infor to any other jms basicaly 5 x) pave ste recorder oF @ LP (Lactuler) egy as cassette OPE processing cr “a player that plaYS Pre-Tecrded Compa, Up reco jo signal such 85 SOngS speeches, muse ise, efforts are mag Jete immunity to nois fe = + almost come ts offer thot the aise could be used universal ted i the birth of ‘compact disc’ system. resutsin IGTION OF COMPACT DISC (Material, ‘QUESTIONS derail structure of CD and explain the dimensions specifi tall structure 1. Draw the fo x In the CD player there is no direct contact between the reading mechanism + Reading mechanism of CD player, which is not in direct contact with Compared to LP record advantage of CO player This Is possible because of many inform spiral path just The audio signal Is stored on the CD surface in a spiral path j 1. Aid Video Ege inna The name CO or ise is given to it becouse of i Use oF its small or compat size, high storage capacty ands ceuar dis ke shone’ ompact a 9 CD can contain around 70 minutes of audio information stored on the dis, is done laser beam Is ge fode made of Alumi i inside the CD player by a small low power lum Gallium Arsenide (AlGaAs), The LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Recation) i » special type of light source that produces cancentated light beams 1m 2 CO player, the laser beam is used to read the signals stored on the cise surface because the laser beam can be concentrated too reslon ce smal 85 0.6 um, which can easily read the data stored in 0.5 yor tosh wie This Is not possible with ordinary ight beam, Material Used : On plastic base reflective surface is coated with aluminium layer. ‘This reflective coating covered with trensparent plastic polycarbonate or lacquire coating, | 2.2 CD AND LP RECORD __(ADVANTAGES OF CD OVER LP RECORD) and the disc surface, so there Is no wear and tear of the disc that Normally comes across LP record. ED surface records. The CO using reflection of light beam form the dise Surface, This gives the CD a lifelong high quality sound output without any lose of signal when using a CD player, 1m any part of the disc fone can access and play any track of mi without manually searching fora particular track, track Is stored on the dsc surface, along wi Information stored on the LP record surface as shown in Fig. 2.2Different components used for CD mechanism. QUESTIONS EAA rious components used in CD State and explain the functions of vai mechanism. List and explain different components used for CD mechanism. 4 1. CD-pick-up assembly. 2. CD Lens: - Collimation tens - Concave lens - Objective lens ~ Cylindrical lens 3. Gear system Drive motors. Tray, loading motor. Slide, sled, feed motor. Spindle, disc, turntable motor. 2.8.1 CD Pick-up Assembly] QUESTIONS iD with the help of neat SKaEEH | explain working fot pick-up ‘int ‘of ac Player, Cm a fon the following component in CD player. | Pick-up Up assembly, oo omLY. Dip. Sem. V) Audio and Video Engine The pick-up assembly consists of - * Allow power laser diode to illuminate the CD tracks, * Lens and prism arrangement to direct the laser beam to the CD to direct the reflected laser beam towards photo-diode array, * A photo-diode array to obtain data, focus and tracking signal from ti reflected laser beam. ‘ Focus and tracking coils to focus the laser beam to the CD Move the assembly to proper track across the disc surface. Some optical units do not contain the tracking coil, the single-beam radial tracking assembly, this sections. 12 ECE AACY dy aa Surface ang Surface and ty for example IS explained in tate Ss CD surface Colimation |__| | se a Beam-splitter prism o Array 2 Prism o Photo-Diode 2 Lasef beam Laser In the optical pick-, ntin a Single-beam Radial Tracking Pick-up Assembl| lptica) mit the laser diode emits laser beam from 2 S72! 9" |vp Auwioand Video pose nero + These photo-diodes induce voltage according to the reflected beam falling on it, Focus error and tracking error voltage generated by this photo-diode array Is applied to the tracking and focussing coll to control the objective lens and data signal generated by this photo-diode array is sent to an amplifier to amplify thi e data signals picked-up from the disc, Finall , the output from the amplifier i : ie 'S Processed to produce the audio signal stored on the disc surface. Ina CD player the following type of optical assemblies are used. + Single-beam radial tracking. + Single-beam linear/straight line tracking. + Three-beam linear/straight line tracking, 2-13 cD Player, 2 CD Lens QUESTIONS 4, Explain the function of following in CD mechanism, (i) CD lense Ena 2.__Explain the function of CD lense used in CD player. Ta) i) (i) Collimation Lens : The collimator lens is used to produce completely parallel beams of laser. This lens together with the objective lens is used to focus the laser beam to the disc surface. (i) Concave Lens : In single-beam linear optical block assembly this concave lens is used to concentrate the laser beam, reflected from the disc surface, onto the photo diode array. This lens is mainly used to improve the sensitivity of the photo diode array. Industria] Infocus Tens: Laser/ beam Mis-focus in ‘one direction Photodiode ‘array Mis- focus In opposite directionio and Video Engineering aM - bjective Lens : Before hitting the disc surface, the laser beam comes aut Ick-up assembly through an objective lens. The objective lens Is used to focus ser beam onto the CD surface and to receive the reflected laser bearn- This lens is moved up/down to achleve the focus of the laser bear on the disc urface, The objective lens Is always kept In focus using a system similar to the voice coils system used the audio speakers. copings It Is also moved horlzontally In the linear pick-up assembly to keep the laser beam in proper track. In players that use the radial tracking method the objective lens unit does not move horizontally (laterally), : (iv) Cylindrical Lens (in Three-Beam Linear Optical Block) : The main function of this lens Is to enable the reflected beam from the CD to assist in creating the necessary signal to make sure that focus of the laser beam on the playing surface of the disc is maintained. As shown in the Fig. 2.9, when the beam Is correctly focused, a circular beam of light