MICROCONTOLLER BASED NEONATAL HYPOTHERMIA CONTROL
SYSTEM FOR INFANT INCUBATOR.
BY
DANSON MWENDWA MUTUKU
D/UPMET/22001/262
A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF
MEDICAL ENGIEERING OF KENYA MEDICAL TRAINING COLLEGE
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT FOR TE
AWARD IN DIPLOMA I MEDICAL ENGINEERING.
JULY, 2023.
Supervisors’ approval
This proposal has been submitted for review with my approval as college supervisor to the
Kenya Medical Training College.
Signature.................................Date.........................................
Madam Priscilla
Medical Engineering Technology Department.
Declaration
I hereby declare that this project is my original work and has not been presented for any award in
any institution in medical engineering.
Signature......................................Date..........................................
DANSON MWENDWA MUTUKU
D/UPMET/22001/262
Dedication
I dedicate this project to my beloved parents Mr. and Mrs. Mutuku, family and friends who
helped me through financial breakthrough and believing in me. God bless you all.
Acknowledgement
I wish to take this opportunity to thank the almighty God for sufficient love, mercy, grace and
good health. I also thank my parents and all friends for providing financial support and lots of
encouragements.
I am so grateful to my supervisor, Madam Priscilla for advice, encouragement and corrections
she gave me when handling my trade project work.
Table of contents
List of abbreviations and acronyms
NICU- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
APGAR- Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity and Respiration
LCD – Liquid Crystal Display
WHO – World Health Organization
PIC- Peripheral Interface Controller
RISK- Reduced Instruction Set Computer
CPU- Central Processing Unit
Definition of terms
Infant incubator- device that offers a safe space for infants to live and grow as their organs
develop
Microcontroller- a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in an
embedded system
Hypothermia- Significant and potentially drop in body temperature mostly caused by prolonged
exposure to cold.
List of symbols
Transformer
Capacitor
Voltage stabilizer
Diode
Resistor
Transistor
Relay
Abstract
Neonatal hypothermia is a worldwide problem and an important contributing factor for Neonatal
morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries. High prevalence of hypothermia has
been reported from countries with the highest burden of Neonatal mortality especially for infants
born pre-maturely or with some underlying condition. As a whole we need to come together and
help reduce the mortality rate for our infants. Infant incubator and the radiant warmers are used
to provide additional body heat to the infant as they could not produce enough for themselves.
Infant incubators are used the most. Temperature control is achieved by drawing in ambient air,
cleaning it, warming it and passing it over a water basin to be humidified. However, most
incubators use conventional methods to control temperature rather than an improved method.
This project aims to come up with a system to control temperature more precisely and efficiently.
This will be achieved by use of a microcontroller to control the temperature and alert the users
when temperatures fall below set values. If temperatures rise way above the preferred or set
values, heating elements are deactivated by the use of a relay so that temperatures within
compartment do not go too high to cause burns on infant. Microcontroller is an intelligent
compact integrated circuit designed to help in the control of the temperatures precisely and
efficiently than traditional methods.
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background information
Neonatal hypothermia is a worldwide problem and an important contributing factor for Neonatal
morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries. High prevalence of hypothermia has
been reported from countries with the highest burden of Neonatal mortality. Premature infants
who are hypothermic when admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), have increased
morbidity and mortality (Weiner GM, ed: Textbook of Neonatal Resuscitation, ed. 7. Elk Grove
Village, American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Heart Association, 2016). Risk
factors for hypothermia include delivery in an area with an environmental temperature below the
recommended levels, maternal hypertension, caesarian delivery and low APGAR scores (Oakley
HK, Blencowe H, Lawn JE: The effect of coverings, including plastic bags and wraps, on
mortality and morbidity in preterm and full-term neonates. J Perinatal 36(Supple 1): S82-
S88,2016). Maintaining an appropriate environmental temperature is the most important step in
preventing hypothermia in neonates. The world Health Organization (WHO) recommends the
delivery room temperature be at least 25 to 28 degrees (77.0 to 82.4 degrees Fahrenheit) and that
neonates be dried immediately and placed in skin-to-skin contact with the mother covered
(WHO” s Practical guide to thermal protection of Newborn).
