ENGINEERING MATHEMATIC: unit 1. Matrices Characteristic equation - igenvalue and Eigenvectors of a real matrix- Properties - Cayley-Hamilton theorem (excluding proof) - Orthogonal transformation of a symmetric matrix to diagonal form - Quadratic form - Reduction of quadratic form to canonical form by orthogonal trasnsformation, # 14.0 INTRODUCTION — Arthur Cayley (1821 - 1895) a great French mathematician discovered matrices in the year 1860. Nowadays matrices have becn found to be of great utility in many branches of applied mathematics such as Algebraic and differential equations, theory of electrical circuits, nuclear physics, mechanics, aero dynamics and astronomy. [Matrix methods are very easy, to write many computer application programs,] © 1.0.1 Matrix : A system of mn numbers (clements) arranged in a rectangular arrangement along m rows and n columns and bounded by the brackets [ ] or ( ) is called an m by m matrix, Which is written as m X matrix, ay ay ay ayy a2 aap ay Aan Aer fe a 7 a1 a Gin amy 2 Gn Here A is a matrix of order mn. It has m rows and n columns, Each of the mn numbers is called an clement of the matrix, The matrix A is denoted by [a,j] The aj;'s are real or complex numbers. They are the matrix. lcd the clements of Scanned with CamScanner12 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS © 1.0.2 Order of a matrix The order of a matrix is denoted by the number of its rows and columns, 1.0.3 Row matrix A matrix having a single row is called a row matrix. eg, (1-13 Shxa @ 1.0.4 Column matrix ‘A matrix having a single column is called a column matrix, 0 eg, |1 2 3x1 Note : Row and column matrices are sometimes called row vectors and column vectors. @ 1.0.5 Square matrix A matrix having n rows and n columns is called a square matrix of order n. 3 2 en a= lf | :B=|4 5 6 2x2 7 8 Olay, Note : The diagonal of the matrix B containing the elements 1, 5, 9 is called the leading or principle diagonal. The sum of the diagonal clements of a square matrix A is called the trace of A. @ 1.0.6 Null or zero matrix In a matrix if all the clements are zero then that matrix is called a null or zero matrix and is denoted by 0. 0 0 ce [ | 0 axe 1.0.7 Diagonal matrix In a square matrix all the clements except elements in the main diagonal are zeros, then the matrix is called a diagonal matrix. 10 0 cg,A = ]0 2 0 0. 0nd wats Scanned with CamScannerMATRICES 4s @ 1.0.8 Scalar matrix A square matrix in wl hich all the elements of its leading diagonal arc equal and the other elements are zeros, is called a scalar matrix, 2 0,0) eg, A= [0 2 9 0 0 2 3x3 @ 1.0.9 Unit matrix (or) Identity matrix A diagonal matrix of order n which has unity for all its diagonal clements, 's called a unit matrix or an identity matrix of order n and is denoted by fi. ag eg,ts= |0 1 0 0 1 9 3x3 © 1.0.10 Upper triangular matrix A square matrix in which all the clements below the leading diagonal are zeros, is called upper triangular matrix, ¢ e Jax3 eg, A= Ses oA @ 1.0.11 Lower triangular matrix A square matrix in which all the elements above the leading diagonal are zero is called a lower triangular matrix. iec0 + 0 eg, B= |2 3 0 Bing 5 3x3 1.0.12 Transpose of a matrix ‘The matrix got from any given matrix A, by interchanging its rows and columns is called the transpose of A and denoted by A’ or A‘. 