will land on the four photo-diode elements. If the beam becomes out of focus, the cylindrical lens will distort the beam elliptically. As shown in the Fig. 2.10, the distortion depends upon the direction of mis-focus. This distortion is known as "astigmatism". i Drive Motors in a CD Player| QUESTIONS | SSA Explain use of drive motors in CD player. Explain the function of following in CD mechanism. (1) Drive motors. Explain the functions of various drive motors in CD player. i if + There are three basic motors used in the CD player. CD players with auto 1 CD changer or the table top changer may have up to five different motors or some portable or combination CD and cassette player may have only two motors but, three motor CD players are most common. + Types of drive motors used in CD player : (i) Tray or loading motor - (il). Disc, spindle or Turnable motor (ill) Slid, feed or sled motor, The tray or loading motor pushes out and pulls in the CD tray when th? open/close switch Is pressed, eye A disc, spindle, or turntable motor rotates the CD at a variable spee! The disc motor rotates faster at the beginning and slows down as the !3% assembly moves toward the outer edge of the CD. The slide, feed or sled motor moves the optical pick-up unit from centre to the outer edge of the disc on sliding rods, d Some players have a pick-up motor that travels In a radial or semicl fashion. (1) Tray, Loading, (Carriage) Motor : é * The tray or loading motor, also called the carriage motor, moves th tray in and out for loading and unloading the disc.cD Player pn. Som. Ai and Video Enginwing 215 = ji) Slide, Sled, Feed Motor : In most players, this process is activated with a push button, (push to open when tray is close and push to close when the tray is open) on the front panel. Usually, @ plastic tray is driven by a plastic gear box next to the tray assembly. This same gear assembly might operate another large plastic gear to raises and lowers the disc clamper assembly. : When the tray is out for loading, the clamper assembly raises. As the tray is closing, the clamper provides spring-loaded pressure on the CD, holding it in position. The tray of loading motor is controlled by a loading driver IC or transistors and a signal from the system control IC processor. The slide, sled, or feed motor moves the optical pick-up assembly across the disc from the inside to the outside rim of the CD, keeping the objective lens constantly in line with the centre of the optical axis or track (Fig. 2.10 (a)). The motor is gear-driven to a rotating gear that moves the optical pick-up unit down two lide, Sled, Feed Motor sliding bars. In some players, the |_Fig- 2.10 (a) : feed motor moves the laser pick-up assembly in an arc or radial direction across the CD. The slide motor may have a fast forward and fast backward mode operation. The slide or feed motor moves the laser pick-up assembly from the centre to the outside rim of the CD, and is controlled with either a transistor or IC driven circuit. A phase correction signal from the signal IC and a control signal from the control or servo system processor IC is used to control this motor. When the object lens moves toward the edge of the disc, while tracking the tracks under tracking servo control, the DC voltage at the tracking drive Cutput gradually increases, Fast forwarding and fast rewinding of the slide Motor can be used by switching for smoother accessing. The slide feed signal driving the slide motor is obtained by driving only the fe components from the tracking activator (TAC) signal through a low-pass ilter, Whenever the DC average of the TAC signal exceeds the predetermined level or when the operating position of the object lens deviates from the centre axis by a predetermined value or more, the slide feed motor signal = the feed motor and pick-up assembly back to its center axis position in. During high-speed access such as a program search, the feed servo signal is Suboff, and a large drive voltage goes to the slide motor so the pick-up “sembly can be moved at high speed.mn, V) Audio. and Video Engineering 216 ‘ty ) Spindle, Disc, Turntable Motor + + The spindle motor star rotate after the disc has be loaded. (Fig. 2.10 (b))+ + A small platform that Is mounted on the turntable motor nly bonding to n Progaure insortion shaft spins the CD at a variable speed. The disc starts at approximately 500 RPM and Spine slows down to approximately 200 RPM as the laser pick-up — assembly moves towards the | 2.10 + Spindle, Di: outer edge of the CD. eo aba nae a Turntable Motor «The spindle, turntable or disc motor circuit consists of transistor or 1 components within the drive motor circuit. + The spindle motor drive components is controlled by a PLL and ser processor circuits. * The CLV (Constant Linear Velocity) motor circuit might be controlled dire! from one large processor IC, * As shown in Fig. 2.10, in a CD player, the spindle motor is aligned to obte* @ height of 12.5 mm + 0.1 mm from the surface of mechanical base top- 2.8.4 Gear System QUESTIONS f 1. Explain the function of gear system in CD player. ene | 2.__ State the use of gear system for CD mechanism, ea ; Mainly the gears are used t ‘0 constant to cover the constant distance, oe ee fe % For example, Tray, loadin 2 open bution Br CO a oading Motor is Used to load the CD on tray. When Ne oo ra\ : speed and covers corte Atay comes out of CD. The motor rotates with cont istance, To vary the speed of motor then more than one gears are tet a ) The numbers of DC motor grooves are on gear diameter of gear also depends on speed type of motor used, Worm gear ‘The gear system shown in Fig, 2.14e: Thi ~ Cancel : This button cai : n be us Srpfercgram stored inane ee ith the select button to cancel or remove 2.12 FRONT-LOADPLAYERCONTROLS | ‘After looking at the controls k | \ d “¢ on a typi rols provided on a typical front-load Mine: gets ee Track number Time Repes : sat Sensor Rei Open cgse’“inscalor “eaur iaeaek indlcator Sensor | eS: | | | Power ON/OFF a ee oe | = Seed FRIFB Pause Play Stop/clear FF Program number buttons Fig. 2.14 : Controls on a Typical Front-loading CD Player e front-load type of CD players can also be used as a standalone unit, or this @ fixed at any location in a music system. The mechanism of the front load type of CD player is very complex compared to pload type of CD players. These players contains a elaborate combination of ; pulley, gears etc. to load the CD into the player. | front load type of CD players an open/close button provided on the front ‘is used to open the CD tray/drawer. Once the CD is placed in the tray, the n/close switch can be pressed once ‘again to close the tray and to pull the CD le the player. i i ed power is supplied to the CD player and all the Le ee pressing of will turn-off the power his button once again a lose = e the power switch is turned-on, the open/close button can be pressed to the jage assembly. 