An Introduction to
Sinusoidal Voltages and Currents
Time-varying Waveforms/Signals
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Generation of Sinusoidal Wave
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Generation of Sinusoidal Voltage
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General Expression of Sinusoids
Amplitude/peak
Peak to
peak (p-p)
•
•
Where, x(t) is the instantaneous value, Xm is the peak value/
amplitude/ maximum value, and (ωt+θ) is the argument of the cosine
function. Argument consists of both frequency, ω and phase.
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Plot of Sinusoidal Waves
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Periodic Waveforms
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Importance of Sinusoids
• Any complex signal can be divided into simple sine
and cosine signals and mathematical analysis becomes
easy.
• In transformers, we want same voltage signal both at
input and output. The only functions that satisfy this
condition are sine and cosine functions.
• The shape of the sinusoidal signal does not change by
transmission through any linear circuits.
• Power systems in the world today are using sinusoidal
AC voltages. All the household equipment also work on
Sinusoidal AC voltage.
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Periodicity and Frequency
• The sinusoid shown in the above figure is a periodic
function defined by the property x(t+nT) = x(t) for all t and
n where, n is an integer; T (sec) is the period of oscillation
which is defined by the time taken, in seconds, by the
alternating function to make a complete wave or cycle.
• The reciprocal of T gives the number of cycles per second,
or the frequency in Hz, of the sinusoidal function and is
obtained as f=1/T. Omega (ω=2πf=2π/T) is the angular
frequency of the sinusoid in rad/sec.
• Most of the countries in Asia including Bangladesh, Europe,
Africa, Australia, and South America use 50Hz power,
while some parts of America use 60 Hz.
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120 V at 60 Hz versus 220 V at 50 Hz
• Flicker elimination
• The size of a transformer is inversely proportional to
frequency.
• 60 Hz is an exact multiple of 60 seconds in a minute and 60
minutes in an hour.
• 50 Hz is exactly half of the special number 100 in metric
system.
• Is the difference, simply, political?
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Phase of a Sinusoidal Waveform
ωt
-θ 0 +θ
• The cosine function x(t) = Xm cos(ωt+θ) reaches its maximum when its
argument is an integral multiple of 2π, i. e., when (ωt+θ) = ± 2nπ where, n is an
integer. The maximum value of the function corresponding to n = 0, referred to
as the central peak, occurs when ωt+θ = 0. When θ = 0, the central peak occurs
at t = 0 (series 1). Depending on the value of θ (for θ ≠ 0), the central peak of
the function shifts to the right (series 2: θ<0) or left (series 3: θ>0) of the point
corresponding to t = 0.
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Phase Relationship of Sinusoids
Phase difference (a)
• Lead (Leading)
• Lag (Lagging)
Out of phase (b)
In phase (c)
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Sine- and Cosine Wave
Cosine variation Sine variation
Cosine wave leads sine wave by 900
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Conversion between Sine and Cosine
-Sin
-Cos +Cos
+Sin
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Examples- Phase Relationship
• Determine the phase relations between the signals of the
following sets:
i) v = 2 cos(ωt+100 ), i = 5 sin(ωt+100)
ii) i = 2 cos(ωt+100 ), v = -5 sin(ωt-100)
iii) v =10 sin(ωt+100), i = 5 sin(ωt-100 )
• Solution: i) v = 2 cos(ωt+100 ) and i = 5 sin(ωt+100 ) = 5
cos(ωt+100 -900). Therefore the phase difference between v and
i is θ = 100 +800 = 900. Since θ >0, v leads i by 900. It can also
be said that i lags v by 900 .
• ii) i = 2 cos(ωt+100 ) and v = -5 sin(ωt-100 ) = 5 cos{(ωt-100 ) +
900}= 5 cos(ωt+800 ). Therefore, the phase difference between i
and v is θ =100 -800 = -700 . Since θ <0, i lags v by 700 or v leads
i by 700.
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Red wave leads Green by 900
Red/Green wave leads Green by 1800
Red wave leads Green by 2700 or Green wave leads Red by 900
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Addition and Subtraction
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Wow! It’s the end..
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