1 4 -f 23 ha cea = [i i | ,AM= 42 a 2x3 Bae Scanned with CamScanner14 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS, ® 1.0.13 Symmetric matrix A square matrix A = [a] is said to be symmetric when aij = aj; for all i and j. ic, (i) clement = Gi)!" clement. Condition : A matrix A is symmetric, if A = AT ah gl | lah g eg, A= |h bf) AT S'la Bf gs fe Bi fi ve Here A = AT, Hence A is a symmetric matrix. @ 1.0.14 Skew symmetric matrix. A square matrix A = [aj] is said to be skew symmetric when ay = aj for all i and j. Condition : A matrix A is said to be skew symmetric if A = —A?. O63 2) ; ig Pages) eg,A=|-3 0 5 =|-3 0 5 2 5 0 2 -5 0 Here A = —A™, Hence A is a skew symmetric matrix. @ 1.0.15 Singular matrix A square matrix A is said to be singular if the determinant value of A is zero. ie, If |A] = 0 then A is said to be a singular matrix. If |A| # 0 then A is said to be a non-singular matrix, 1.0.16 Inverse of a matrix or Reciprocal matrix. If A is non-singular matrix vay adj A is defined to be the reciprocal of the matrix A or the Inverse of the matrix A. It is denoted by A7!. 1 at lal adj. A It can be shown that AAT? = ATA = 1 Scanned with CamScannerMATRICES 15 Note : If A and B are two matrices such that AB = BA = I then A and B are the inverse of each other, ie, AT = Band Bo = A ab 3 1 fa ~~» A= the pe wna daemon ech [t ‘Also, Av} = Sofactor of AT Tal > IAL = 0 r _ (cofactor of A)T (or) AT = jal > IAL #0 @ 1.0.17 Equality of matrices Two matrices A and B are said to equal if and only if @ they are of the same order and (ii) each element of A is equal to the corresponding clement of B. ® 1.0.18 Addition and subtraction of matrices. If A, B be two matrices of the same’ order, then their sum A + B is defined as the matrix each element of which is the sum of the corresponding clements of A and B, a by cy dy aytey by td, Thus A+ B= far be} + |e. dl = Jater by +dy a3 by ey dy a3 +3 by +dy _ [a ei) _ fa a]. fa-q oy-a A Bes ia ba} ~ Jen dh] ~ |ag—cp bad Note : Only matrices of the same order can be added or subtracted, # 1.0.19 Multiplication of matrix by a scalar. The product of a matrix A by a scalar k is a matrix whose cach element is K times the corresponding clements of A. fay by] _ kay oy Think (i: = fe kbp Scanned with CamScanner© 1.0.20 Multiplication of matrices abe multiplied only when the number of columns iq ‘Two matrices ca y yws.in the second. the first is equal to the number of ro aq bh ey 2 bo ¢ eg, | bs = Ah ieee se et 82] sea) ay Ps Fans faye tf tes ez + byfa + C182 age, + bof +081 A2la + bala + cabo aye, + Bf +6381 yea + bala + Cae ages + byfy + cas Mata + bela + Cake], # 1.0.21 Power of a matrix If A be a square matrix, then the product A.A is defined as A2, Similarly we define higher powers of A. if A? = A then the matrix A is called idempotent. # 1.0.22 Linearly dependent sets of vectors. The vectors x2 Xm are said to be linearly’dependent if scalars AyyAs, «Ay (not. all zero) exist, such that Apt + Agta tos + Apt = 0 Otherwise the m vectors are said to be linearly independent. ie., every relation Ayy + Agr, +... +Am%m = 0 zh H Oa 1.0.23 Linear combination of vectors A vector as a linear combination of vectors 2yXp) oy Yq if x can be expressed in the form xs Apy tage to + Angtin Scanned with CamScannerMATRICES. 17 Note 1 : If m vectors are linearly dependent atleast one of them may be expressed as a lincar combination of the others, Note 2: The rows and columns of A will be lal = 0 early dependent, Note 2: The rows and columns of A will be linearly independent if jal #0. 1.1 CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION @ 1.1.(a) Characteristic equation Consider the linear transformation Y = AX In general, this transformation transforms a column vector bey ys P24; 2 me into another column vector Y = |?? tn Yn by means of the square matrix A where ay 12, Qn a en Am, ny on If a vector X is transformed into a scalar multiple of the same vector. ite, X is transformed into AX, then Y = AX = AX je, AX = AX = AIX, where I is the unit matrix of order ‘n’. AX - 2IX = 0 (A-ay x 411 412. Gin 1 “1 0 221 422 425 0 x2 0 -a =|. a1 tng Man] — [0 vm} [0 Mm-2 ay 1m] |X 0 ay yy A aq] [x2] _ Jo : : F Scanned with CamScanner18 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2 @y HA Hage to. Fainta = 0 ay X + (QQ — A) 2 + + ant Mogae Rh Rag AY NY ammarth, (2) Oqyx, + Onyx ts + Gana) ¥n = 0 This system of equations will have a non-trivial solution if lA - al] = 0 aa 2 . 