4 7 i i the player, after placing essing of this key will move the CD carriage out from the Player ee this button once again to pull b >on the carriage, press e sembly, r. thout the power 0! it is operated by a motor. Motor of the disc holder can d et inte thig abit of pushing the disc cor Ose button provided for this purpose. a, one cannot open of close the disc holder a i e, but, slightly pushing the carrieat oe age to lose it, always use theem. V) Audlo and Video Engineering an : lems in the mechanism Frequent pushing of carriage to close it may create problems the CD player. Play: Play button can be Pressing of the play b continues till the last tr Pause : laying operati e playing operation Pressing of the pause button can be used to suspend the P temporarily. but the readin During the pause, the motor keeps on rotating ee 9 mechanisms stays at the same place and the sound outpu' The play button can be used to resume the play. Stop/Clear : isc stops spinning, an When the stop/clear button is pressed the play stop, the disc stops spinning, a the pick-up will return to the starting of the disc, i.e. at the i also clear any program in the memory of the CD player. Program: * The CD player can be programmed to play the tracks on Se ee a eee order than the normal serial order, by selecting the required track and pressing the program button. FF/FB or FF/FR: The FF (Fast Forward) and FR (Fast Reverse) or FB (Fast Back) key can be used to quickly reverse or forward the playing of the current track. Call: e CD placed in the player, Pressed to play all the tracks on ons from the track 1 and utton will start the playing of the rack Is reached, This button when pressed will indicate the programmed numbers that are to be played next. Repeat: This button can be pressed to rey Pressing of this key will also turn the Track Number Indicator : When a new CD is first loaded in the Player, this track number indicator shows the total number of the tracks ‘on the CD, During normal play operation it shows the track number currently being playe! by the CD player, During the programming it shows the track number selected for programming: Time Counter : ___The time counter shows the total Playing time of the disc, when a disc is ft time loaded into the player, Peat the play of the CD being currently played. repeat LED on. =a 2.13 REMOTE CONTROL OPERATION (TRANSMITTER UNIT) - eM QUESTION Draw CD player remote and label all controls, |noe 27 sen hud ideo Engnaaing t eR, a av the rotational speed of the LP record playor 4 in CI stays constant, 1v device such as VCD player the rotational spead af the dine player tn ai g with the movement of the reading mechanism in OF out on the dise surtace, _ ; i speed fs changed to maintain a Constant Linear Velocity (ct v) Te ethod allows the VCD to pack mora Inform ation on the oute mi Retort y areas of the cared to the Inner areas. This gives the VCD 50 to 100 times more storage aise ° vompared to the LP record, ons 2.17 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF vcp PLAYER | I CAST AONE QUESTIONS | 4. Draw the block diagram of VCD playor, ARI CT) | fig. 2.16 shows the block dlagram of VCD player. The function of each black Is as ollows : Digital Signal Reproduction : The signal on the disc Is stored as digital data in the form of 1's and 0's, The | dgital 1 is stored as start or end of the pit on the disc surface and the 0 Is stored as rochange in the current position of the pit of flat surface, The digital signal Is converted into smooth analog signal by various circuits inside the VCD player, + Decoding VCD : During the decoding, the digital data on the disc surface Is read by the decoding Greuit and is covered into the analog signal, [+ Optical Pick-up : 4s we know, the digital signals stored on CD surface as plts and flat areas are ‘rst pick-up by the optical pick-up made of lense assembly, prism, photo detectors ‘and laser diode assembly in optical pick-up unit, * High frequency amplifier : pm signal Is very weak so it is amplified by a high-frequency RF amplifier circuit tring the signal to Proper level, EFM Demodulator : ‘anal @2Modulator separates the modulated data and the timing signal from the ‘al at its input. tay it removes the extra coupling bits and convert the 14-bit EFM to actual 8-bit vealed signal from high frequency amplifier Is given to the clock on circuit and to synchronizing and detecting and timing circuit. ~*Situits are used to recover the bit clock and sync pattern from data. fan Cl a e timin “alg veo nse Separates the timing circuit which Is used to provide timing er, ba2.78 [1D Sem vp ane re eo En moni ven player 1 ‘Syne. detection S43: and 218 MHz crystal sens open assomb¥ Ty =) Prcte | regenerator diode ay” Clock signal to ICs EFM demodulator] DIA converter! DIA. converter’ Tumtable Diaplay motor RE panel servo-amp. |. slgna : modulator!" SSput Block diagram of a VCD player Fig. 2.16 : Block Diagram of VCD Player « ERCO Circuit: Demodulated date from (ERCO) circuit. This demodulated date signal is also send to control and display decoding ‘that recovers the control and display signals received from CD. ERCO circuit is also used for error detection and correct + Interpolation and Muting : the EFM demodulator send to the error correction kay error found in incoming data signal is send to interpolation and muting circuit by the ERCO circuit. This Circuit corrects the error found in data stream read from disc. + CLV Using Clock Signal : e 0 Tne ERCO 1, ‘eee on also maintains Constant Linear Velocity (CLV) of For this, the ERCO circuit