Sport

Sport pertains to any form of physical activity or

game,[1] often competitive and organized, that aims to
use, maintain, or improve physical ability and skills
while providing enjoyment to participants and, in some
cases, entertainment to spectators.[2] Sports can,
through casual or organized participation, improve
participants' physical health. Hundreds of sports exist,
from those between single contestants, through to
those with hundreds of simultaneous participants,
either in teams or competing as individuals. In certain
Sport in childhood. Association football, shown
sports such as racing, many contestants may compete,
above, is a team sport which also provides
simultaneously or consecutively, with one winner; in
opportunities to nurture physical fitness and social
others, the contest (a match) is between two sides, interaction skills.
each attempting to exceed the other. Some sports allow
a "tie" or "draw", in which there is no single winner;
others provide tie-breaking methods to ensure one winner. A
number of contests may be arranged in a tournament producing a
champion. Many sports leagues make an annual champion by
arranging games in a regular sports season, followed in some cases
by playoffs.

Sport is generally recognised as system of activities based in

physical athleticism or physical dexterity, with major competitions
such as the Olympic Games admitting only sports meeting this
definition.[3] Other organisations, such as the Council of Europe, The 2005 London Marathon: running
preclude activities without a physical element from classification as races, in their various specialties,
sports.[2] However, a number of competitive, but non-physical, represent the oldest and most
activities claim recognition as mind sports. The International traditional form of sport.
Olympic Committee (through ARISF) recognises both chess and
bridge as bona fide sports, and SportAccord, the international
sports federation association, recognises five non-physical sports: bridge, chess, draughts (checkers), Go
and xiangqi,[4][5] and limits the number of mind games which can be admitted as sports.[1]

Sport is usually governed by a set of rules or customs, which serve to ensure fair competition, and allow
consistent adjudication of the winner. Winning can be determined by physical events such as scoring goals
or crossing a line first. It can also be determined by judges who are scoring elements of the sporting
performance, including objective or subjective measures such as technical performance or artistic
impression.

Records of performance are often kept, and for popular sports, this information may be widely announced
or reported in sport news. Sport is also a major source of entertainment for non-participants, with spectator
sport drawing large crowds to sport venues, and reaching wider audiences through broadcasting. Sport
betting is in some cases severely regulated, and in some cases is central to the sport.
According to A.T. Kearney, a consultancy, the global sporting industry is worth up to $620 billion as of
2013.[6] The world's most accessible and practised sport is running, while association football is the most
popular spectator sport.[7]

Meaning and usage

Etymology

The word "sport" comes from the Old French desport meaning "leisure", with the oldest definition in
English from around 1300 being "anything humans find amusing or entertaining".[8]

Other meanings include gambling and events staged for the purpose of gambling; hunting; and games and
diversions, including ones that require exercise.[9] Roget's defines the noun sport as an "activity engaged in
for relaxation and amusement" with synonyms including diversion and recreation.[10]

Nomenclature

The singular term "sport" is used in most English dialects to describe the overall concept (e.g. "children
taking part in sport"), with "sports" used to describe multiple activities (e.g. "football and rugby are the
most popular sports in England"). American English uses "sports" for both terms.

Definition

The precise definition of what differentiates a sport from other leisure

activities varies between sources. The closest to an international
agreement on a definition is provided by the Global Association of
International Sports Federations (GAISF), which is the association for
all the largest international sports federations (including association
football, athletics, cycling, tennis, equestrian sports, and more), and is
therefore the de facto representative of international sport.
The International Olympic
GAISF uses the following criteria, determining that a sport should:[1] Committee recognises some
board games as sports including
have an element of competition chess.
be in no way harmful to any living creature
not rely on equipment provided by a single supplier
(excluding proprietary games such as arena football)
not rely on any "luck" element specifically designed into the
sport.

They also recognise that sport can be primarily physical (such as rugby
or athletics), primarily mind (such as chess or Go), predominantly
motorised (such as Formula 1 or powerboating), primarily co-
ordination (such as billiard sports), or primarily animal-supported (such
as equestrian sport).[1] Show jumping, an equestrian
sport
The inclusion of mind sports within sport definitions has not been universally accepted, leading to legal
challenges from governing bodies in regards to being denied funding available to sports.[11] Whilst GAISF
recognises a small number of mind sports, it is not open to admitting any further mind sports.