1 ay 42-1 cory icy é s af : =0 ~~ 3) a, a, my ‘The equation |A~ al] = 0 or equation (3) is said to be the characteristic equation of the transformation or the characteristic. equation of the matrix A, Solving |A - Al] = 0, we get m roots for 4, these roots are called the characteristic roots (or) Eigenvalues or latent values of the matrix A. Corresponding to each value of A, the equation AX. = AX has a non-zero solution vector X. If X, be the non-zero vector satisfying AX = AX When 4 Ay X;, is said to be the latent vector or Bigenvector of a matrix A corresponding to A,. 1.1. (b) Characteristic polynomial ‘The determinant |A — I| when expanded will give a polynomial, which we call as characteristic polynomial of matrix A. # 1.1. (¢) Working Rule to find characteristic equation. Let A be any square matrix of order m then the characteristic equation of Ais |A- Al] = 0 For 3 x 3 matrix Method 1 4 2 a3 Let A = |ar ay, a3] be a 3X 3 matrix. ay ay a. mn 4 a3]. then the characteristic equation is |A = Al] = 0 Scanned with CamScannerMATRICES 19 Method 2 If A is a square matrix of order 3, then its characteristic equation can be written as S14? +S,A—S3 = 0 where 8, = sum of the main diagonal elements = ayy + a9 + a33 S, = sum of the minors of main diagonal elements 4x2 3 432 33 a a3 a3, 33 an. a2 21 29 + $3 = Determinant value of A = |A| 1 an 283 = |4r1 a2 aay 43143233 For 2.x 2 matrix Method 1 lay a L& A So PH - Oo be a 2X2 matrix then the characteristic a1 Bl equation is |A ~ Al] = 0 Method 2 If A is a square matrix of order 2, then its characteristic equation can be written as #P—S,A+S, = 0 where S, = Sum of the main diagonal elements = a, + a3 0 Determinant value of A = |A| = & PROBLEMS BASED ON CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION] Example 1.1.1. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix ( ). [A.U. May 2003] fl) Sol. Let A = ( 3} Scanned with CamScanner| aso ENGINEERING MATHEN, Ties Method 1 ‘The characteristic equation of A is |A - AI] = 0 le J-6 Se [sh a2al na Grd) =A). 0 = 0 (1-a)@-a) = 0 2-A-U4+P = 0 P-R+2 =0 The required characteristic equation is 47~31+2 = 0 Method 2 ‘The characteristic equation of A is #2-S)A+S, = 0 S, = Sum of the main diagonal elements = 1 + 2 = 3 S al |g 3] 2-0-2 equation is'2?—(3)A+2 = 0 ie, 2-342 =0 3-3 1 Example 1.1.2. Find the characteristic equation of | 3041 1 -S 2 -4 2-3 71 So Let A= | 3 1. 3 5 2 -4 Method 1 : The characteristic equation of A is |A - al] = 0 2-30 «1 1 0 0) 35 -4lo 1 0 a Dell al} 2-a 1 3 Ory + Ory —x3 = 0 Q) ex +x +23 = 0 Solving (1) and (2) we get *3 020 i" E Hence a corresponding Eigenvector is X, = |-1 0 Case @). If A = 2 then the equation (A) becomes -1 0 =1) fA 0 1 0 4] fel = Jo 2 2 4 |a5] fo yom = 070) xytx3 = 0 » 2x + 2x +35 = 0 » © We choose here (5) and (6) Since (4) and (5) are same. Oey +0n +x = 0 (©) 24 + 2x +23 = 0 Hence the corresponding Eigenvector 2] X= |-1 2 Scanned with CamScanner120 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS, Case (3) If A = 3 then the equation (A) becomes -2 0 =a] |* 0 1 -1 © 1] |m| = fo 25 ec der0] | 0 ie, -2ey + 0ty 33 = 0 = Ay xXy +x, = 0 w» 8) 2x, + 2x, + Ory = 0 «= 9) Solving (8) and (9) we get eis oo 0-2— 242 ae ae a 1 Hence the corresponding Eigenvector X3 = [- Result : 1. Eigenvalues of the given matrix A are 1, 2, 3 1 2. If A = 1 then the corresponding Figenvector X, = Fi 0 2 ILA = 2 then the corresponding Eigenvector Xp = [: 1 If A = 3 then the corresponding