1.2 Statement of problem
Hypothermia prevalence among neonates admitted in the Neonatal Intensive Care unit of public
hospital in Kenya is high. This has been attributed to lack of warm chain or efficient methods to
provide for heating solutions for the infant. Efficient neonate heating helps reducing stress due to
breathing, increased blood flow and increase in comfort for the infant. This project aims to
provide for efficient and accurate temperature control in the incubator. A microcontroller and a
temperature detector will be used to control and sense temperature within incubator compartment
respectively since a stable temperature is to be maintained in the incubator.
1.2 Objectives
1.2.1 Broad Objective
To design, construct and test microcontroller based neonatal hypothermia control for infant
incubator.
1.2.2 Specific Objectives
To design a microcontroller based neonatal hypothermia control system.
To use a temperature sensing device to sense temperature in the incubator.
To test the functionality of system.
1.3 Justification
In an effort to improve maternal healthcare in developing countries, there is need to develop a
machine that will help reduce cases of neonatal hypothermia by use of locally sourced materials,
resources and skills. This project is in line with my vision as an important player in the health
industry in Kenya and the region of East Africa.
1.4 Limitations
Limited time and resource to conduct an extensive research and development.
1.5 Assumptions
During purchase of components and materials to be used it is assumed that they have the same
calculated values and characteristics as finding electronic components with the exact
characteristics needed is not likely.
Chapter Two
Literature Review
2.1 Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) is a nursery in a hospital that provides around-the-clock
care to sick or preterm babies. It has health care providers who have special training and
equipment to give the babies the best postnatal care. The problem of premature and congenitally
ill infants is not a new one, by any means. For centuries, people have attempted to save infants
that had previously died from lack of care. Antonucci, R., Porcella, A. and Fanos, V., (2009)
A NICU is typically directed by one or more neonatologists and staffed by nurses, nurse
practitioners, pharmacists, physician assistants, resident physicians, and respiratory therapists.
Many other ancillary disciplines and specialists are available at larger units.
2.2 Premature Infant
Premature infants are babies born prior to the normal 36 or 37 weeks of gestation within the
womb. As a result, their physiological systems are underdeveloped making the infant vulnerable
to a number of health complications. Some common problems include jaundice caused by an
immature liver, respiratory complications caused by fragile, underdeveloped lungs, and
hypoglycemia, hypoxia and even death caused by an immature response of the nervous system to
cold stress.
2.3 Thermal Protection in Neonates
Due to inadequate thermoregulations, wherein their physiology is not able to compensate for the
heat neonates loose from the body are by far the leading causes of death in premature infants.
Heat is lost via evaporative, conductive, convective and radiative means. Premature infants lack
muscle mass, which allows adults to shiver and produce heat, when necessary, as well as heat
generating capabilities. Antonucci, R., Porcella, A. and Fanos, V., (2009). Thermal protection of
the newborn is the series of measures taken at birth and in the first days of life to ensure that the
newborn does not become either cold or overheated and a normal body temperature of 36.5-
37.5°C. Since the consequences of an environment that is too cold or too warm are serious, it is
important to know what is the optimal i.e., the most suitable thermal environment for the new
born baby.
2.3.1 Heat Loss in Infants
There is a number of ways in which infants can lose their body heat; Convection this is the loss
of heat from newborns skin to surrounding air, Conduction air currents especially of low
temperature blown over the infant take away some of infant’s body heat, Evaporation loss of heat
from newborns wet skin to the surrounding air, Radiation newborns loose heat to distant cold
objects like a cold window or a wall.
Figure1. Heat loss in infants
2.3.2 Neonatal Hypothermia
Hypothermia in the newborn period can lead to serious and potentially life-threatening
complications. Hypothermia can occur at birth, during transfer of infants to neonatal units,
during routine care and in operating theatres. Infants rewarmed on an open-care radiant warmer
should have their clothes and wraps removed to expose their skin to the radiant heat source, and
prevent cold air trapping. The hypothermic infant is at risk for respiratory distress, hypoxia and
hypo glycaemia. Therefore, respiration and blood glucose should be monitored closely. Neonatal
hypothermia is a great concern with near epidemic levels globally. In Kenya, its prevalence is as
high as 87% with limited data on the associated factors such as adherence to cold chain
guidelines as recommend by the World Health Organization (WHO) is limited. Nyandiko, W.M,
Kiptoon, P., & Lubuya, F.A (2021).
