Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special Issue), 1-12, 2018 Jabbar et al.

ANATOMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL INVISTGATION OF THE

KIDNEY IN GOAT (Capra hircus)
Ammar Ismail Jabbar1 Hanaa kareem Ali
Raad Shaalan Ibrahim Alaa Nizaar Lateef
Depart. of Anatomy and histology, College of Vet. Med., Diyala University-Iraq.
1
Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
Thirty specimens of kidney (15 left and 15 right) from healthy adult goat
were used in this study to show the morphology, the vascular architecture and
histological structure of the kidney in the goat. The kidneys of goat were fixed
in sub lumber region by large amount of peri renal fat as a cushion surrounding
the kidneys. The right kidney placed slightly anterior to the left kidney both are
bean shape, there is no significant difference in weight of two kidneys.
Corrosive resin cast technique was used to investigate the blood supply and
collecting system of the urine, the collecting system in the kidneys of goat was
formed from several collecting tubules. Each collecting tubule opening into a
larger ducts, a papillary duct, close to the apex. The papillary ducts drain into
the about 10-12 renal recesses, there was no calyces.
The microscopical examination revealed a thin capsule surrounded kidney,
the parietal layer of bowman capsule was simple squamous epithelium, resting
on well-developed basement membrane. Well-developed juxtaglomerular
apparatus. The luminal surface of the cells of proximal convoluted tubules have
brush border which were positive with PAS stain. The henel loop was long. That
mean the kidney of goats is maintaining to the water and need for more
reabsorption of water.
Key words: anatomy, histology, kidney, goat.
INTRODUCTION
There are over 300 distinct breeds of goat (Hirst, 2008). The domestic
goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) are one of the oldest domesticated species, and
have been used for their milk, meat, hair and skins over much of the world
(Coffey et al., 2004).
The principal function of urinary system is maintenance of water and
electrolyte homeostasis. The second major function of this system is the
excretion of many toxic metabolic waste products particularly the nitrogenous
compounds urea and creatinine from the body (Chauhan, 1995).

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Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special Issue), 1-12, 2018 Jabbar et al.

The kidneys also have endocrine function, they produce the hormone
rennin, which converts the plasma protein angiotensinogen into angiotensin I.
BradyKinin is another hormone produced by the kidney, which causes dilatation
of blood vessels. Erythropoetin produced by kidneys, enhances erythopoesis.
Selective reabsorption and conservation of useful substances, like glucose and
sodium chloride occur in the kidney.
Kidney morphology varies among different classes of vertebrates (Casott,
2001). Morphological aspects of the kidney were studied by koning and Liebich
(2009) in goat, Al-jebori et al., (2014) in the rabbit. Liumsiricharoen et al.,
(1997) describe the shape of swamp buffalo, (Sudhan, 2008). The kidneys of
musk deer, mizo local pigs (kalita and kalita (2014), sheep (Braun et al., 1992).
There are also reports of works on the kidney of fur seal (Stewardson et al.,
1999), wistar rat (Onyeanusi et al., 2009), dog (Marco et al., 2009). Besides
these species, Ozudogru and Ozdemir (2005) Study of the intrarenal arterial
pattern of kidney in wolf; Horacek, et al., (1987) in monkey (Macaca
fascicularis and Macaca mulatta), Yoldas and Dayan 2014 in rat.
Microscopic aspects of the mammalian kidney were studied by Charmi et
al., (2010) In juvenile great sturgeon Huso huso and persian sturgeon (Acipenser
persicus), (Laszczynska et al., 2012) polar fox, (Awal et al., 2014) in guinea pig,
(Knepper et al.,1977) in rat and rabbit, (Young and Heath, 2000).
The Aims of this study were to investigate the anatomical feature of the
kidney of goat (Capra hircus) the position and shape and relations to organs also
the vascular architecture of the kidney in the goat, discovering the anatomy of
collecting system. Then to study the histological structures of kidneys.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Thirty specimens of kidneys (15 left and 15 right) of healthy mature goats
of both sexes were collected from local commercial market in baqubah city.
They used for gross observation. The specimen were collected immediately after
animals slaughter and each specimen was washed after removing from the sub
lumber region of abdomen cavity and kept in clean plastic container to perform
the required measurement. The specimens were photoed by digital camera (Sony
12.1 mega pixels).
Ten specimens of kidneys (5 left and 5 right) were used to study the blood
vessels (Arteries and Veins) also collecting duct system, by making corrosive
resin cast. This technique was done by the following manner: Injection, setting,
corrosion and washing.