compares the clock signal derived fro s the in pf pares the clock si ‘The process makes the v + De-interleaving : CD player to maintain constant linear velocitY: ‘The signal from the ERCO contain the audio signal in the interleved forme This signal is de-intert : leaved the original sequence of the feormanent Sen . omits rest"¥.Dip. Sem. V) Audio and Video Engineering 2-2 ____ GD Player Digital filter and De-multiplexer : the de-interleaved signal is then send to digital filter and de-multiplexer, where tis filtered and separated into video data and left and right channel audio data. , Oversampling : During digital filtering, oversampling method is used to remove the problem of aliasing noise and quantization error, |. D/AConveter: I | The output of the digital filter and de-multiplexer circuit is send to 2 D/A converter. The separate converts are used for video signal and right and left channel audio rocessing. This converters convert the 16-bit digital signal into the original analog signal. + Audio and Video Amplifier : The analog output from the D/A conveter is passed through sample/hold circuit \d low-pass filter circuit to provide smooth analog signal output. This analog signal is then fed to a video amplifier and stereo audio amplifier.3,1. Introduction to TV 2. Concept and explanation of following : 3.2.1, Aspect Ratio (a) 3.2.2. Image Continuity 3.2.3. Scanning 3.2.4 Causes of Flicker in Sequential Scanning 3.2.5. Interlaced Scanning 3.2.6 Scanning Periods 3.2.7 Resolution ~ Vertical = Horizontal Vestigial sideband transmission Comparison with SSB ond AM ~ Advantages ~ Disadvantages 33.1 Bandwidth of Colour Signal 3.3.2 Colour Characteristics 33.3 Compa Colour Theory 341 Subtractive Colour Mixing 3.4.2 Additive Colour Mi 3.4.3 Grassman‘s Law 34.4 Features of Additive Mixing 34.5, Comparison between Additive and Subtractive Colour Mixing Composite Video Signal Re 1 Horizontal Sync Composition Details 5.2. Vertical Syne Details @-1)‘TV Fundamentals tem and was standardized as the ‘National Television Systems Committee, (NTSC), rr UNE eee Eine (PAL) was developed by Germany. In India, the PAL colour TV system is used, In today’s World television is d It has wide application applications. lominating the home entertainment industries, In science, education, industry and military ' long distance communication, distance communication, The word ‘Television’ consists of two Greek words ‘Tele! and ‘Vision’. Tele means ‘At distance’ and ‘Vision' 7 '. Thus, television means ‘seeing at a distance’. 'Doordar: "is hindi islation of ‘Television’, In television the variations in (brightness) and colour could be converted into electric; signal) by photosensitive material (camera tube) at id the electrical signals reconverted into brightness ai lly designed cathode ray tube called picture tube at the the light intensity al variations (video the transmitter ani nd colour by special receiver, comes in reality. * Scanning and persistance of vision : An electrical variation c transmission, if it varies converted into time deper Process of ‘scanning’ and When eye sees light, light source is remove: The process of ex Succession is calle: an be transmitted through a single channel of with time, So the brightness and colour is to be ndent phenomenon. This is accomplished by the the property of ‘persistance of vision’ of the eye, it continues to see it around 60 milliseconds after the 'd. This property of eye is called persistance of vision, Ploring a video picture image point by point in quick d scanning. The total time of scanning a picture is only 40 msec. in CCIR-B standard. Thus, whole picture, being explored point by Point, appears to be one integrated picture to eye. The individual elements Te not visible on screen due to persistance of vision, ‘re elements or (pixels) : 'Sht from a ortion of a “Te element! Piet tiny 4 Picture is converted into video signal by the scanning process. The Picture that can be covered by the spot of scanning beam is called a or pixel,| al ee TV Eure, {1.Y. Dn Bon, Y) Ano an VMN lower a ‘a i In 444, the number of plxels op, Aw width to height ratio (he. aspect ratio) Is 4s mal’ (Ihes hortzontal scanning line will be 4/3 times the pixels on A verticn! ner Tala ya pleluras umber of pixels netivated on the serean reproduce 4 | © Active lines + The actual lines which reproduce pixels active fines equal to the total scanning the blanking | 3.2 CONCEPT AND EXPLANATION » are called ‘Active lines’, The number wi mninus the tines fost during vertieg, | QUESTIONS: | 1. Dotine (i) Axpect ratio, () Scanning, (i) Image continuity, (UVTEASHOAET) C7, WEE ALE AE Definition + The width to height ratio of TV screen Is called aspect ratlo, It ls fixed at 4: 3 (Le. width = 4 and height = 3) for the following | reasons. | 1, Subjective test have Indicated that best viewing comfort, panoramic effect | and artistic appreciation are obtained when picture has a rectanguldt format, 2. The binocular vision due to the palr of eyes Is In the horlzontal plane 2 | the range of movement of both the eye balls belng more In horizontal plane than In vertical plane, 3. The region of maximum resolution at the centre of the retina has sre" area long the width than height, Aspect ratio = Width Wo 4 Height = 1 = 3 P= Viewing distance = 6 tot limes height di eeTV Funda ert 2.2 Image Continuity] even though the picture information is transmitted {i Fon of continuity due to a phenome ne by line, we get non called ‘persistence of vision’ of “juan eYe- ision i persistence of vision is a property of the retina of - jmpression produced on the retina will persist for 1/16" rg within the short interval of persistence of vision, _pesented to the eye, eye will see all images without human eye that any of a second. a series of images are break is called image 3.2.3 Scanning F (s-07) + Scanning is a process similar to the reading the written information on a page, starting at top left and processing line by line downwards to the end at the bottom right. + Complete picture is not instantaneously read-off, it takes a finite small time. + The scanning is also done line-by-line, horizontally from left to right at 2 fast rate and vertically from top to bottom at a slower rate. + Atelevision picture