2.4 Measurement of Body Temperature
Obtaining a body temperature is the only reliable method available to evaluate thermal stability.
Accepted temperature ranges for the neonate are dependent upon the site from which the body
temperature is obtained.
2.5 Devices for Thermal Protection in Preterm Infants
Low birth weight or sick newborns are at greater risk of developing hypothermia or hyperthermia
than normal weight babies because they regulate body temperature even less well. To keep low
birth weight or sick newborn babies warm, the same principles apply as for other newborns, but
these babies require extra warmth over a longer period of time. Sinuraya, E.W. and Pamungkas,
R.J., (2019).
Moreover, the baby's temperature and the temperature inside the device should be monitored
frequently. No heating device can function efficiently in a cold room, because heat loss by
radiation to the cold environment may exceed heat generated by the device.
All equipment should therefore be used in room temperatures of at least 25°C (77°F). The
method used to keep the baby warm will depend on its weight, gestational age, and health, which
can be taken care by various devices such as:
i. Infant Incubators
ii. Radiant Warmers
Here, only infant incubators will be discussed.
2.6 Infant Incubators
An infant incubator is a medical device that is used to help sustain the life of prematurely born
babies who have diminished viability because of their low weight and weak general constitution.
For such babies, the incubator provides “ideal life environment” capable of being varied to suit
specific requirements. The requirements include; sterility, temperature control, humidity control
and oxygen control. Rajalakshmi, A., Sunitha, K.A. and Venkataraman, R., (2019).
Figure 2: Infant Incubator model
2.6.1 Infant Incubator Types
Infant incubators are classified according to how temperature control is achieved. It is also
important to consider air circulation methods because air circulation helps in uniform
temperature distribution and control.
2.6.2 Manually Controlled Incubators
The temperature in an incubator may be controlled by a thermostat. This keeps the environment
at a set temperature and allows one to monitor the neonate's temperature. The temperature is set
to provide a neutral thermal environment.
2.6.3 Transport Incubators
A transport incubator is an incubator and the most necessary neonatal instruments in a
transportable format, and is used when a sick or premature baby is moved, e.g., from one
hospital to another, as from a community hospital to a larger medical facility with a proper
neonatal intensive care unit. It usually has a miniature ventilator, cardio-respiratory monitor, IV
pump, pulse oximeter, and oxygen supply built into its frame.
2..6.4 Incubator with Natural Air Circulation
Air is heated and circulates by natural convectional currents. Air does not circulate within
incubator department uniformly and hence temperature too. It has a thermostat which helps in
control of the temperatures within the compartment.
2.6.5 Incubator with Forced Air Circulation
In this, air circulation is caused by a fan which pulls in ambient air through the filters and
circulates it within the incubator compartment.
2.6.6 Servo-Controlled Incubators
The servo control system adjusts the environmental temperature to keep the skin temperature
constant. Changes in incubator temperature must be observed since the neonate's skin
temperature will not change. Air-heated incubators are widely used for the care of very small and
sick newborns. They provide a clean, warm environment, where the temperature and humidity
can be controlled and oxygen can be supplied if necessary.
Chapter Three
Design Methodology
3.1 Block Diagram
Power supply
Temperature
sensor Switching
Heater
circuit
Control
circuit
LCD
display
Audio alarm
Figure 3: block diagram for microcontroller based neonatal hypothermia control system for
infant incubator.
3.1.1 Power Supply
The power supply is used to step down voltage from 240v ac to stable 12v dc to power the
electronic circuit.
3.1.2 Temperature Sensor
This converts the temperature to an analog voltage signal whose magnitude rises with
temperature.
3.1.3 Control Circuit
This generates output signals to turn on heater as well as driving the display and alarm based on
the status of the input signal from the sensor.
3.1.4 LCD Display
This gives out the readings of the temperature level.
3.1.5 Switching Circuit
The output of the control circuit is not enough to power the heater. Therefore, the switching
circuit supplies power to these when it receives a voltage signal from the control circuit.
3.1.6 Heater
This warms the incubator when powered.
3.1.7 Audio Alarm
This generates an audible sound to alert those around when the temperature is excessively low.
3.2 Power Supply Unit
This is comprised of a step-down transformer, rectifier circuit, smoothing circuit and voltage
regulator IC.