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Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special Issue), 1-12, 2018 Jabbar et al.

1- Injection, washing the kidneys before injection by using 0.9% normal saline
then insert the catheter entire the three vessels (Artery, Vein, Ureter) and fixed
by using cotton thread to prevent discharge resin. after that injecting the colored
resin through the catheters the artery were injected by red colored resin and the
veins injected by blue colored resin, while the ureter were injected by yellow
colored resin. The injection was done by hand pressure using plastic syringe of
20 ml. after the resin injection completed, the cannula closed by pinching it by
artery forcipes.
2-leave the kidneys in room temperature for 48 hour to prepare for third stage.
3-resulting casts are shown following corrosion used concentrated Hcl to
corrosion.
The cast of the blood vessels and collecting system are useful the replicating
anatomical details.
4-washing by the tape water and observed the vessels and renal pelvis cast.
The anatomical parameters were taken after remove the adipose tissue from
the kidney and then used it to study and record biometrical parameters. The
weight was measured by sensitive electronic balance. Measured the length,
width, and thick respectively used the digital vernier also used centimeter scale.
All data were analyzed using SPSS version 17 (SPSS INC., Chicago, IL, USA)
for windows. The results are expressed as mean ± SE. The results were regards
as significant when p˂0.05.
Histological technique was done on ten specimens of kidneys of goats were
used for histological study, collected as soon as possible after slaughtering and
fixed in 10% formalin for 48 hours. After tissues were washed thoroughly in
running tap water dehydrated in ascending series of alcohol, cleared in xylene
and embedded in paraffin wax at 58-60 oC. Sections were cut at 6µ and stained
with Harris haematoxylin and eosin and Periodic acid Schiff (PAS), then
mounted in Canada balsam. Photographs of examined slides were carried out
with Olympus microscope supplied with digital camera (Win joe) with
resolution of 2 mega pixel (luna, 1968).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Position and shape
The kidneys were placed in the sublumber region, the right kidney placed
slightly anterior to the left kidney. The kidney of the local goat was bean shape,
smooth surface and devoid of any external lobulation. The kidneys were dark
red-brown color. Both kidneys were enclosed by loosely attached capsule which
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Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special Issue), 1-12, 2018 Jabbar et al.