cannot be transmitted as one complete Picture frame as done in motion picture. + In motion picture the projector enables the complete picture to be projected on cinema screen by optical means. In television transmission the principle of scanning is used. Scanning is a process by means of which the optical image of the ised scene falling on the target plate of the camera is broken into series rizontal lines by an electron beam (shown in Fig. 3.2). Path scanning Retum path electron beam (trace)(LYsbip. Sem. v) Auto and Vileo Engineering a6 3,2, scanning Is done line-b © Asshown In Fla. 1 scanning. js called sequential {As the electron beam sweeps acro Hight Intensities and Is accordingly converted different. amplitudes. (Bright spot > Maximun Minimum current). «In this way, current pulses are produced which corresponds In time sequence to bright and dark areas of the televised picture as they are scanned by the electron beam. ‘This electrical signal ts called video signal, In the TV recelver the same Process of scanning Is repeated to form the on the fluorescent screen. picture tube produced by horizontal and a uniformly lit rectangular area called raster ithout picture is called raster). 66a tine It falls over portions of different | into electrical currents of m current and Dark spot + picture Electron beam in the vertical scanning forms (ie. only lightened screen wi «The scene Is scanned rapidly both in the horizontal and vertical directions simultaneously to provide sufficient number of complete pictures or frames per second to give the illusion of continuous motions. Horizontal Scanning + «Fig, 3.2 shows the trace and retrace of sever ‘The linear rise of current in the horizontal line deflection coils (Fig. 3.3) deflects the beam across the screen with a continuous, uniform motion for the trace from left to right. al horizontal lines. Trace —> Information Retrace—> No information Raster of Trace Relrace 625 li ines. Trace period one cyclo Rerrace of deflection current Se lection Coils Pro ing Linear canning in Horizontal Direction eerie decreas “ Fig. 3.3: f 19: 3.3 : Waveform of Current in Horizontal Def + At the peak of I Its rise, saw rapidly to its initial value. tooth wave reverses direction and flyback. This fast reversal produces the retrace yy-line from 1 to 625" line so It"eS retrace back to the left edge + In Fig. 3.3, heavy lines indicate useful Scanning time and dashed lines corresponds to the retrace time, vertical Scanning : + The sawtooth current in the moves the electron beam fro while the electron beam produces complete horizont: top-to-bottom. vertical deflectioi mM top-to- Is being ‘al lines of Nn coils shown in Fig. 3.4 (a) bottom of the raster at uniform speed deflected horizontally. Thus, bear ne below other while moving from Linear vertical trace Trace | One cycle of Period w vertical defiection current Retrace y period ¥ (c) Current waveform in vertical deflection cells Fig. 3.4 : Vertical Scanning - SAG Shown in Fig, 3.4 (c), the trace part of the sawtooth wave Sa venting deflects the beam from top to bottom of the raster. Vertical retrace returns the beam to top. Pong ee that maximum amplitude of vertical sweep current bring 5 «tM of the raster), i. conn in Fig. 3.4 (b), during the vertical patrace) ie Tetuynes and several lines gets scanned during ha * © top to restart the whole process. zontal scanning riod i.e. beamWe { ee un Vp Audio and Video Engineering 3 scanning cycle’and fe ' is picked-up during the next the Wihyy | ee imes to cause an illusion of continuity, is repeated 25 t QUESTIONS 4. Explain ficker effect in TLV. - a In motion pictures the picture repetition rate is 24 pictures per second, © That of scanning 25 frames per second In television pictures is enough 1, cause an illusion of continuity, they are not rapid enough to allow the brightness of one picture or frame to blend smoothly into the Next through the time when the screen is blanked between successive frames, This results in definite flicker of light that is very annoying to the _ observer when the screen becomes alternately bright and dark (Flicker means ON/OFF of light). ‘This problem is solved in motion pictures by showing each picture twice, so that 48 views of the scene are shown per second although there are still the same 24 pictures frames per second. But actually in television pictures an effective rate of 50 vertical scans pe" ‘second is utilized to reduce the flicker. For this special scanning known as “interlaced scanning’ is used. 3.2.5 Interlaced Scanning ' ' QUESTIONS \ . Sepia intertaced scanning used in TV transmission, a i ibe interlaced ‘Scanning used in TV. r Desert . What 2 3. What do. you understand by int ae eae terlack rae juce he bandwidth ofthe video signal €d scanning ? Explain how it will help to red 4. Explain the concept of iyp Auli Heo Engineering ag asoonhuie 7 0 In the 625 line TV system, a Z __IV Fundamentals, for successful interlaced scanning, © divided into sets of 312.5 tines a the entire picture area, the 625 lines nd each set is scanned alternately to covei nition ¢ Bigining of —> 1 1 field End of ' "field —* End of inciple of Interlaced Scanning Tinciple of Interlaced Scanning Wote that retrace lines are o1 mitted for clarity). regan NM this, the horizontal sweep oscillator 1s made to work at @ ine SMEY OF 15625 Hz (Le. 312.5 x 50 = 15625) to scan the number of {i ii Per frame, but the vertical sweep circuit is run at a frequency of 50 Hz 5x2 = 50 tz), N ne ‘at since the beam is now deflected from top to bottom in half the and lings gv NOPZontal oscillator still operating at 15625 Hz, only half the total (We, 312.5) get scanned during each vertical sweep.