Eigenvector X3 = |: Example 123 Find the Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of the matrix a») ()) sou tet a= (5 | a Step 1. To find the characteristic equation : ‘The characteristic equation of the given matrix A is |A-al| =0 Scanned with CamScanner32 Engineering Mathematics ~j equation AX'= AX will possess only trivial solution X= 0. Since AX = MX isa system of homogeneous linear equations, if X is a solution, then kX is also a solution of it where k is non-zero scalar. Hence eigen vector corresponding to an eigen value is not unique. Example 2. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors sof the matrix ue =|0 2 0 102 Sol. The characteristic equation of A is| 4-2 |= a-a 3021 de; 0 2-2 0 0 240 2=2. ie, Q-2)'-@-2)=0 ie, 2-2) U-% G-A)=0 The eigen values of A are 1, 2, 3. ‘To get the eigen vectors, solve (A ~ Al) X= 0 when = 1, 2, 3. The eigen vectors are given by Q-A)x, +x3=0; 2-24-05 1+ 2— ayx=0 Case 1, When 2-= 1, the equations become, xy 4x205 205 41 +2320 Solving, x; = 1,2) =0,%)=-1 xX | : eae eigen vector comespending torA=1. Case 2. When 4.=2, the equations become, x30; 0G)=0; x= Therefore x, = 0, x, = 0 and x, may be any value, say 1. 0 | i ]esetensetecmontir naa Case 3. When 1=3, the equations become, “x +2520; -%)=0; 4-2) =0. Solving x, =1, x,=0 x,=1 i 1 xf 0 Jessen setroenein ohn 1 Scanned with CamScannerCharacteristic Roots and Characteristic Vectors 33 Example 3. Obtain the eigen values and eigen vectors of 6 2 2 20341 (MS. 199, 2-1 3 . Sol. The characteristics equation of A is |A-Ad|=0 6-2 72, 2 te, -2 3-2 oa. 2 -1 3-2 ie, 2° + 12K? -364432=0 ie, A3-1242+364-32=0 By trial, A=2isaroot. .. (A~2)(A-2)(2-8)=0 So the eigen values of A are 2, 2, 8. - Considering (A — XI) X= 0 for values of 4. we shall get the eigen vectors. Case 1. When 2 = 8, the equations become, — 2xy — 2x) + 2x =0; — 2x1 — 5x) -25=0 and 2x, -x,-5x3=0 ‘The cofactors of the elements of the first row of | A - 8 1| are the values (of x %,x3 (Proportional). Cofactor 4, =24, cofactor), =— 12 ; Aj; = 12. Taking proportional values of cofactors, x, =2,. 2 =-1,%3=1 Z { -l }: the eigen vector when A= 8, 1 it (Note. These equations can also be solved by any of the methods elimination method) Case 2. When 4.=2, the equations become, d 4x, — 2x, +245 =05 - Bq +2, =0; 2x xy +44=0 which are equivalent to the single equation 2x, - x) +x,=0. Hence inde- Pendent eigen vectors can be obtained by giving arbitrary values to two of the quantities x,, xp, x3. Putting x, = 0, x, =1, x5=—2. Putting x3 = 0, x, = 1,x,=2 1 1 tom 0 and xf 2 Jerson st vectors. 2 0 Example 4. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of Scanned with CamScannerI 34 Engineering Mathematics ~1 eon ; Sol. The characteristic equation | ‘Therefore, A= 2, 2, 2. When 4 =2, AX = AX becomes, x)= 0; x3=0 x, may be any value. Let x) = 1 10 ae 02 A-AI |=0is @-2)°=0 1 . Hence X, | 0 I. the only linearly, independent eigen vector. a h Example $, Find the sum and product of the eigen values of a 42 43 A=] a G2 9s 4 an 3 Sol. |A—AJ|=0 becomes = (ayy + egy + 3) A? + A (yy Aan + An 53 + 33 11 412 a = ayy 443 ~ 432 43) -|A|=0 without determining the roots. Hence the sum of eigen values = Ay +A +23 = a1) + 432 + 233 = Trace A = sum of the diagonal elements. Product of the eigen values =|. Example 6. Find the sum and product of all eigen values of the matrix oe . A=|1 2 2 (Madras, 1971 M.Sc.) Diy ds a3, Sol. Sum of eigen values = Trace A= 1+2+3=6 =1. Product of eigen values =|. |= peas 22 23 Properties of the Eigen vectors : 1. all the eigen values hy, Nyy’. hy Of a matrix:A are distinct, then the corresponding eigen vectors X,, Xp, .... X, are all linearly independent. 