3.2.1 Transformer
The aim of the transformer in this project is to step down voltage from 240volts ac to 12volts ac.
Figure 4: Symbol of A Transformer
Therefore, step down laminated core transformer is the core used because it is designed to work
at a low frequency. Since the electronic circuit consumes a maximum of 500mA, the current
rating of the transformer should be slightly higher than the required output in order to increase
the life of the transformer. Therefore, the transformer selected for this is 240volts to 12volts,
1000mA laminated core transformer. To get the input current, the transformer equation can be
used.
Vp Is Tp
= = =a
Vs Ip Ts
From here we can get:
Vp Is
= =a
Vs Ip
Vp=240V
Vs=12V
Is=1A
Therefore,
240 1
= =20
12 Ip
Ip which is the input current to the transformer can be calculated as follows,
1
Ip=
20
Ip=0.05A
The power rating of the transformer can be calculated as follows,
P=V×I
P=240×0.05A
P=12VA
3.2.2 Rectification
This is the process of converting ac to dc. This is because it yields the best results at the most
economical level. Since we are rectifying ac power, rectifier diode is used here. Each diode is
supposed to handle the transformer maximum output current and voltage. Therefore, the diode
current is 500mA and a peak inverse voltage of 12volts.
Figure 5: Bridge rectifier circuit
The diode selected for this is therefore 1N4007. This can handle a current of 1000mA and peak
inverse voltage of 1000volts.
3.2.3 Smoothing Circuit
Smoothing is performed by a shunt capacitor filter. This is because, this method offers the best
smoothing where large currents are consumed by the circuit. Besides, it is economical since only
a capacitor is required.
Figure 6: Symbol for a capacitor
The value of the capacitor used can be got using the formula shown below.
C=(5*Io)/ (Vs*f)
C=smoothing capacitance in farads (F)
Io=output current from the supply in amps (A)
Vs=supply voltage in volts (V), this is the peak value of the unsmoothed DC
f=frequency of the AC supply in hertz (Hz)
Io=500mA=0.5A
Vs=12V
F=50
Therefore,
5 × 0.5
C=
12× 50
2.5
C=
600
C=0.0042F
C=4200uF
3.2.4 Voltage Stabilization
Since our required output is 5volts to power the microcontroller, we use 7805voltage regulator
IC. It can handle up to 1A.
Figure 7: symbol for a voltage stabilizer
3.3 Temperature Sensor
This circuit uses LM 35 temperature sensor. It is a 3-terminal sensor used to measure
surrounding temperature ranging from -55°C-150°C whereby its output voltage is proportional to
the temperature measured. As temperature increases, the output voltage also increases. It is more
precise than a thermistor with a sensitivity of sensitivity of about 10 mV per degree Celsius.
3.3.1 LM35 Temperature Sensor Pinout
Figure 8: LM35 temperature sensor
VIN- supply voltage (4-30V)
Vout- analogue output voltage proportional to temperature
GND- ground
3.3.2 LM 35 temperature sensor specifications
i. Operating voltage: 4-30 volts
ii. Output voltage: 10mV/oC
iii. Sensitivity: 10mV/oC
iv. Linearity error: ±1°C (for 0°C to +100°C)
v. Operating temperature: -55°C to +150°C
vi. Output impedance: 100 Ω
vii. Power consumption: 60 μA
viii. Output type: Analog
ix. Accuracy: ±1°C
3.4 Control Circuit
PIC16F877 Microcontroller
PIC is a peripheral interface controller, developed by general instruments microelectronics, in the
year of 1993. It is controlled by software. They could be programmed to complete many tasks
and control a generation line and many more. PIC microcontrollers are finding their way into
new applications like smart phones, audio accessories, video gaming peripherals and advanced
medical devices. There are many PICs, started with PIC16F84 and PIC16C84. But these were
the only affordable flash PICs. Microchip has recently introduced flash chips with types that are
much more attractive, such as 16F628, 16F877 and 18F452. The 16F877 is around twice the
price of the old 16F84, but has eight times the code size, much more RAM, much more I/O pins,
a UART, A/D converters and a lot more.
3.4.1 Core Features of PIC16F877
High-performance RISC CPU
Up 8k ×14 words of FLASH program memory
368×8 static RAM based data memory
Three addressing modes (direct, indirect, relative)
Power saving SLEEP mode.
