DIAGNOSTIC TEST 4 Name: …………………

A. LISTENING (50 pts)

Part 1: You will hear a conversation between a Scottish student called John and a Finish student called Pirkko
about the Tampere Student Games in Finland. For questions 1-5, complete the notes below. Write NO MORE
THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer in the corresponding numbered boxes.
Tampere Student Games
- Dates of the games: (1) ______________
- Cost of taking part (2) ______________ euros per day each
- Entry fee includes competition entrance, meals and (3) ______________
- Hotel (4) ______________ has a special rate during the games
- Hotel is close to (5) ______________
- Website address: www.sellgames.com
Part 2. Listen and complete the sentences below. Write no more than three words for each answer.
1. Governments have been mistaken to ...................... slums.
2. There is often a lack of .................... concerning housing projects.
3. Housing policies which are based on principles of .................... are particularly effective.
4. Some ......................... should always be provided by governments.
5. Migrants will only ........................ in housing if they feel secure.
6. Governments often underestimate the importance of ...................... to housing projects.
7. The availability of ..................... is the starting point for successful housing development.
8. Urbanisation can have a positive effect on the ......................... of individuals.
9. The population size of cities enables a range of ........................... to occur.
10. City living tends to raise the level of .................................... to occur.
Part 3. You will hear an extract from a radio programme and decide whether the statements are true or false.
1………….. Mrs Kent is worried about the weather in the near future.
2. ………… According to Tom Sheridan, people don’t talk about the weather any more.
3. ………... Paul Spenser does the production of a cookery programme.
4. ………… Jane thinks that students should be given free books.
5. …………. An elderly listener doesn’t think young people should have to pay in the discos.
B. PHONETICS
I. Find the word that has its underlined part pronounced differently from the three in each question.
1. A. tough B. plough C. enough D. cough
2. A. transfer B. station C. cable D. stable
3. A. exaggerate B. exist C. anxiety D. complexion
4. A. little B. whistle C. gentle D. battle
5. A. adventure B. addict C. adjective D. advent
II. Find the word with the stress pattern different from that of the other three words.
6. A. context B. conference C. confidence D. consolidate
7. A. product B. postpone C. purpose D. postcard
8. A. element B. elephant C. elegant D. elaborate
9. A. conceal B. contour C. consul D. contraband
10. A. computer B. competent C. compatriot D. museum
C. LEXICO - GRAMMAR (40pts)
Part 1. Choose the word or phrase that best fits each blank in the following sentences. (20pts)
1. The police say they have some important clues ____ the murderer.
A. on B. about C. to D. in
2. Camels have either one hump or two humps. The Arabian camel has one hump. The Bactrian camel, ___ has
two humps.
A. nevertheless B. however C. therefore D. otherwise
3. I’ll be with all of you in ____ hour.
A. a quarter of an B. one quarter of an C. a quarter of one D. a quarter of
4. ____ any other politician would have given way to this sort of pressure years ago.
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 A. Really B. Practically C. Actually D. Utterly
5. Private printing was simply a means ____ he could increase his income.
A. whereupon B. whereby C. wherewithal D. whereabout
6. Buying shares in this company is as safe as ____. There’s no way you can lose your money.
A. houses B. a bank C. gold bars D. a vault
7. I’m sorry to have bothered you. I was under the ____ that you wanted me to call you.
A. mistake B. miscalculation C. misconception D. misapprehension
8. When he examined the gun, the detective’s suspicion turned into ____.
A. certainty B. confirmation C. reality D. conclusion
9. The management are making ____ to increase the company’s efficiency.
A. measures B. steps C. moves D. deeds
10. Tim: “Will you come for a walk with me?” Mary: “____”.
A. No, I won’t, thanks B. No, I shan’t, thanks
C. No, I’d prefer not, thanks D. No, I’d prefer not to, thank you
11. Kate: “It seems to me that spring is the most beautiful time of the year.”
Tony: “____! It’s really lovely!”
A. You’re exactly right B. You could be right C. You are wrong D. I couldn’t agree less
12. She said that she would be punctual for the opening speech, ____ she were late?
A. but what if B. how about C. and what about D. so if
13. In a money-oriented society, the average individual cares little about solving ____ problem.
A. any other B. any other’s C. anyone else’s D. anyone’s else
14. Would you please leave us details of your address ____ forwarding any of your mail to come?
A. for the purpose of B. as a consequence of C. for the sake of D. by means of
15. ____ of the Chairman, the Executive Director will be responsible for chairing the meeting.