2. If two or more eigen values of a matrix are equal, then the eigen vectors ‘may be linearly independent or linearly dependent. Scanned with CamScannerCharacteristic Roots and Characteristic Vectors 41 Taking the transpose on both sides WAR =ONA ie, KANT ten MAX=2¥X since A'=A for Ais symmetric, But from (1), ¥AY=ANX Hence A¥X=1X Since X X is an 1 x 1 matrix whose only element is a positive value, . ie. Nis real. Hence all eigen-values are real. Similar matrices. Two matrices 4 and B are said to be similar if there exists a non-singular matrix P such that B =P" AP, s Itis written as B ~ A. Theorem. Show that two similar matrices have the same characteristic roots. Let 4, B be two similar matrices: Then there exists a non-singular matrix P such that B= P~' AP, B-N=P" AP-1; =P" AP-P" NP; =P (4-2DP |B-Al|=|P"||A-A|| P|; =|A-Ad| [PIP] =|4-Ar 7 =|A-Al| Therefore, A, B have the same characteristic function and hence charac- teristic roots. Example 8. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix 1°32. 3 4 I -1 foe ttn 3 7-1 (Madras, 1971 M. Sc.) Hence evaluate A“! and 4, 1-2. 20003 So |A-Al|=|2 9-1-2 4 =0 is the characteristic equa- 3 1-1-2 tion. i.e., Expanding the determinant, we get, 0344? -18-40=0 Cl) (1) is the characteristic equation of A. 1 42.8 /(15 2 3! 43 8 2-1 4//2 -1 4/=/12 9 2 Sele 1-1 24 14 Scanned with CamScanner42 Engineering Mathematics -1 2. 3, 44 33 46 1 4)=|24 13 74 1 -l 52 14 8 143 ne 2 2 4, 14 18 36 «54 40 0 0 000 -|36 -18 72|-| 0 40 0j=|0 0 0 5418-18 0 0 40] [0 0 0 A satisfies the characteristic equation. A4A?-18A -401=0 (2) Premultiplying (2) by 4", we get, 4 244-181-4041 =0 4041 =4' +A - 187 “ME Lt 2.3 18 0 0 3 ae | =|12 9 -2[+]2 -1 4|-| 0 18 O]= 14 --10 2 24:14 3 ‘sk -1 o Oo 18 a 5-5 43 8 =A?.A=|12 9 4 24 1 2 3 44 33 46 #4 A184 -401=| 24 8 “ 52 32 14n 40 8 40 aS |i sl cc liorl |, a 40 4 20)’ igs: 8 8 8 A‘*=A3 A=(-A? 4184440 A — substituting for A? from (2) =-A3+ 184? 4404 4 — (CA? +184 +401) + 1847 +40 A = 19 A? +224 -407 143 8 23 1 i] 12 9 2422/2 1 4|-aolo to 24 14 ec 001 248 «(101 218 =| 272 109 50 104 98 204 73 Example 9. fA | 1 3 fama in terms of A. Scanned with CamScanner—— 44 Engineering Mathematics 1 (if) The eigen values of A are 1, 2,3 The eigen values of d!° and A are 1"°, 2'°, 31° and “a That is, 1,23! and 1,394 514—A11= is the characteristic equation. 034 Fork=1,(4-21)=| 0 1 5 02 Henee, x Jeon of first row) 4 5 1 4 5 0 3 19 -1 5 |; X=] 10 | (Cofactors, of last 0 2 cow 3 al 1 Jena 0 0 0 2 0 0 When’ =2, (4-AF rf When 2=3,(4-Al)= [ ll 0 0 2 0 0 row) 1) (3 19 Hence eigen vectors are} 0 |, | 1 |and| 10 0} lo 2 122 Example 11, Using Cayley-Hamilon theorem, find A" if A=|2 5 -4 37-5 Also verify the theorem. (B.N. Ap. 1994) Sol. The characteristic equation is 1-2" .2 0-2 25-4 -4]/=0 300 7 SHA je, 22-0 452-1=0 « A-A?+SA-1=0 [= - 4454; At = 8 -At5] 1 2 -2)(1 2 -2) (-1 2° 0 25 4/|2 5 -4]=| 0 1 -4 3.7 S)(3 7-5) (2 6-9 Scanned with CamScanner| Characteristic Roots and Characteristic Vectors 45 1 (1 2 0) (12 2 500 At=]| 0 1 41-/2 5 4/4105 0 | 2 6 -9} 37-5 005 3-42 At=/-2 10 -l -1 1 Verification of the theorem : -5 -12 10 A=4-A=|-10 -23 16 13-29 17 -5 -12 10) (-1 -2 0) (5 10 -10 -#4+54-1=|-10 -23 16|-| 0 1 -4]+/ 10 25 -20 -13 -29 17 2 6-9) |15 35 -25 Hence, the theorem is verified. Exercises 6 1. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix, given below and verify that itis satisfied by the matrix. 2-1 2 123 @{-1 2-1 (}2-1 4 1-1 2 301-1 co) fe it] e( 3) 10 -2 123 @ |22 4 @}o 1 2 00 2 001 31-1 10 3 Wi) | 1301 (vit)| 201-1 1 3 P-tol 2. Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem or otherwise find the inverse of the matrix 722 -10 3 @)-6 -1 2 @| 8 1-7 (Anna 2004 A) 6 2-1 30 8 Scanned with CamScannerQuadratic Forms 69 Solution. For an orthogonal matrix, | 4|=+ 1. Also | A|= product of eigen values = +e, in this problem. l4|=1. abe Example 30. A=|@ f y| is an orthogonal matrix. What is its uv w, inverse ? aa w Solution. A~' bB »v coy w Example 31. Define an orthogonal matrix. Solution. A square matrix A with real elements is said to be orthogonal if Ad =A'A=I. 167 100 Example 32. For the matrices A=|0 2 5|, B=|8 2 0| and . 003 eas Also find the eigen values of A~!, B-', C~!, 42 BC? and adj. A, adj. B and adj. C. Solution. A is an upper triangular matrix while B is a lower triangular matrix. C is a diagonal matrix. In all the cases, the elements in the leading diagonal are eigen values. Hence, A, B, C have eigen values 1, 2, 3. A7}, B-', C~" have eigen values 1, 3, z. A’, B*, C* have eigen values 1, 4, 9. pte adi-d _ adi. s adj. Hence, eigen values of adj..A, adj. B, adj. C are 6, 3, 2. Example 33. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of 22 @ A=| 27 1 -7 2 -3 Solution. The characteristic equation is |A-21|=0 or W-@+1-3)¥4+@-3-6-4-0-2)4-|4]=0 Scanned with CamScanner70 a eee Engineering Mathematics ie, MB-130-[2(-5)-2()] =9 | ie, . 3-1344+12=0 | Evidently 4 = 1 is a root; divide 4° - 132+2 by 2-1 1] 1 0-13 12 j 1 1-12 eile) B+d-12=0 > G+4)A-3)=0 1=3, -4 Hence, eigen values are 1, 3, -4 2-2 2 0 (-apn=]| 2 1-8 1 me a 7 2 3-7 sa @ For A=1,(-AD=| 20 1 -72 -4 Bigen vector is given by cofactors of any row. Ay = 2), 412= (0) Ais =4 —1 2 0 * For 4=3, A-AJ=| 2 -2 1 -7,,2 -6, The cofactors of the first row are -2 Af-sa[-2e al. | 2 =2 2 -6|?~|-7 -6|>|-7 2 ie, 10, 5, - 10. 2 Hence, % 1 -2 | 620 | For A=-4, 4-AD=| 2 5 1 ! -7.21 ] The cofactors of first row are 3, —9, 39 t Xy=|- B _ Scanned with CamScannerQuadratic Forms * a1 - 2 1 eee ee w( i) | i [ 4} |- 13 Example 34. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of 3 34 #8 Az -2 4 1-1 3 Solution. |A|=3 (-6 +4) +4 G-4)+4(-1+2)=-6 The characteristic equation is 3 -G-243)02+(-6-64+94+4-444)4-(-6)=0 je, M-442046=0 4.=-1 is evidently‘a root. Q+1)@-2)@A-3)=0 =~, 2, 3 are eigen values 3-2-4 G-2~nxX=0 5] 1-2-2 4/x=0 1-1 3-4, To find eigen vector X, we have to solve the above equation. 4-4 @ Case 1. For 4=-1, A-AD=|1 -1 4 1-14 ‘The cofactors of last row are 1 = 12, -12, 0 +» eigen vector X; = ) 0 : 1-4 4 Case 2. For 4=2, 4-AN=|1 -1 4 1-11 The cofactors of first row are 0, 3, 3. 0 X%=]1 1 0 44 Case 3. For A=3, (A-AD=|1 -5 4 1-10 The cofactors of first row are 4, 4, 4. : 1 X=|1 1 Scanned with CamScanner12 Engineering Mathematics . J The corresponding eigen vectors are i Example 35, Find the eigen’ values and eigen vectors of 113 A=|1 5 1 31 Solution. | |= 1 (4)- (1-3) +314) =-36 Characteristic equation is B- (14541046 4541-1-9-I)A-C36)=0 ie, B- 72 +36=0 Evidently 4=-2 is a root. Divide 3 - 74? +36 by 442 ! ay 036 218. -36 1 -9 I8[ 0 2 -92418=0, ie, (A-3)(A-6)=0 eigen values are ~2, 3; 6. To find eigen vectors, solve (d-AJ).X=0 1-’ 1 a -AD= 1 5-4 1 "83 é 1 1-4 3.1.3 Case 1. For 4==2, (4-AD=|1 7 1 3 13 Finding the cofactors of the first row, 4y)=20, Ay)=0, Ay3=—20 Hence, Scanned with CamScannerQuadratic Forms B -s Case 3. For 4=6,(A-AD=| 1 - 3 ( 7 The cofactors are Ayy=4, 4y)=8, Ay3 T =|2 I 1 1 1 The eigen vectors are| 0}, |~1| and |2 -y (4 1 Example 36. Find the eigen values and eigen vectors. of aS2 1 A=|1 31 B22 Solution. The characteristic equation is | A—2.J)=0 2 2-1. 4B ]1 3 1]/=2@-20)+Cn=5 13.2 The characteristic equation is 0 -(24+342)07+64+644-2-1-2)A-5=0 ie,* 3-2 4114-5=0 Evidently A= 1 is a root, “A= 1 is a factor of 2? T24MA-5 ; 1-6 5[ 0 cy -6445=0 + (A-5)Q-1)=0 1. A=, 1, 5 are eigen values, To find eigen vectors, solve for X from (4-%1).X=0 Ar 2 7 G-aAD=| 13-0 1 [sy 2s 2=2, -3 2 1 Ford=5, (@-AD=| 1-2 1 1, 2,23 The cofactors of first row are 4, 4, 4. Scanned with CamScannerOC —————— a ay 14 Engineering Mathematics — ? 12.1 So For A=1,(4-4)=|1 2 1 a. at Since all the rows are identical, the cofactors, will be zero for any row. Hence, the method fails. . Now, solve (4-2).X=0 1 2 1\(* ie, 1.2 1y/=o 12° tle wk ie, x+2y+z=0. Instead of three equations, we get only “one. + equation. xel put y=0, z | -2 | put 20, y x 0 1 1 “2 oe eigen vectors are|1|,| 0 and| 1 yy {-L 0 207 Example 37. Two eigen values of the matrix A=|0 2 Ol are | and i 02 1 2 Hence, two eigen vectors are X,=| 0}, %3 - j 1 =-1 2. Find the third eigen value and the value of | A|. Solution. Let 4 be the third eigen value. ‘. Sum of eigen values 1+2+A=traceA=24+2+2 a |A |= product of eigen values = 1x2x3=6. Example 38. Two of the eigen values. of a 3 x3 matrix A are 2, |, and \A|=12. Find the third eigen value and the eigen values of Aq, A} and adj. A. Solution. Since product of eigen values =| 4 | Qxixaal2 oh 6 * ‘Third eigen value =6 eigen values of A~ are t, 2, 2 al eigen values of 4° are 13, 23, 63. Scanned with CamScannerQuadratic Forms 15 igen values of adj. A=| 4 | (eigen values of A") since A~! =A ie, 12x1, lax 12 i ie, 12, 6, 2. 4 35 Example 39. If A=|0 4 6], find the eigen values of A, AW, oo adj. A and A’, Solution. Since 4 is an upper triangular matrix, eigen values of A are 3, 4, I (diagonal elements), [A|=3x4x1=12 Hence, eigen values of A~' are 1, 4, + Eigen values of ° are 1, 3°, 4° Eigen values of adj. 4 are xt, ax, xt te,? 125433, Example, 40. Find the sum and product of the eigen values of 167 ; A=|2 1 0 a 3 Solution. Sum of eigen values =1+1+3=5 Product of eigen values =|A|= 1 (3)-2(13)=~23 4-.6.6 Example 41..7wo eigen values of A=|.1 3 2\ are equal and -1l -5 -2 they are double the third. Find them. Solution. Let the third be a Then the other two are 2a, 2a. a+2a+2a=44+3-2 / a=l Hence, eigen values are i, 2, 2. Example 42. Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem and hence Sind A~ 1 12 6-2 2 @A=|-1 3 0 (ij A=|-2 7 - -F # 7 =f. 8 1.0 -2 1. Pars (i) A=|2. 2 4 @)4s| 103 = 00 2 -2 -4 -4 Scanned with CamScanner16 Engineering Mathematics — 1 2252 9-4) Solution, () A=|-1 3 s1d|=1@) +6 0-251 characteristic equation is B-(434DV4G4341 ie, 42-0-0)4-1=0 93-502 +92-1=0 we have to prove P- 54 +9A-1-0 ced 1 12 i 222/11 2 32 : Al sige arco||e tarde aja 4 = m7 ‘ 2 aslo -2 Leet: i 42 - ea) (ee 13 galea 7 ai aan <3 ofepatdy eo 18 7a ee Ue 13 42 -2) (-5 60 20 P=sH49d—1e|-11 | 9. 10]-|-20° 35. 10 10 -2 -3) | 10-40 5 9 . 18. -18 10 0 +|-9 27 o|-]0 1 0 o -18 9} Oo oO 1 Hence, the theorem is verified. B54? +94 P-54+91 12-4) (5 10 -10) (9 0.0) (32 6 7 2\-|-5 15 ol+jo 9 of=|1 1 2 2-8 1) (0-10 5} loo 9) 225 6, =2.. 2 (Let A=|-2 1 -1 2-1" 2. |A]=62-1)+2-2)42()=2, Characteristic equation is B-G+14+I? +142) 46 4+2412-4-4- 1-2-0 he, B-92411.-2=0 To show that 4°94? +114—27=9 Scanned with CamScanner iQuadratic Forms 7 6-2 2)/(6 -2 2) ( 44 -16 18 #=|-2 1 -1][-2 1 -1J=|-16 ~6 - 2-1 al 2-1 2 | 1 -7 9 44-16 18)( 6 -2 2) (332 -122 140 A=A-A=|-16 6 -7/!-2 1 -1]=|-122 45 -52 a7 9 2-1 2 140 -52 61 332 +122 140 44-16 18 o A944 11A-2=|- 122 45 -52!-9]-16 6-7 140-52 61 18-7 «9 66 -22 22) (20 0 +|-22 MH ~ij-" 2 O 22-11 22 00 2 0 0 0 000 000 Hence, the theorem is verified. 2U=A- 94? +114 2A-' = A944 1 44-16 18) ( 54 -18 18) (11 0 0 =|-16 6 -7/-|-18 9 -9]+|/0 11 0 1 -7 9) {18 -9 18) |o o 11 1.2 0 ¢ =|2 8 2 022 : 1/2 1 0) Ate] 1 41 Gel 1 1 0- (i) A=|2 2 4]. Here |A]=4 00 2 Characteristic equation is 43 - 54? +84-4=0 | To show A? ~ 54 +84 —4/=0 10 -6 10-14 j Here A’=|6 4 12|; 2 =|14 8 28 00 4 00 8 Scanned with CamScannerEngineering Mathematics ~ 1 o -14) (5 0 -30 8 28|-|30 20 60 0. 8] [oso 29) 8 0 -16) (4 0 9 s4[16 16 32|-]0 4 9 0 0 16) lo 04 o 0 0 Hence, the theorem is verified. 