is peels easily from kidney. The goat kidneys are embedded in fatty cushion.
The presence of large amount of peri renal fat in the kidneys of goat gives it
more stability in location, this result in agreement with (Al-jebori et al., 2014).
The dorsal and ventral surface of the kidney were convex and anterior half of
ventrolateral border not showed flattened surface. The kidney of goat had
rounded pole. The hilus was located at middle of the medial border. This result
is in agree with the result of (Al-jebori et al., 2014); (Sudhan et al., 2008);
(Kalita and Kalita, 2014). Amount of fat was present in the hilus and it was less
indented as compared to left kidney (Fig. 1).
Weight and Dimensions of kidneys
The present study was revealed that there is no significant difference in
weight of both kidneys. The average weight of left kidney was (71.61±1.76 gm),
while the right kidney was (71.622±3.04 gm). This result appeared that the
dimensions of kidneys were slightly varied in the two kidneys (left and right).
The mean length of right kidney was (68.166±2.23 mm), while the length of left
kidney about (70.58±2.47 mm). The width of the cranial and caudal poles of
both kidneys were varied, the width of the cranial pole of right kidney was
(48.424±1.89 mm), and the caudal pole of right kidney was (48.654±2.09 mm),
while the cranial pole of left kidney was (45.94±1.10 mm), and caudal pole of
left kidney about (50.96±1.77 mm). Also the present result showed thickness
difference in both kidneys, the thickness of cranial pole of right kidney (34.562±
1.26 mm) and caudal pole about (33.688±1.4 mm), while the thickness of cranial
pole of left kidney about (32.72±.99 mm) and caudal pole about (34.93±1.22
mm) (Tab. 1).
The longitudinal section of kidney (macroscopic organization) show that the
parenchyma of the kidney is consist of outer dark cortex beneath the capsule and
inner paler striated appearance medulla (Fig. 2), the easy distinguish the cortex
and medulla of goat kidney in present result is in agree with the result of
Sudhan et al (2008). The renal parenchyma of the goat consist of fused
pyramids, the renal pyramids were distinct and renal columns were present
between the pyramids, also the interlobular arteries are present among the fused
pyramid (Fig. 2). These findings of the recent investigation were in accordance
with the finding of (Kalita and Kalita, 2014).
The renal sinus was well developed and give the appearance of butter fly on
longitudinal section. There is a renal crest formed from fusion of 10-12
pyramids. The renal pelvis was half-moon shaped, narrow and less developed
(Fig. 2).

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Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special Issue), 1-12, 2018 Jabbar et al.

Collecting system and pelvis

This study was done by using cast with risen (Acrylic cold) technique
performed in freshly kidneys to provide three dimensional cast pattern of
collecting system and its blood supply, also the recesses of renal pelvis. The
collecting system in the kidneys of goat was formed from several collecting
tubules. Each collecting tubule, which serves many nephrons, runs through the
medulla before opening into a larger ducts, a papillary duct, close to the apex.
The papillary ducts can be clearly demonstrated in resin-injection specimens.
The perforated (cribriform) areas where they discharge are confined to the
apices of independent papillae or to specific regions of a common crest Several
score of papillary ducts drain into the about 10-12 renal recesses which formed
the renal pelvic which was moderately developed and led to the ureter (Fig. 3
and 4). There was no calyces. This result is in agree with the result of Marco et
al., (2009) in dog and disagree with the result of Liumsiricharoen et al., (1997)
in buffalo.
Blood supply
The right and left renal arteries supplying the kidneys raised from
abdominal aorta, but the right renal artery slightly cranial to the left renal artery.
Both were divided into dorsal and ventral branches, but the right renal artery
was branched before entering the hilius, while the left one was branched after
entering the hilus. Both dorsal and ventral branches in each side right and left
were divided into 4-5 subbranches interlober arteries (Fig. 4). This result
disagree with the results of Horacek et al., (1987) and Yoldas et al., (2014).
These interlober arteries turn to archuate arteries which gave several interlobular
arteries which were spread over the entire kidney.
Histological results
The present study showed that the capsule of goat kidney was thin layer of
collagen fiber (Fig. 5). This result in agree with Al-jebori et al., (2014) in rabbit
and disagree with Hussin (2003) who mention that the capsule of kidney was
thick in camel. The microscopical examination of goat kidney reveled that
composed cortex and medulla. The cortex mainly consists of renal corpuscles,
convoluted tubules and cortical loops of henle. The medulla in cross section
appeared consist of straight tubules, collecting ducts and network of capillaries
which were parallel to the collecting tubules like the result of Laszczynska et al.,
(2012) in polar fox.
The renal corpuscle consist of tuft of capillaries, the glomerulus, originated
from afferent arterioles, surrounded by a double layer capsule (Bowman’s
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Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special Issue), 1-12, 2018 Jabbar et al.