A. For the absence B. On the absence C. In the absence D. To the absence
16. ____ we went swimming.
A. Being a hot day, B. It was a hot day, C. The day being hot, D. Due to a hot day,
17. The web of the common house spider is an ingenious trap that catches small insects.
A. simple B. useful C. fragile D. clever
18. For most male spiders courtship is a perilous procedure, for they may be eaten by females.
A. complicated B. peculiar C. dangerous D. ordinary
19. These two essays are word ____ word the same.
A. for B. from C. with D. in
20. “What time is it ____ your watch?”
A. at B. with C. by D. from
Part 2. There is one mistake among the four underlined parts in the following sentences. Find and correct
them.
1. The bus was plenty of (A) people who had spent many a happy hour (B) in the stores doing (C) their (D)
Christmas shopping.
2. Weather (A) and geography (B) conditions may determine the type (C) of transportation used (D) in a region.
3. When you talk to (A) the old man, please remember to speak out (B) as (C) he's hard (D) of hearing.
4. The old and the new (A) in transportation also contrast (B) sharply (C) in Middle East. (D)
5. The ocean probably (A) distinguishes the earth from (B) other planets of the solar system, for (C) scientists
believe that large bodies of water are not existing (D) on the other planets.
6. Geothermal energy (A) is energy to obtain (B) by using (C) heat from the Earth’s (D) interior.
7. In general (A) the only kinds of cells that (B) cannot replace itself (C) are nerve (D) cells.
8. Historians believe that (A) some forms (B) of advertising (C) must be as old as barter (D) and trade
9. Many television (A) newscasters make the public an eyewitness (B) to the news by means of (C) on- the- spot,
alive reports. (D)
10. Dams are used to control flooding(A), provide water for irrigation (B) and generating (C) electricity for the
surrounding area. (D)
1. ………. -> …………. 2. ………. -> …………. 3. ………. -> …………. 4. ………. -> ………….
5. ………. -> …………. 6. ………. -> …………. 7. ………. -> …………. 8. ………. -> ………….
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9. ………. -> …………. 10. ………. -> ………….
Part 3. Complete the following passage with the correct forms of the words given
On the question of corporal punishment
We live in civilized times, or so we keep telling ourselves. Yet, the increasing level of
(1.DISCIPLINE)_____________behaviour and violence in schools has led a number of teachers to start
demanding the reinstatement of an archaic and, to most of us (2. HUMANE) _____________law. They feel that
the present laws regarding punishment in schools are (3. ADEQUATE) _____________to deal with adolescent
students who are constantly (4. OBEY) _____________, leaving teachers feeling exposed and (5. PROTECT)
_____________. As a result, a group of teachers have petitioned the Government to (6. CONSIDER)
_____________the question of permitting corporal punishment in schools.
Although this has caused some (7. AGREE) _____________and debate among Government officials, the Minister
for Education remains (8. FLEXIBLE) _____________on the matter.
In a moving speech, he started that a return to the age of beatings with the cane would be totally (9. ACCEPT)
_____________, going against the UN convention on the rights of the child. The problem of (10. ORDER)
_____________behaviour should be dealt with in other ways, since it has been proved that treating violence with
violence does not work.
Part 4. Match a VERB in column A with its PARTICLE in B and fill in the blanks in the following sentences
appropriately. Pay attention to the form of the VERBS. There are some verbs and particles you can use more
than ONCE.
VERBS PARTICLES
set break run get tell up away over down for
stand make pass come off across out out of
1. She ________ from a serious sickness recently.
2. We must ________ early on Sunday morning to avoid the traffic.
3. I was ________ by the teacher because I hadn’t done my home work.
4. I ________ milk yesterday. Please have some tea instead.
5. His car ________ on the way to the airport so he was late for his flight.
6. I couldn’t ________ what he had talked about because I was not used to his accent.
7. Brendan and Linda ________ two months ago, but they still talk to each other.
8. Everybody was upset when the old lady ________, she used to be a very nice woman.
9. Those three letters are an abbreviation. They ________ something.
10. I ________ an old school friend of mine when I was traveling in Canada.
Part 5. Choose the word or phrase (A, B, C or D) that is OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined part in
each of the following sentences.