10 - 5 0 -10) (8 0 0 4Actaat—5A48I=|6 4 12/-|10 10 20}+/0 8 0 008 8 one -stosr coo u > oo 4 0 0 10 isis 4 @) A=[s1 30> : -2 -4 -4 Characteristic equation is 4° - 202+ 8=0 To show that 4°-20A + 8/=0 This can be easily verified. at 8 12) g47'=201-A?=|-10 -2 - -2 -2 Hence, A~' is found out. 7 2-2 Example 43. Find the inverse of A {. oud j using Cayley- 6° 2 <4: Hamilton theorem. Solution. | A|=3; characteristic equation is wB-C- Hee CI leds Wael ‘4)h-3=0 ie, -5N+7h-3=0 A) - 5A +7A-31=0 is true for theorem. — Scanned with CamScannerQuadratic Forms 25 8 - ten fd -7 24 8 - ioas'af 25 5A +71 =|-24 24 1213 Avts 6 3 -6 79 a + 7 2-2 -7 -5|-6 -1 2 x - 6 2-1 700 +10 70 007 Solution. The characteristic equation is 4° - 647 +11A-6=0 Solving, we get eigen values 1, 2, 3. For 4=1, «-f] ol mins For 1+ an-4 Modal matrix’M=|-1 -1 -1 0-2 - By theorem D=M~!4M By finding M~', we can show M7 one wos 1 '4M=|0 0 M is the matrix that diagonalises A. M gives the transformation required. Example 45, Diagonalise the matrix A -6 2 7-4 -4 3 Scanned with CamScannerCHAPTER I RANK OF A MATRIX eo Soom ‘The Minors of a Matrix. Let A be any mn matrix and let r be any natural number such that r < min (m,n), where min (m,n) means the smaller of the quantities on and n. Now, deleting (—r) rows and (n—r) columns of the matrix A, we get an r-rowed square submatrix whose determinant is called a minor of the matrix of order r. There are\C,."C, minors of order r. In a square matrix of order n, the largest order minor is the determinant of the matrix itself. Rank of Matrix. The number r, with the following two properties is called the rank of the matrix A. (i) There is atleast one minor of order r of A which does not vanish. (ii) Every minor of order greater than r of A vanishes. In other words, the rank of a matrix is the largest of orders of all the non-vanishing minors of the matrix. Asa consequence of (ii), every minor of order greater than r will vanish. From the definition of the rank of a matrix, it follows that (Othe rank of A > rif there exists a non-zero minor of order r (ii) the rank of A 1), we get 304 5 6 7 Porotoaod A~l} 20202 2 2 7977 °7~«7 22 PR 2 12 3945 67 Pia ~|0 0 0 0 0] by Ry(-2), Ryg(-7) and Rss (- 12) 00000 00000 Now, evidently | : 4] #0. Hence (A) =2. Note. Even before we reduce to the normal form, we are able to determine the rank of the matrix. Scanned with CamScanner—, Engineering Mathematics 1 Exercise 1 1, Find the ranks of the following matrices. 132 4 rea el 6 2 6 o@{-1 0 2] wis -2 3) @lt 21 a 8 2r-3. 4 4 8 4 12 3 12°93 4 t @i2 3 4] m]2 4 6 8] oy 374 5 B.4 1 ° i : # {2 ‘= 4 a i 4-4 on.| jb 2-8 oh] Sew 32 -ib.-2. 34 16: 4 412-815 2 2. Reduce the following matrices to their normal form and hence obtain their ranks, ri 2s 2 3.-1 -1 e lM, Sa 08 Be {1-1-2 -4 Oo aoa 4 Gls 4 2 O-. 1 Ow Ez 6 3.0 -7] eee ol os oe oo) (340-1 3 T -2, 3, -2,) 1 ea 3, oh 20. .-1! 7, J 1 234 lee 30 7 U9 10 [e432 Ol 2 3 4 1s O13 2 apap 16 17 18 19 20 6875 25 4 i | 3 25 DO) 4 0 12 q—] = + 3. Show that R(A)=1, R@)=2,R(A+B)=2, R(AB)=1 and R(BA)=1, 1-2 -1 i ie whereA=| 6 12 6| and B=|2 -3 4]. Stel 5 a <2 5 4, Prove thatthe three points (x, y,) r= 1,2, 3 are collinear iff the rank of the matrit 4 Mu 1 221 isless than 3. oe 5, Show that the rank of a matrix whose elements are all unity is unity. 6. Starting from the equation A =A and performing the row operations reduce it(@ the form J = BA, obtain the inverses of Scanned with CamScannerer Linear Equations 7 012 1 0 -4 @ |i 2 3 @) 0-1 2].” 3) 1 1 -1 0204 1 fa be’ If R(A) = 2 where A =|6 c a| then - leas atbtc = 0 or a+b +c Hab + be+ca. ANSWERS @3 @2 @1 M2 1 wl (ii)2 (viii) 2. 204 @3 G4 2 W/2 W)3 CiD2 6 de det 2. 222 584 (| 43-1 Gy {23 2 “* ; 121 Important Note: If k rows are identical or proportional, strike off (k - 1) rows and then find the rank. Scanned with CamScanner