Accumulator based machine
Wide operating voltage range:2.0V to 5.5V
3.4.2 Peripheral Features:
3Timer/ counters (Programmable pre-scalars)
Timer 0, Timer 2 is 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit pre-scalar
Timer 1 is 16-bit, can be incremented during sleep via external crystal/clock
Two captures, compare, PWM modules
Input capture function records the Timer 1 count on a pin transition
A PWM function output is a square wave with a programmable period and duty cycle
10-bit 8 channel analog-to-digital converter
USART with 9-bit address detection
Synchronous serial port with master mode and 12C Master/Slave
3.4.3 Analog Features
10-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital Converter(A/D)
Brown-out Reset (BOR)
Analog Comparator module (Programmable input multiplexing from device inputs and
comparator outputs are externally accessible)
3.4.4 Oscillator
The CPU clock dictates how fast the processor can run and process the data with a
microprocessor, PIC or microcontroller having a clock speed of 1MHz means that it can process
data internally one million times per second at every clock cycle. Generally, all that’s needed to
produce a microprocessor clock waveform is a crystal and two ceramic capacitors of values
ranging between 15 to 33pF as shown below.
Figure 9: crystal oscillator
PIC 16F877 microcontroller is used here due to its high number of pins.
Figure 10: PIC 16F877 microcontroller pinout
Resistor R is used to set pin 4 high since the input impedance is very high, the current through
the resistor R can be limited to 1mA. Its value can therefore be calculated as follows.
R= V/I
R= 5Vollts/0.001A
R=5KΩ
3.5 Switching Circuit
NPN transistor BC337 is used for switching purposes in this circuit. It supplies power to the
heaters when it receives a voltage signal from the control circuit. The BC337 transistor is used in
different electronic circuits and basic electronic projects because of its characteristics. It can be
used in audio preamplifier stages due to its high gain feature. In other techniques, it can be used
for switching small loads within electronic circuits. For instance, to control LEDs, switch ON
electronic circuits, bulbs, relays and any kind of load below 800mA.
3.6 LCD Display
A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video display
that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light
directly. LCD screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications. A 16
by 2 LCD display is a very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and
circuit. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The
reasons being: LCDs are economical, easily programmable, have no limitation of displaying
special and even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animation and so on. A 16 by 2
LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are two such lines. In this LCD each
character is displayed in 5 by 7-pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and
Data. Here, the LCD displays the temperature detected by the temperature sensor (temperature
withing incubator compartment).
Figure 11: LCD DISPLAY
3.7 Heaters
Air heaters are devices used to heat air. Forced air products moderate and control air temperature
by circulating air past a heat source with a fan or blower. As the air current flows through the
heater, it absorbs thermal energy and then exits the heater at an elevated temperature.
3.8 Circuit Diagram
Figure 12: Circuit diagram for microcontroller-based hypothermia control system.
3.8.1 CIRCUIT OPERATION
The transformer is used to step down 240V ac to 12 ac. The bridge rectifier converts the 12 V ac
to 12 volts DC. The DC ripples are then filtered by the 2500 μF smoothing capacitor. The 7805
regulator ensures a stable 5 volts supplied to the circuit. The LM 35 converts the temperature to
analog voltage signal whose voltage rises with temperature. This voltage signal is fed to the
microcontroller’s internal analog to digital converter through pin 2. The actual temperature is
displayed on the LCD display. When the temperature is lower than the set range, the
microcontroller output pin 17 goes high. This output through the transistor energizes the second
relay. The normally open relay closes while the normally closed relay opens. The relay powers
the heater to rise the temperature. When the temperature is far lower than normal suggesting
system failure, the microcontroller gives out a voltage signals that through the transistor wired as
a switch turns on the buzzer.
3.9 Construction
The appropriate components were purchased from the local electronic shops as determined in the
circuit design. The passive components like the resistors were then tested before assembly took
place to confirm their values. The circuit diagram was simulated on a bread board for circuit
functionality testing and later the components were mounted on a 13cm×7cm strip board by the
use of a soldier wire after the functionality testing succeeded. Jumper wires were also used to
connect the components with the switches. A suitable casing was also fabricated to house the
circuit and provide protection.