1. This is new washing machine is not a patch on our old one. These clothes are still dirty.
A. to be expensive B. to be broken C. to be strange D. to be better
2. His career advancement was slow and he did not gain any promotion until he was 40, when he won the
position of the company’s Chief Executive.
A. elevation B. rise C. decrease D. progress
3. Both universities speak highly of the development of the strategic partnership in all fields.
A. express disapproval of B. voice opinion on C. resolve a conflict over D. find favor with
Part 6. Choose the word or phrase (A, B, C or D) that is CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined part in
each of the following sentences.
1. Sheila rings her boy friend every day; she must be running up a huge phone bill.
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A. saving up B. owing to C. being a debtor D. having to pay
2. Before the crisis, most people had plenty of crash to spend, but now they have had to tighten their belt.
A. spend less money B. to keep fit C. to deposit money D. to lose weight
3. Japan's indigenous religion is Shinto, which has its roots in the animistic beliefs of the ancient Japanese.
A. native B. first C. original D. beginning
Part 7. Think of ONE word that fits the THREE gaps in the sentences below.
1. ____________
1. Although access to its website is free, there's a small ______ if you want to receive the company's monthly
newsletter.
2. Simon decided to take ______ of his own financial affairs at the relatively early age of seventeen.
3. Derek is in _______ of the office whilst his manager is on maternity leave.
2. _____________
She's a woman without fear, with a ________ of her own, who says what she thinks.
He didn't ________ that other people thought him odd.
If you want to carry on with what you were doing, please don't ________ me.
3. _____________
1. When groups of visitors come to the television studios, guides ______ them round the set of the popular soap
opera.
2. Any inaccuracies in the data will ______ up when the graphs are produced on screen.
3. The success of perfumes bearing the name of top models really does _____ how influential celebrities can be.
4. _____________
The ________ thing about him is that he never eats in the evening
She takes the ________ day off work.
We've got a few ________ jobs to do this weekend.
5. _____________
1. Although initially regarded only as a soap opera star, Emily has _______ the respect of the critics for her
recent film roles.
2. For young singers, there is nothing to be _______ from over-exposure in the media at an early stage of their
career.
3. The former model is reported to have _______ a lot of weight since her retirement.
D. READING COMPREHENSION (60pts)
Part 1: Read the passage below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. Write your answer
in the numbered boxes. (10 pts)
In Europe, Midsummer Night's Eve, also known as St John's Eve, occurs on June 23rd. It originates from
the pagan celebrations of the summer solstice which were held on June 21st. On that night throughout Europe
bonfires were lit along hillsides to (1)_____ the shortest night of the year. It must have looked as if some kind of
violent insurrection was taking place down the coast of Scotland and England, but these signal fires in fact had a
very important purpose. Bones of farm animals (2)_____ the previous autumn were burned and, when the fires
had (3)_____, the remaining ash was put to good use: it was spread on the fields to enrich the land and ensure a
good harvest. The word 'bonfire' is (4)_____ from 'bone fire'.
In Brazil too St John's Eve means bonfires and fireworks. Another quaint tradition involves the (5)_____ of
small paper hot-air balloons, although they are prohibited by law in the cities because of the fire (6)_____.
Bonfires mark the beginning of spring rather than the summer in Sweden and are lit on the last night of April. In
the Swedish Midsummer's Eve (7)_____, held on June 24th, a large pole, decorated with flowers and leaves, is
placed in the ground.
Thistles also have a significant role in the celebration of Midsummer's Night in Europe. In the past they
were thought to (8)_____ witches. The pretty, prickly plant was nailed over barn doors and used in wreaths, the
circular shape being a symbol of the turning of the seasons. Wheels laced with straw and soaked in pitch were lit
from the bonfires and then rolled down hills.
There is less risk of fire in a (9)_____ tradition to many Slavic countries. Young women and girls float
little baskets of flowers and lighted candles down streams. Local boys swim out to (10)_____ a basket, find the
girl it belongs to and claim a dance at the town's Midsummer's Eve Party.
1. A. celebrate B. honour C. commemorate D. commiserate
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 2. A. revised B. assassinated C. slaughtered D. sacrificed
3. A. doused B. extinguished C. smothered D. gone out
4. A. derived B. developed C. evolved D. decayed
5. A. landing B. launching C. propelling D. ejecting
6. A. certainty B. peril C. jeopardy D. hazard
7. A. tradition B. custom C. ceremony D. practice
8. A. deflect B. ward off C. attract D. avert
9. A. unique B. common C. mutual D. prevalent
10. A. salvage B. rescue C. set free D. liberate
Part 2. Read the following text and fill in the blank with ONE suitable word. Write your answers in
corresponding numbered boxes. (10 pts)
The origin of language
The truth (0).___is __ nobody really knows how the language first began. Did we all start talking at around
the same time 1._______ of the manner in which our brains had begun to develop?