* idle of second ld starts mile ag 3.5) the beam is able t re down word journey+ te of 15625 tlnes per | icker effect Ie Whndonentts te z : of horizontal trace from left to right is greater than during q 1m right to left. bbeam fs at the end of the left side ready to scan line 3, lost line gets scanned half when the vertical }om of raster. *AMPRInG oF ines is accomplished by doubling the vertical scanning 2n rate of 25 to the field frequency 50 Hz, sec Teauency of 50 He the height of the raster hee ser gt ‘Set scanned and beam reaches point + Powthe retrace starts and takes » perina ‘equal to 20 horizontal line Ineteg fS,EE8CH the top marked er see te fines are known Inactive tines, as the scanning bean Is cut-off during this period. + Thus, the secong Fans at the middle of the raster and the first line Scanned 's the 2" haf of ine numbered 31, + The Scanning of ‘second field, starting at the ‘middle of the screen during he ny gehables the beam to scan akemete ee Oh unscanned during the frst + Vertical seanning lines slope downwards i again get scanned and janing sequen es sme ee Ie again begins and brings the beam back to in a period during which 20 blanked hor Felds ar net. at point '® the scanning beam has just cope dee TeiGs oF one frame and is ready to start the third ld covering coe * TU Process of scanning field is continued at a fast rate of 50 teen @ probtarn nich not only creates an ilusion of continuity but also solves se Problem of flicker satisfactorily, Advantages of Interlaced Scanning : 1. It reduces the video BW because the total number of lines seenned/see. remains unchanged, 312.5 to 605 mem 2 fold = 312.5 tes ‘one frame or picture = 625 ines ing Procedure. Fig. 3.6: Interlaced Scanning Proce’ 2. It also avoids the problem of ker since scanning rate is doubled 0 ‘ve. 50 frames/sec, + As shown in Fig. 3.6. cores os ‘+The lines are numbered in the sequence in whicl scanned, 2 s scanné + Daring the first vertical trace actually 292.5 lines are rm velocity starts at A, sly to the , 615625 = 64 ps. * Ai the end ofthis trace, the beam retraces rapidly to the ™ Nominal duration of one horizontal line is 108/15625 = 64 us. nc frame, shown by dotted I Bie Of 64 Us, active tine period is S2 ps and remaining 42 psi the line Dlanking period, t 1&6 slope downwards in ite ipod because vertical deflecting current simultaneous) a ‘Scanning motion which is very slow compared to horiz i —ry 008 naan vertical resolution (V) efinition ¢ ‘The ability of the scanning system to vertical direction is known as vertical re vertical resolution Is a function of scannin divided in the vertical plane, ‘The maximum number of dark and white the human eye in the vertical the number of horizontal lines i Wve picture details in ines Into which the picture is lements which can be resolved by 2 screen hich picture is sp ‘Thus, vertical resolution can be expressed as, od: yee get at SO Hz, the nominal dating Mt cps (1/50 = 20") eo 18.720 ms are spent in bringing the bean y serra top to start the next cle. ome os blanked nes. pcs be of a, iy = 625-40 «Thus; the effective numberof ines dnt riod gt duced ty the fal factor Vertical resolution, v= Mek ve = 565+ 069 {Horizontal Resolution : Definition : horint® ability of the scanning system to resolve the picture details in the Hertontal direction is known as horizontal resolution. * While aiming at equal vertical and horizontal re same factors the effective number o ‘Segments (N) that get scanned in one horizon N= Nyx Aspect Ratio x K 3.2.7 Resolution] ns and assuming the te black and white QUESTIONS smatitalrescluion and horizontal resolution. andy vertal and horizontal resolution in TVs" 4 1 scanning = 5855x069 Th . 9 and repre pe 0" ‘own a8 resolution of syetenncten of the finest details of N =538SPOL USL doy i, i) smitted supprescing cy alternate transmit 9 can anges a, iwe ote @ values, In TV transmission, the video cage lack ade “, otal BY vill be 10 Hz age changes 9et Generated In a ting | zaman ine 1 the horizontal Pet | : m8 he Tan att, only USB and part of LSB = Ate pert Preach heron jy | sideband (VSB) Transmission b Number of cycles, Reasons for not sending only 52x 10% why part of LSB used), = 2239 — seconds the elie changes to be nearly sinusoidal the fey Lower he ‘is frequency shows the maximum video bandwidth, 3.3 VESTIGIAL SIDEBAND TRANSMISSION ‘QUESTIONS + Epentte etveapes of VSB transmission in TV system, nave jon, where al PICU seamen sb eis reat transenitted which is called y {s VSB Transmission 7 sys aS if we apply LSB and Use, frequency contain bright 4.25 Mite le Teal cham with — i Patt 8 Picwocaner cscs a since both sidebands contains the 1 1 same in (5 transmitted, 'y one sideband (USB) Is as follow ness level art of LSB, Hence, vestigial SB transmission is adopted. brightness level), eto only one sideband is and reduce bandh, double sk 58 and part of LSB Is band, the is called Vestigiat (or of scene and secondly it is impractical to design filter having sharp response," “ear 269 In order to save low frequency, = Bx 1g = 5 MHz with very sharp response or st we should use fiters ‘ior tie ‘Se osteo |e } iE Fuuse 025 Gear 50 ES hae 440 55 width using Vestiial Lower Sideband 388 VSB ‘one Fall USB and part of 138, 10 MH SNH 7M Not used because | Not used because | Used because of gre rot contain lower | reduces bandwidth ‘bandwidth ol large numberof requirement. eee Intermediate Teri Spectrum of AM Frequency Large319 Vistblo spoctrum ~~ aE Radio waves Infrared ray’ Ullravollot —X- aN a valet Xt Conmigray * ‘ 10 10° Froquency (Hz) | wavolangt (meter | 3x10 ax tos «10-7 3x to — gx ige Red, Orange, Yellow, Groon, Blue, Indigo, Vollet Fig. 3.12 : Spectrum of EM Waves As shown above, entire range is from 105 to 1025 Hz. It is divided into sections radio waves, infra-red waves, ultra-violet rays, x-rays and cosmic rays. Each frequency or wavelength is invisible range (lies between infra-red and raviolet frequency) produces a visible effect on the human eye and when all the wvelength from visible spectrum reach human eye, eye sees white light. wee Colour Theory : + All light sensations to the eye are divided into three main groups. + The optic nerve system separates different colour to perceive the actual colour of the object. + This forms the basis of colour TV. For example, a yellow colour can be sense by eye when the red and green groups of the cones are excited at the same time. lixing of Colours : (S-04) Mixing of colours can take place in two ways + (2) Subtractive Mixing (b) Additive Mixing 3.4.1 Subtractive Mixing 1 subtractive mixing, reflecting properties of pigments are used, which °rb all wavelength but for their characteristic colour wavelengths. * When pigments of two or more colours are mixed, they reflect wavelength Which are common to both. Since the pigments are not quite saturated (i.e. pure in colour) they reflect 3 fairly wide band of wavelengths. This type of mixing takes place in painting and colour printing. abs a4 _____ TV Fundamontalsana video Engineer | | (white = blue ~ re | white Light | 3: subtractive colour Ml ing Under White 's of subtractive colour mixin: Fig. 3-13 shows the proces: effect of mixing colour. sometimes they prepa! ‘of White colour they add some prop proportion the software Is available. btracted so that appears Blue. re the selected colour Diagram shows the jortion of we go to paint shoP, For example, if alue, then in 1 kg shed. ie. if we want Green, and Red so it forms Blue. For this Se that from 1 kg of White, Green and Red is su! «primary colours are called “Subtractive primaries’. 