3.10 Components used
ITEM QUANTITY UNIT PRICE PER UNIT TOTAL PRICE
Power cable 1 Pcs 60 60
Transformer 1 Pcs 500 500
ON/OFF Switch 1 Pcs 80 80
Capacitor 1 Pcs 30 90
Diodes 4 Pcs 30 120
Resistors 3 Pcs 20 60
LM 35 1 Pcs 150 150
Microcontroller 1 Pcs 1200 1200
LCD 1 Pcs 100 100
Transistor 2 Pcs 60 120
Strip board 1 Pcs 75 75
Solder wire 1 meter Meters 20 20
Connector wires 4 meters Meters 15 60
Buzzer 1 pcs 30 30
Relay 1 pcs 50 50
Casing 1 Pcs 350 350
TOTAL 3900
Table 1: list of components, quantity and cost.
CHAPTER FOUR
Test Results
Multimeter and phase tester were the main tools used for testing functionality of the circuit.
4.1 Power Supply
Test point Expected Measured
Transformer input 240VAC at terms 235VAC at terms
Transformer output 12 VAC 11.95 VAC
Rectifier output 12 VDC 13.4 VDC
Regulator output 5VDC 4.9VDC
Microcontroller 5VDC 4.8 VDC
Table2: Test results for input and output power values
4.2 Observational Results
Temperature range Action
Below 34 oC Heaters and alarm ON
Below 36 oC Heaters ON
Below 37 oC Heaters ON
Above 37 oC Heaters OFF
Table 3: Observational results
CHAPTER FIVE
Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Discussion of test results
Design of a microcontroller based neonatal hypothermia control system.
PIC16F877 microcontroller was used here. It operates as programmed.
To use a temperature sensing device to sense temperature in the incubator.
LM35 temperature sensor was used here, it gives analog output voltage which increases with the
increase in temperature being measured.
To test the functionality of system.
System was tested and found to be well functioning as per required specifications. When
temperatures are too low, heaters are activated to provide heat to the incubator compartment. A
buzzer is also activated especially when the temperatures are below 34 oC. as the temperatures
increase, above 34 oC, the buzzer is inactivated while the heaters remain ON until temperatures
rise above 37 oC. This is specified by the program in the microcontroller.
5.2 Conclusion
When project was tested, it operated well within the specified values and gave stable results.
When specific amounts of temperatures were reached the microcontroller switched OFF heaters
and when they were below required values microcontroller activated heaters and a buzzer to alert
user.
5.3 Recommendation
I would recommend that this kind of system be adopted partially or wholly in the hospital set up
so that we can improve on efficiency and reduce infant mortality rates.
REFERENCES
Antonucci, R., Porcella, A. and Fanos, V., 2009. The infant incubator in the neonatal intensive
care unit: unresolved issues and future developments.
Ali, M., Abdelwahab, M., Awadekreim, S. and Abdalla, S., 2018, August. Development of a
monitoring and control system of infant incubator. In 2018 International Conference on
Computer, Control, Electrical, and Electronics Engineering (ICCCEEE) (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
Antonucci, R., Porcella, A. and Fanos, V., 2009. The infant incubator in the neonatal intensive
care unit: unresolved issues and future developments.
Koli, M., Ladge, P., Prasad, B., Boria, R. and Balur, N.J., 2018, March. Intelligent baby
incubator. In 2018 Second International Conference on Electronics, Communication and
Aerospace Technology (ICECA) (pp. 1036-1042). IEEE.
Sinuraya, E.W. and Pamungkas, R.J., 2019. Design of temperature control system for infant
incubator using auto tuning fuzzy-PI controller.
Reidpath, D.D. and Allotey, P., 2003. Infant mortality rate as an indicator of population
health. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 57(5), pp.344-346.
Rajalakshmi, A., Sunitha, K.A. and Venkataraman, R., 2019, November. A survey on neonatal
incubator monitoring system. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1362, No. 1, p.
012128). IOP Publishing.
Thermal Protection of newborn: a practical guide, World Health Organization, Maternal or
newborn health/ Safe motherhood unit, Division of reproductive health (Technical Support)
Geneva, (WHO/RHT/MSM/2011, 2nd Edition).
APPENDIX ONE
WORK PLAN
February March April May June
Topic approval
Chapter one
Literature review
methodology
Test and results
Project
presentation