Although there is a lack of clear evidence, people have come up with various theories about the origins of
language. One recent theory is that human beings have evolved in 2._______ a way that we are programmed for
language from the moment of birth. In 3.________ words, language came about as a result of an evolutionary
change in our brains at some stage.
Language 4._________ well be programmed into the brain but, 5._________ this, people still need stimulus from
others around them. From studies, we know that 6. ________ children are isolated 7.________ human contact
and have not learnt to construct sentences before they are ten, it is doubtful they will ever do 8._________. This
research shows, if 9. __________ else, that language is a social activity, not something invented
10._________isolation.
Part 3. Read the passage and choose the best answer to each of the questions. (10 pts)
How I found my true voice
As an interpreter, Suzanne Glass could speak only for others – but the work provided terrific material for her
first novel.
‘No, no, no! You’ve got to get away from this or you’re going to lose it.’ The voice reverberating in
my head was my own. I was at an international conference. My throat was killing me and my headphones
were pinching. I had just been interpreting a speaker whose last words had been: ‘We must take very
seriously the standardization of the length of cucumbers and the size of tomatoes.’ You can’t afford to
have your own thoughts when you’re interpreting simultaneously, so, of course, I missed the speaker’s
next sentence and lost his train of thought. Sitting in a darkened booth at the back of a huge conference hall, I
was thrown. Fortunately, my colleague grabbed my microphone and took over.
This high-output work was not quite the dream profession I had hoped for. Although I had fun with it in the
beginning – occasionally being among the first to hear of medical and political breakthroughs would be
exciting for any 25-year-old –I realized that this was a job in which I would never be able to find my own voice.
I had always known that words would be my life in one form or another. My mother thought she’d given birth
to an alien when I began to talk at the age of seven months. That momentous day, she had placed my
playpen in the hallway and gone into the bedroom. In imitation of the words she had repeated to me again and
again, I apparently called out towards the bedroom door: ‘I see you. I see you.’ I was already in training for
a career as a professional parrot.
But how mistaken I was to think that international interpreting would be glamorous. The speaker rarely stops
to think that there’s someone at the back of the room, listening to his words, absorbing their meaning, and
converting them into another language at the same time. Often I was confronted with a droner, a whisperer
or a mumbler through my headphones. The mumblers were the worst. Most of the time, an interpreter is thought
of as a machine – a funnel, a conduit, which, I suppose, is precisely what we are. Sometimes, when those we are
translating for hear us cough or sneeze, or turn round and look at us behind the smoky glass of the booth, I think
they’re surprised to see that we’re actually alive.
Ironically, part of the secret of interpreting is non-verbal communication. You have to sense when your partner
is tired, and offer to take over. At the same time, you have to be careful not to cut him short and hog the
microphone. Interpreters can be a bit like actors: they like to show off. You do develop friendships when you’re

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working in such close proximity, but there’s a huge amount of competitiveness among interpreters. They check
on each other and sometimes even count each other’s mistranslations.
Translating other people’s ideas prevented me from feeling involved and creative as an interpreter. Actually,
you can’t be a creative interpreter. It’s a contradiction in terms. Sometimes, when I disagreed with a speaker, I
wanted to rip off my headphones, jump up and run out of the booth, shouting: ‘Rubbish. Rubbish. You’re
talking a lot of nonsense, and this is what I think about it.’ Instead, I had to sit there and regurgitate opinions in
violent contradiction with my own. Sometimes, I’d get my revenge by playing games with the speaker’s tone
of voice. If he was being serious, I’d make him sound jocular. If he was being light-hearted, I’d make him sound
earnest.
Eventually, I wanted to find a career where my own words would matter and where my own voice would
be heard. So, to redress the balance, I decided to write a novel. While I was writing it, I did go back and interpret
at a few conferences to get inside the head of Dominique, my main character. At first, I was a little rusty
and a couple of the delegates turned round to glare at me, but after twenty minutes, I was back into it, playing
that old game of mental gymnastics. Interpreting is like learning to turn somersaults: you never forget how to do
it. But for me, sitting in the booth had a ghost-like quality to it – as though I had gone back into a past life - a life
that belonged to the time before I found my own voice.