1 Any of these colours can be produced by subtractin hrough a colour filter as, Yellow = White — Blue Magneta = White — Green Cyan = White - Red Black g from white ight its complementary colour t 0 Cyan + Magenta + Yellow 3.4.2 Additive Mixing oc QUESTION | nor ty | 1. Name the 4 ‘primary colours’ p TV system. lours’ and the ‘complementary colours’ of coon oe In additive mixi ‘ing which colours obtained ei forms the basi 5 is ; of Eaitbined pares iter from independent s of colour TY, light from 9 "are? ion of a different colour. one or through filters, an » Thus, dif re 3 ferent colours 2! ie mixing pure col ‘ lours and not is used i t by is used in TV, Y Subtracting parts from white, So that additiveyp.SamV) Auto and Video Enginooring dip. Sam.) — adaitive mixture of the three tions can create any colour, rin TV system as basic colours, st The additive mixing of throe Primary colours — red adjustable Intensities can create Most of the colours o ———__. ___1V Fundamentals, primary colours red, green and blue with proper Hence, they are called additive primaries and ) green and blue In Ncounted in every day + The Impression of white light can also be created by selecting suitable Intensities of these colours, Example : 1% blue. + Red, green and blue are called Primary colours, + These are used as basic colours in Ty, + By pairwise additive mixing of White light can be Produced by mixing 30% red, 59% green and the primary colours the following complementary colours are Produced ; Red + Green + Blue = White Red + Green Yellow Red + Blue Magenta (Purpulish Red) Green + Blue _= Cyan (Greenish Blue) Red 30% (Green + Blue) — Fig. 3.14 : Additive Mixing The important property of primary colours is that no two primary colours ‘an be combined to produce third primary colour ~ 3.4.3 Features of Additive Mixing —— QUESTION ‘ag ltaes of adie colour mining, Why Ris usin eaburTV7 0 soi pete ly to get resultant colour. : ieee SUES aEEDCeRSES can create most of the colours ‘Ountered in every day life. ene,(L¥.0ip. Sem. ¥) Ausio and Vktoo Engineering (i (iv) Different colours are created by mh Why i: ii) The impre! intensities of these colours. itis used in TV? a2 TV Fundamentay jon of the white light can also be created by selecting suitabig xing pure colours thus used In Ty, Light from two or more colours obtained either from Independent sources or through colours. Thus, different colours are created by mixing pure colours and not 3.4.4 Compare between Adi ing of Colours QUESTIONS Compare between additive mixing and subtractive mixing of colours. 9 parts from white, hence additive mixing Is used in TV. ¢ Mixing and Subtractive: | nea a Additive Colour Mixing Subtractive Colour Mixing 1. Additive mixing of three primary In subtracting mixing, reflecting colours red, green and blue with properties of pigments are used proper proportions can create any which absorb all wavelengths but colour. for their characteristics colour wavelengths. 2. Refer Fig. 3.14. Refer Fig. 3.13. 3. Different colours are created by Different colours created by mixing pure colours hence used in subtracting parts from white so not Nv. suitable for TV. 4. For example, For example, Red + Blue = Magneta (i) White - Green = Magneta Red + Green = Yellow (ii) White - Blue = Yellow Green + Blue = Cyan. (iil) White - Red = Cyan 5. Additives primaries are Red, Green, Blue. Subtractive primaries are Magnet, Yellow, Cyan. 1 2. 3. 3.4.5 Grassman's Law| QUESTIONS State and explain Grassman's law for subtractive mixing. Grassman's Law for additive mixing colour mixing colour TV. State Grassman's Law of colour theory. Define tint and brightness. TSA) (W-05, S-06, S.07, S-08, W-08, eeegiana Video nant 3:3 ‘ 2 not able to distinguish each of the colours that are mixed to form TV Fundamentals qhe oe ead perceives only resultant colour, but ins catar™ sample, yellow can be produced by mixing 30% of red and $9% of green. pore a wr erceives new colour depending on the algebraic sum of red, green tight fluxes. This forms the basis of colour signal generation sng ble Grassman's Law’, a white has been seen to produced by adding red, green and blue lights, she intensity of each colour may be varied, This enables simple rules of addition and subtraction, Note that : As additive mixing of the tree primary colours produces white, their subtractive mixing results in black. 3.5 COMPOSITE VIDEO SIGNAL QUESTIONS 1. Draw composite video signal and label it, 2 Explain composite video signal with its waveforms. cy) 5 Draw the neat labelled sketch of composite video signal. Explain the function of the following parts in it. eo (Horizontal blanking pulse (Vertical synchronizing pulse (i) Vertical synchronizing pulse (wv) Equalising pulse. Inmonechrome TV, the composite video signal consists of - 7 7 2 m®* signal corresponding to light intensity in the picture, ; blanking pulses to make retrace invisible. * ¥fchronising Pulses to keep scanning at receiver in synchronous with "ansmitting end, cr : ' Mepuse otal irchronizing pulse is sent at the end of each line period, vertical jn, COI ys lour fay 2 3.15 Needed after each field of scanning. Ne to ™ she video signal has additional information about colours and Fig, 'Yachronize colour reception. 