capsule). The parietal layer of bowman capsule was simple squamous

epithelium, resting on well-developed basement membrane, which is well
distinguished by Periodic acid schiff reagents. The inner (visceral) layer consist
of modifies cells present as a global cells, tightly fitted over the glomerulus
represented by podocytes. The space between the two layers of bowman capsule
called bowman space or renal space, which at one pole of renal corpuscle (renal
pole) lead to the proximal tubule (Fig. 6). This result is similar to the result of
Samuelson (2007) and Al-jebori (2014). Other pole of renal corpuscle was
vascular pole when the afferent and efferent arterioles were present, also the
mesangial cells were present near this pole. One of the distal convoluted tube
near the vascular pole had a moderate wall cells known as macula densa which
were tightly adhering together, Fig. 6. This result in agreement with the result of
Samuelson (2007). This cells mesangial cells had important roles like
vasoconstrictor, phagocytic role, also macula densa.
The present study showed that the proximal convoluted tubule in goat were
lined by tall cuboidal acidophilic epithelium with spherical to oval nucleus, the
luminal surface of this cells have brush border which were positive with PAS
stain (Fig. 6) This result is disagree with the result of Al-jebori et al., (2014) in
rabbit who mention that the brush border is not clear and this cells were less
acidophilic, and in agree with the result of Samuelson (2007), so this may be due
to the difference in the activity of this tubules in different animals and the
condition of this animals with the quality of water.
The present study confirms that the henel loop consist of the thick and thin
ascending and ascending segments and more evident in medulla, the henel loop
was long. The thick limb was lined by simple cuboidal cells while the thin were
lined by low cuboidal to simple sequamous epithelia (Fig. 6 and 7). This result
coinciding with the result of Samuelson (2007) and in contrast with the
observations of Al-jebori et al., (2014) in rabbit, that mean the kidney of goats is
maintaining to the water and need for more reabsorption of water.
Distal convoluted tubule of goat was lined by low cuboial epithelium, with
spherical nucleus. The lumen was wider than that in proximal convoluted
tubules (Fig. 6). This result in agree with Samuelson (2007).
The distal convoluted tubules is lead to collecting tubules then joined the
collecting ducts to reach the renal pelvis. The collecting tubules is lined by
cuboidal epithelium with spherical large nucleus which occupied most of the
cell (Fig.7) This result in agree with observations of Al-jebori et al., (2014) in

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the rabbit. The collectin duct continues from collecting tubules. The collecting
duct convey the urine in to renal papillae to empty it in to the renal pelvis.

Table 1. The parameters of kidneys in goat

Left kidney Right

kidney
Length (mm) 70.58± 2.47 68.166 ± 2.23
Weight (gm) 71.61 ± 1.76 71.622 ± 3.04
Width (mm) cranial 45.94 ± 1.10 48.424 ± 1.89
Width (mm) caudal 50.96 ± 1.77 48.654 ± 2.09
Thickness (mm) cranial 32.72 ± .99 34.562 ± 1.26
Thickness (mm) caudal 34.93 ± 1.22 33.688 ± 1.41
Values represent mean ± S.E (P≤0.05)

Figure 1. Photograph of right and left kidney of goat, illustrated the left and right
ureters (U), renal artery (A), renal vein (V) enter and exit the hilus of kidney

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Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special Issue), 1-12, 2018 Jabbar et al.

Figure 2. Photograph of kidney of the goat, illustrated the renal pelvis (p), renal crest
(Cr), cortex (co), medulla(m), capsul (c)

V
U

Figure 3. Photograph of Corrosion cast of renal pelvis (yellow), renal artery (A) (red),
renal veins (V) (blue) and ureter (u) of goat. The depressions of the ridges of the renal
papillae are clearly visible (arrows, renal recesses (yellow))

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Diyala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(Special Issue), 1-12, 2018 Jabbar et al.