1. In the first paragraph, the writer says she discovered that_______.
A. there were some subjects she had no interest in dealing with.
B. the standard of her work as an interpreter was getting lower.
C. her mind was wandering when she should have been doing her job.
D. she could no longer understand subjects she had previously covered.
2. What does the writer say about being an interpreter in the second paragraph ?
A. It was the kind of job her parents had always expected her to do.
B. It turned out to be more challenging than she had anticipated.
C. It was what she had wanted to be ever since she was a small child.
D. It gave her access to important information before other people.
3. What does the writer say about speakers she interpreted for ?
A. Some of them had a tendency to get irritated with interpreters.
B. She particularly disliked those she struggled to hear properly.
C. They usually had the wrong idea about the function of interpreters.
D. Some of them made little attempt to use their own language correctly.
4. The writer says that relationships between interpreters_______.
A. can make it difficult for interpreters to do their jobs well.
B. are affected by interpreters’ desires to prove how good they are.
C. usually start well but end in arguments.
D. are based on secret resentments.
5. The writer says that when she disagreed with speakers, she would sometimes_______.
A. mistranslate small parts of what they said.
B. make it clear from her tone of voice that she did not agree.
C. exaggerate their point of view.
D. give the impression that they did not really mean what they said.
6. The writer says that when she returned to interpreting, _______.
A. she did not start off very well.
B. she briefly wished she had not given it up.
C. she thought that two of the delegates recognized her.
D. she changed her ideas about the main character in her novel.
7. What is the writer’s main point in the article as a whole ?
A. It is not always a good idea to go into a profession because it looks glamorous.
B. Most interpreters eventually become disillusioned with the work.
C. Being an interpreter did not allow her to satisfy her need to be creative.
D. Most interpreters would actually like to do something more creative.
8. Which is the closest in meaning to momentous in ‘That momentous day’?
A. unimportant B. historic C. momentary D. hard
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9. Which is the closest in meaning to ‘to glare’?
A. to glower B. to caress C. despise D. wonder
10. Which is the closest in meaning to ‘simultaneously’?
A. all again B. all at once C. once and for all D. once too often
Part 4. Read the following passage and do the tasks that follow. (20 pts)
THE PROBLEM OF SCARCE RESOURCES
Section A. The problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned, so that they are
distributed in both the most just and most efficient way, is not a new one. Every health system in an economically
developed society is faced with the need to decide (either formally or informally) what proportion of the
community’s total resources should be spent on health-care; how resources are to be apportioned; what diseases
and disabilities and which forms of treatment are to be given priority; which members of the community are to
be given special consideration in respect of their health needs; and which forms of treatment are the most cost-
effective.
Section B. What is new is that, from the 1950s onwards, there have been certain general changes in outlook about
the finitude of resources as a whole and of health-care resources in particular, as well as more specific changes
regarding the clientele of health-care resources and the cost to the community of those resources. Thus, in the
1950s and 1960s, there emerged an awareness in Western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel
energy were finite and exhaustible and that the capacity of nature or the environment to sustain economic
development and population was also finite. In other words, we became aware of the obvious fact that there were
‘limits to growth’. The new consciousness that there were also severe limits to health-care resources was part of
this general revelation of the obvious. Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health
systems that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War, it was assumed
without question that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle; the
‘invisible hand’ of economic progress would provide.
Section C. However, at exactly the same time as this new realization of the finite character of health-care
resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have
a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life. Like education, political and legal
processes and institutions, public order, communication, transport and money supply, health-care came to be seen
as one of the fundamental social facilities necessary for people to exercise their other rights as autonomous human
beings. People are not in a position to exercise personal liberty and to be self-determining if they are poverty-
stricken, or deprived of basic education, or do not live within a context of law and order. In the same way, basic
health-care is a condition of the exercise of autonomy.
Section D. Although the language of ‘rights’ sometimes leads to confusion, by the late 1970s it was recognized
in most societies that people have a right to health-care (though there has been considerable resistance in the
United Sates to the idea that there is a formal right to health-care). It is also accepted that this right generates an
obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public purse.