'ehbacy StS composite Video signal for three lines having different brightness Vie, Nt White picture. Signa Signal Varies between certain amplitude limits. The ein *hitenes, N picture information being transmitted corresponds to Peak 4.8 Teferred to as peak white level, nee Blak ite level is fixed at 12.5 percent of maximum value of signa “Velis fixed at 72 percent Sync pulses are added at 75 percent. ; i i| (LL Dip, Senn. Y) Audio anil Video Hnghienslng DM a WF tig . Piclute Information may vary between 10 parcant to about 75 composite video signal depending on relative brightness of 10 percent ie hot ined to avold nolse affect, * The electrical signal formed by scanning the pleture image is Called yy Blonal, Ide, Definition t ‘The video signal containing the horizontal and vertical syne ang blanyy pulses Is called as Composite Video signal, Ig Yanan Pecan Mlctire, (gy. + Lov On vg dation = O18 On 4 Hora, Syn, "100 Blk ae 17 04 | 8 jo2 Bink 69] i toval } 7 oafh eel 02 a0) Ploture dotalls, Composite video signal (percent of max} s Fig. 3.18 : Composite Video Signal ue Pedestal height Is the distance between the pedestal level and average oe (dc level) of the video signal, This indicates average brightness since it mee how much the average value differs trom black level, The output signal from TV camera is of very small amplitude. H amplified by multistage high gain amplifiers, Syne and blanking pulses @ It ond then signal Is clipped at propar value to form pedestal, rei Pedestal helght determines brightness of scene. Large Pedest Tse makes picture brighter and vice versa, Operator who observes the plete!’ Aadjunt levol for desired brightness by adding de component to ac signal Blanking pulses : + — The composite video si line Invisible, ences “4 re ade ce Ke re anal contains blanking pulses to"| Au poe ig done by Increasing the signal amplitude gf ‘ re during retrace period, lo yiosnd Video Enginooring, 325 ——____Wiundantats slo Ightly more than the black composite video signal contains horizontal and vertical blanking pulses, gepettion rate of horizontal blanking pulses Per frame Is 15625 Hz (line frequency)+ vertical blanking pulse frequency Is 50 Hz (fleld frequency), sync pulses are having amplitude in upper 25 Percent of v| ‘ surst Signal : (Need of Colour Burst Signal) em a a QUESTIONS ae ‘ideo signal, a (4 lated signal (at transmitter), it is for demodulation of the colour | explain the need for colour burst signa | 2, list specifications of colour burst signal. 4._Why colour burst pulses are added in picture signal of colour Tv transmission 2 + The subcarrier is suppressed in the modu * Toensure this, short wave of 8 to 10 pulse called the colour burst is sent to the receiver along with the sync. signals, The colour subcarrier burst is tlaced or gated onto the back porch of the blanking pulse of the composite video signal, Hesync Front pon 8-10 burst cycle cl Black porch 5.8 ms : th ——_ Fig. 3.16 : Burst Signal on * burst signal acts as Pilot carrier, (CS Signal in conjuns pnt to lock the 4 58 Of the colour si ‘ctlon with the phase comparator circuit in the receiver ‘Ocal sub-carrier oscillator to frequency as well as the ato ub-carrier at the transmitter, 1 Hun °F Colour Burst Signal © er Of cles = 1 eat 8 to 10, ‘ = In horizontal sync pulse at back porch. cation ‘Wratioy "* (Back porch) = 5.8 As. hs, = (8, "sin = 47(L.¥.Dip. Som. V) Audio and Video ee ' ‘ion Det. 3.5.1 Horizontal Syne Compositio ails Front porch Back porch —> | f (blanked) (blanked) f Picture space t on | the raster | 100| Front al Back porch | =45us | = 58 us ef 2 Horz. blanking a pulse = 12ys é < 20) 12.5} dl Horz. deflection ‘sawtooth Retrace ends Blanking ends Fig. 3.17: i Reed Horz Line and Sync Details Compared to ‘ontal Deflection Sawtooth and Picture Space on the Raster a =. = i horizontal blanking period and sync pulse detalls: 7 alge va eoreas horizontal scanning lines is indicated bY" 9 During this interval fanaa of 64 us, the line blanking period Siete issn ne synchronizing pulse Is inserted co are tony omesPending to aiferentated leading edges of te 7 to synchronize the horizontal scanning oscilla"i 3-27 video Engineering TV Fundamentals i jine blanking period is divided into three sections. These are : e i Front porch. (il) Line sync pulse, ci) Baek Porehs | gront pore # ne i i () Fis a brief cushioning period of 1.5 us inserted between the end of ae details for that time and leading edge of the line sync pulse, ge Pe nis interval allows the receiver video circult to settle down from whatever picture voltage level exists at the end of the picture line to the blanking level before the sync pulse occurs. ijuine syne Pulse ¢ fer the front porch of blanking, horizontal retrace is produced when the sync pulse starts. + The nominal time duration for the line sync pulse is 4.7 us, + During this period the beam on the raster completes its retrace and arrives at extreme left end of the raster. iiBack porch : This period of 5.8 1s permits time for the horizontal time-base circuit to tere direction of current to start the scanning of next line. * As stated earlier colour burst in colour TV is carried during back-porch interval. Horizontal sync specifications Period Time (us) Total line (H) 64 us Horiz blanking (Retrace) 12 ys Horiz sync pulse 4.7 us Front porch 1.5 ys Back porch | 5.8us | 3.5.2 Vertical Sync Pulse Details (eR) The bagi is is shee 2SI vertical sync pulse added at the end of both even and odd field "in Fig. 3.48, Wide | syne pulse in Oder st” MAS to be kept much larger than the horizontal sy! to i i igger the field sweep %iilatgy “TE @ suitable pulse at the receiver to trigge(L¥. Dip. Sem. V) Audio and Video Englnoering, 3:28 TV Fung + The standard specifies that the vertical sync period should be y, 3 3 times the horizontal line period. + In the 625 line system, 2.5 line period 1.8, 2.5 x 64 HS = 160 1s has 5. allocated for the vertical sync pulses. End of second (even) field (—— Baginning of first (odd) flold 623 ks 625 | nes, ita ard hon mand 3.5 to 17 <~18-» | Vertical pulse TL ke Interval —>| | { Vertical blanking Interval aus (a) | End of first field —>'¢—— Beginning of first (odd) field | jer 311 312 sss) Lines, 1, 2. and 3rd E | Hole hel l4——1 st half —+k 31.6 to. 330 —+feanrl j¢—— 2.5 H——»} (160 ps) [eae line period = (20 x 64 ys = 1280 ae | 1 Pre-equalzing pulses | (b) mi ee ., eee at sae | n ! “Trigger level "dential vertical (no time error) sync bulltup E (¢) (identical) eae Sync Volta ge B: