 DS
4.50
6.00 20 5 DS
Clayey-Silt-Trace Sand-Gray 6.00
7.50 25 7 DS
7.50
9.00 30 Clayey-Silt-Little Sand-Gray 10 DS
9.00
10.50 35 8 DS
10.50
12.00 40 Clayey-Silt-Trace Sand-Gray 8 DS
12.00
13.50 45 9 DS
13.50
15.00 50 Clayey-Silt-Little Sand-Gray 10 DS
15.00
16.50 55 7 DS
Clayey-Silt-Trace Sand-Gray 16.50
18.00 60 9 DS
18.00
19.50 DS
19.50
21.00 DS
21.00
22.50 DS
22.50
24.00 DS
24.00
25.50 DS
25.50
27.00 DS
27.00
28.50 DS
28.50
30.00 DS
30.00
31.50 DS
31.50
33.00 DS
33.00
34.50 DS
34.50
36.00 DS
36.00
Note: Undisturbed Soil=US, Disturb Soil=DS
 GEOTECH Boring & Engineering
Bore Hole No.02 Project:- Construction of Proposed Multi Storied Building.

Land Detail:- Mouza:- Mohakal, J.L No:- 19, Khatian No:- 1711, R.S Dag No:-
Date:- 12.03.2021 415, Thana:- Abhaynagar, Dist:- Jashore.

Client:- Enayet Hossain. GWL:- 2'-10"

Total Depth = 60'-0" (Ft) & 18.00 (m)

Sample Type
Depth in meter

Depth in feet

SPT Graph

N- Values
Graphics

Discription of Classification
(Visual)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0.00
1.50 5 Clayey-Silt-Trace Sand-Gray 6 DS
1.50
3.00 10 Sandy-Silt-Trace Clay-Gray 9 DS
3.00
4.50 15 Clayey-Silt-Trace Sand-Gray 5 DS
4.50
6.00 20 Silty-Clay-Gray 2 DS
6.00
7.50 25 12 DS
Sandy-Silt-Trace Clay-Gray 7.50
9.00 30 10 DS
9.00
10.50 35 6 DS
10.50
12.00 40 Clayey-Silt-Trace Sand-Gray 4 DS
12.00
13.50 45 5 DS
13.50
15.00 50 Clayey-Silt-Little Sand-Gray 9 DS
15.00
16.50 55 6 DS
Clayey-Silt-Trace Sand-Gray 16.50
18.00 60 7 DS
18.00
19.50 DS
19.50
21.00 DS
21.00
22.50 DS
22.50
24.00 DS
24.00
25.50 DS
25.50
27.00 DS
27.00
28.50 DS
28.50
30.00 DS
30.00
31.50 DS
31.50
33.00 DS
33.00
34.50 DS
34.50
36.00 DS
36.00
Note: Undisturbed Soil=US, Disturb Soil=DS
 GEOTECH Boring & Engineering
Bore Hole No.03 Project:- Construction of Proposed Multi Storied Building.

Land Detail:- Mouza:- Mohakal, J.L No:- 19, Khatian No:- 1711, R.S Dag No:-
Date:- 12.03.2021 415, Thana:- Abhaynagar, Dist:- Jashore.

Client:- Enayet Hossain. GWL:- 2'-10"

Total Depth = 60'-0" (Ft) & 18.00 (m)

Sample Type
Depth in meter

Depth in feet

SPT Graph

N- Values
Graphics

Discription of Classification
(Visual)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0.00
1.50 5 Clayey-Silt-Trace Sand-Gray 4 DS
1.50
3.00 10 2 DS
3.00
4.50 15 Silty-Clay-Gray 3 DS
4.50
6.00 20 2 DS
6.00
7.50 25 Clayey-Silt-Trace Sand-Gray 6 DS
7.50
9.00 30 Clayey-Silt-Little Sand-Gray 9 DS
9.00
10.50 35 7 DS
10.50
12.00 40 Clayey-Silt-Trace Sand-Gray 5 DS
12.00
13.50 45 6 DS
13.50
15.00 50 10 DS
15.00
16.50 55 Clayey-Silt-Little Sand-Gray 8 DS
16.50
18.00 60 9 DS
18.00
19.50 DS
19.50
21.00 DS
21.00
22.50 DS
22.50
24.00 DS
24.00
25.50 DS
25.50
27.00 DS
27.00
28.50 DS
28.50
30.00 DS
30.00
31.50 DS
31.50
33.00 DS
33.00
34.50 DS
34.50
36.00 DS
36.00
Note: Undisturbed Soil=US, Disturb Soil=DS