The state has no obligation to provide a health-care system itself, but to ensure that such a system is provided. Put
another way, basic health-care is now recognized as a ‘public good’, rather than a ‘private good’ that one is
expected to buy for oneself. As the 1976 declaration of the World Health Organisation put it: ‘The enjoyment of
the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction
of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition’. As has just been remarked, in a liberal society
basic health is seen as one of the indispensable conditions for the exercise of personal autonomy.
Section E. Just at the time when it became obvious that health-care resources could not possibly meet the demands
being made upon them, people were demanding that their fundamental right to health-care be satisfied by the
state. The second set of more specific changes that have led to the present concern about the distribution of health-
care resources stems from the dramatic rise in health costs in most OECD countries, accompanied by large-scale
demographic and social changes which have meant, to take one example, that elderly people are now major (and
relatively very expensive) consumers of health-care resources. Thus in OECD countries as a whole, health costs
increased from 3.8% of GDP in 1960 to 7% of GDP in 1980, and it has been predicted that the proportion of
health costs to GDP will continue to increase. (In the US the current figure is about 12% of GDP, and in Australia
about 7.8% of GDP.)
As a consequence, during the 1980s a kind of doomsday scenario (analogous to similar doomsday extrapolations
about energy needs and fossil fuels or about population increases) was projected by health administrators,
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economists and politicians. In this scenario, ever-rising health costs were matched against static or declining
resources.
Notes:
- OECD: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
- GDP: Gross Domestic Products
Questions 1-5: (10pts)
Choose the correct heading for the five sections A-E of the Reading Passage from the list of headings below.
List of Headings
i The connection between health-care and other human rights
ii The development of market-based health systems.
iii The role of the state in health-care
iv A problem shared by every economically developed country
v The impact of recent change
vi The views of the medical establishment
vii The end of an illusion
viii Sustainable economic development
1. Section A: …………… 2. Section B: …………… 3. Section C: ……………
4. Section D: …………… 5. Section E: ……………
Questions 6-10: (10 pts)
Do the following statements agree with the view of the writer in the Reading Passage?
Write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
6. ………… Personal liberty and independence have never been regarded as directly linked to health-care.
7. ………… Health-care came to be seen as a right at about the same time that the limits of health-care
resources became evident.
8. ………… In OECD countries population changes have had an impact on health-care costs in recent years.
9. ………… OECD governments have consistently underestimated the level of health-care provision needed.
10. ………… In most economically developed countries the elderly will to make special provision for their
health-care in the future.
Section 5. You are going to read four different opinions from leading scientists about the future of fuel. For
questions 1-10, choose from the writers A-D. The writers may be chosen more than once. (10 pts)
A. Howard Bloom, Author
Even though most people are convinced that peak oil has already passed, to me, peak oil is just a hypothesis.
There is a theory that carbon molecules can be found in interstellar gas clouds, comets and in space ice, and if
this is the case, our planet could ooze oil for ever. And even if we stay earthbound, those who say we have raped
the planet of all its resources are wrong. There's a huge stock of raw materials we haven't yet learned to use. There
are bacteria two miles beneath our feet which can turn solid granite into food. If bacteria can do it, surely we
creatures with brains can do it better. As far as the near future of energy is concerned, I believe the most promising
alternative fuels are biofuels, such as ethanol. It's an alcohol made from waste products such as the bark of trees,
woodchips, and other 'waste materials'. And that's not the only waste that can create energy. My friend in the
biomass industry is perfecting an energy-generation plant which can run on human waste. We produce that in
vast quantities, and it's already gathered in centralised locations.
B. Michael Lardelli, Lecturer in Genetics at The University of Adelaide
Nothing exists on this planet without energy. It enables flowers and people to grow and we need it to mine
minerals, extract oil or cut wood and then to process these into finished goods. So the most fundamental definition
of money is as a mechanism to allow the exchange and allocation of different forms of energy. Recently, people
have been using more energy than ever before. Until 2005 it was possible to expand our energy use to meet this
demand. However, since 2005 oil supply has been in decline, and at the same time, and as a direct result of this,
the world's economy has been unable to expand, leading to global recession. With the world's energy and the
profitability of energy production in decline at the same time, the net energy available to support activities other
than energy procurement will decrease. We could increase energy production by diverting a large proportion of
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 our remaining oil energy into building nuclear power stations and investing in renewable forms of energy.
However, this is very unlikely to happen in democratic nations, because it would require huge, voluntary
reductions in living standards. Consequently, the world economy will continue to contract as oil production
declines. With energy in decline, it will be impossible for everyone in the world to become wealthier. One person's
increased wealth can only come at the expense of another person's worsened poverty.