V
U

Figure 4. Corrosion cast of goat kidney show the renal pelvis and ureter )u) are filled
yellow. Notice the indentations in the pelvis corresponding with the crests of the renal
papillae. The ramifications of the renal artery (red) are clearly visible. dorsal and
ventral branch (arrow), subbranch, renal veins (blue)

Figure 5. Photomicrograph of cross section of Goat kidney, illustrated, thin capsule

(arrow). (PAS stain X 10)

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PT
DT
P
S
MS
G

DT

Figure 6. Photomicrograph of cross section of goat kidney, illustrated renal corpuscle,

glomerulus (G), parietal layer of bowman capsule (P.), proximal tubule (PT) distal
convoluted tubule (DT), Macula densa (M), mesangial cells (MS), bowman space (S)
(H&E stain X40)

M
C

Figure 7. Photomicrograph of cross section of goat kidney, illustrated collecting tubules

(C) (H&E stain X4)
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and histomorphloogical description of the kidney in adult white rabbits
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‫‪International Ed.: 288-289.‬‬
‫دراسة تشريحية ونسيجية للكلية في الماعز‬
‫عالء نزار لطيف‬ ‫رعد شعالن ابراهيم‬ ‫هناء كريم علي‬ ‫جبار‪1‬‬ ‫عمار اسماعيل‬
‫قسم التشريح واالنسجة‪ ،‬كلية الطب البيطري‪ ،‬جامعة ديالى‪ ،‬العراق‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1‬المسؤول عن النشر‪[email protected] :‬‬

‫المستخلص‬
‫استخدم في هذه الدراسة ثالثين عينة من الكلى (‪ 15‬يمنى و‪ 15‬يسرى) من الماعز البالغة والسليمة‬
‫إلظهار شكليائية والتنظ يم الوعائي والبنية النسيجية للكلية في الماعز‪ .‬تثبت الكلى في الماعز في منطقة‬
‫تحت القطنية بوساطة وسادة من كمية كبيرة من الدهون حول الكلى‪ .‬تتقدم الكلية اليمنى بشكل طفيف عن‬
‫الكلية اليسرى‪ ،‬وكالهما على شكل حبة الفاصوليا‪ ،‬وال يوجد فرق معنوي كبير في وزن الكليتين‪ .‬تم‬
‫استخدام تقنية تآكل قالب الراتنج الظهار التغذية الدمية والنظام القنوي البولي‪ ،‬ويتكون النظام القنوي في‬
‫كلى الماعز من عدة نبيبات جامعة‪ ،‬تفتح كل واحدة منها الى قنوات اكبر‪ ،‬ثم الى القنوات الحليمية بالقرب‬
‫من قمة الحليمة‪ .‬تصريف القنوات الحليمية إلى حوالي ‪ 12-11‬ردب كلوي‪ ،‬ولم يالحظ هناك كؤوس‬
‫كلوية‪ .‬وقد اظهر الفحص المجهري وجود حافظة رقيقة تحيط بالكلية‪ ،‬وكانت الطبقة الجدارية من كبسولة‬
‫بومان ظهارة حرشفية بسيطة‪ ،‬ترتكز على غشاء قاعدي متطور‪ .‬جهاز مجاور الكبيبة مطور جيدًا‪.‬‬
‫يحتوي السطح التجويفي لخاليا النبيبات الملتفة الدانية على حافة الفرشاة التي اظهرت تفاعال ايجابيا مع‬
‫كاشف شف الدوري‪ ،‬وكانت عروة هنلي طويلة‪ ،‬وهذا يعني أن كلية الماعز تحافظ على الماء وتحتاج إلى‬
‫مزيد من إعادة امتصاص الماء‪.‬‬
‫الكلمات المفتاحية‪ :‬تشريح‪ ،‬علم االنسجة‪ ،‬كلية‪ ،‬ماعز‪.‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪1st Scientific Conf., College of Vet. Med., Diyala Univ., 2018 http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq/‬‬