C. Jeroen van der Veer, chief executive of Royal Dutch Shell
People are understandably worried about a future of growing energy shortages, rising prices and international
conflict for supplies. These fears are not without foundation. With continued economic growth, the world's energy
needs could increase by 50% in the next 25 years. However, I do not believe that the world is running out of
energy. Fossil fuels will be able to meet growing demand for a long time in the future. Taking unconventional
resources into account, we are not even close to peak oil. The priority for oil companies is to improve efficiency,
by increasing the amount of oil recovered from reservoirs. At present, just over a third is recovered. We can also
improve the technology to control reservoir processes and improve oil flow. However, these projects are costly,
complex and technically demanding, and they depend on experienced people, so it is essential to encourage young
people to take up a technical career in the energy industry. Meanwhile, alternative forms of energy need to be
made economically viable. International energy companies have the capability, the experience and the
commercial drive to work towards solving the energy problem so they will play a key role. But it is not as simple
as merely making scientific advances and developing new tools; the challenge is to deliver the technology to
people worldwide. Companies will need to share knowledge and use their ideas effectively.
D. Craig Severance, blogger
What will it take to end our oil addiction? It's time we moved on to something else. Not only are world oil supplies
running out, but what oil is still left is proving very dirty to obtain. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill occurred
precisely because the easy-to-obtain oil is already tapped. If we don't kick oil now, we will see more disasters as
oil companies move to the Arctic offshore and clear more forests. The cheap petroleum is gone; from now on, we
will pay steadily more and more for our oil - not just in dollars, but in the biological systems that sustain life on
this planet. The only solution is to get on with what we will have to do anyway - end our dependence on it! There
are many instances in which oil need not be used at all. Heat and electricity can be produced in a multitude of
other ways, such as solar power or natural gas. The biggest challenge is the oil that is used in transportation. That
doesn't mean the transportation of goods worldwide, it's the day-to-day moving around of people. It means we
have to change what we drive. The good news is that it's possible. There are a wide range of fuel efficient cars on
offer, and the number of all-electric plug-in cars is set to increase. For long distance travel and freight, the solution
to this is to look to rail. An electrified railway would not be reliant upon oil, but could be powered by solar,
geothermal, hydro, and wind sources. There is a long way to go, but actions we take now to kick our oil addiction
can help us adapt to a world of shrinking oil supplies.
Which writer:
believes that from now on, less oil is available 1. …………..
believes there are ways to obtain energy that we have not yet discovered believes that 2. …………..
people need to be attracted to working in the energy industry 3. …………..
sees a great potential in natural fuels 4. …………..
believes that future oil recovery will lead to more environmental disasters believes the 5. …………..
fuel crisis will cause the poor to become poorer 6. …………..
believes that better technology can help to maintain oil production levels 7. …………..
believes there may be sources of oil outside our planet 8. …………..
thinks that oil companies are responsible for developing other types of energy 9. …………..
recognises that inventions that can help to prevent an energy crisis are already available 10. …………

D. WRITING (40 pts)

Part 1. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the one printed before
it. Write your answers in the space provided. (10 points)
1. They believe that Oliver failed his exam because he was nervous.
--> Oliver’s failure ________________________________________________________
2. The inhabitants were far worse-off twenty years ago than they are now.
--> The inhabitants are nowhere _____________________________________________
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3. If you don't know the art market, there's a risk you will spend a lot of money on rubbish.
--> If you don't know the art market, you are _____________________________________
4. Whatever the methods used to obtain the result, drugs were definitely not involved.
->There was no question_________ ___________________________________________
5. Those terrapins which survive their first year may live to be twenty.
-> Should ________________________________________________________________
Part 2. Rewrite the sentences below in such a way that their meanings stay the same. You must use the words
in capital without changing their forms. Write your answers in the space provided (5 points)
6. Every student will get good marks to express their gratitude towards teachers. (lengths)
_____________________________________________________________
7 I am determined to become a teacher of maths. (heart)
_______________________________________________________________
8 Some of the patients taken to the hospital have got an infectious disease. (diagnosed)
______________________________________________________________
9 This contract is as important and confidential as that one. (equally)
______________________________________________________________
10 He has called the meeting in order to raise money for the latest storm. (purpose)
_____________________________________________________________

_____ THE END____

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