There has been an increase in the application of the term "sport" to a wider set of non-physical challenges
such as video games, also called esports (from "electronic sports"), especially due to the large scale of
participation and organised competition, but these are not widely recognised by mainstream sports
organisations. According to Council of Europe, European Sports Charter, article 2.i, " 'Sport' means all
forms of physical activity which, through casual or organised participation, aim at expressing or improving
physical fitness and mental well-being, forming social relationships or obtaining results in competition at all
levels."[12]

Competition

There are opposing views on the necessity of competition as a

defining element of a sport, with almost all professional sports
involving competition, and governing bodies requiring competition
as a prerequisite of recognition by the International Olympic
Committee (IOC) or GAISF.[1]

Other bodies advocate widening the definition of sport to include

all physical activity. For instance, the Council of Europe include all
forms of physical exercise, including those competed just for fun.
Horse racing In order to widen participation, and reduce the impact of losing on
less able participants, there has been an introduction of non-
competitive physical activity to traditionally competitive events
such as school sports days, although moves like this are often controversial.[13][14]

In competitive events, participants are graded or classified based on their "result" and often divided into
groups of comparable performance, (e.g. gender, weight and age). The measurement of the result may be
objective or subjective, and corrected with "handicaps" or penalties. In a race, for example, the time to
complete the course is an objective measurement. In gymnastics or diving the result is decided by a panel of
judges, and therefore subjective. There are many shades of judging between boxing and mixed martial arts,
where victory is assigned by judges if neither competitor has lost at the end of the match time.

History
Artifacts and structures suggest sport in China as early as 2000 BC.[15] Gymnastics appears to have been
popular in China's ancient past. Monuments to the Pharaohs indicate that a number of sports, including
swimming and fishing, were well-developed and regulated several thousands of years ago in ancient
Egypt.[16] Other Egyptian sports included javelin throwing, high jump, and wrestling. Ancient Persian
sports such as the traditional Iranian martial art of Zoorkhaneh had a close connection to warfare skills.[17]
Among other sports that originated in ancient Persia are polo and jousting. The traditional South Asian
sport of kabaddi has been played for thousands of years, potentially as a preparation for hunting.[18]

A wide range of sports were already established by the time of Ancient Greece and the military culture and
the development of sport in Greece influenced one another considerably. Sport became such a prominent
part of their culture that the Greeks created the Olympic Games, which in ancient times were held every
four years in a small village in the Peloponnesus called Olympia.[19]
 Sports have been increasingly
organised and regulated from
the time of the ancient Olympics
up to the present century.
Industrialisation has brought
motorised transportation and
increased leisure time, letting
people attend and follow
spectator sports and participate
in athletic activities. These Swimmers perform squats as warm-up
trends continued with the advent exercise prior to entering the pool in a U.S.
of mass media and global military base, 2011.
communication. Professionalism
Roman bronze reduction
became prevalent, further
of Myron's Discobolos, adding to the increase in sport's
2nd century AD popularity, as sports fans followed the
exploits of professional athletes – all
while enjoying the exercise and
competition associated with amateur participation in sports. Since the
turn of the 21st century, there has been increasing debate about Motorised sports have appeared
whether transgender sports people should be able to participate in sport since the advent of the modern
age.
events that conform with their post-transition gender identity.[20]

Fair play

Sportsmanship

Sportsmanship is an attitude that strives for fair play, courtesy toward teammates and opponents, ethical
behaviour and integrity, and grace in victory or defeat.[21][22][23]

Sportsmanship expresses an aspiration or ethos that the activity will be enjoyed for its own sake. The well-
known sentiment by sports journalist Grantland Rice, that it is "not that you won or lost but how you
played the game", and the modern Olympic creed expressed by its founder Pierre de Coubertin: "The most
important thing... is not winning but taking part" are typical expressions of this sentiment.

Cheating

Key principles of sport include that the result should not be predetermined, and that both sides should have
equal opportunity to win. Rules are in place to ensure fair play, but participants can break these rules in
order to gain advantage.

Participants may cheat in order to unfairly increase their chance of winning, or in order to achieve other
advantages such as financial gains. The widespread existence of gambling on the results of sports events
creates a motivation for match fixing, where a participant or participants deliberately work to ensure a given
outcome rather than simply playing to win.

Doping and drugs

The competitive nature of sport encourages some participants to attempt to enhance their performance
through the use of medicines, or through other means such as increasing the volume of blood in their bodies
through artificial means.

All sports recognised by the IOC or SportAccord are required to implement a testing programme, looking
for a list of banned drugs, with suspensions or bans being placed on participants who test positive for
banned substances.

Violence

Violence in sports involves crossing the line between fair competition and intentional aggressive violence.
Athletes, coaches, fans, and parents sometimes unleash violent behaviour on people or property, in
misguided shows of loyalty, dominance, anger, or celebration. Rioting or hooliganism by fans in particular
is a problem at some national and international sporting contests.

Participation

Gender participation

Female participation in sports continues to rise alongside

the opportunity for involvement and the value of sports
for child development and physical fitness. Despite
increases in female participation during the last three
decades, a gap persists in the enrolment figures between
male and female players in sports-related teams. Female
players account for 39% of the total participation in US
interscholastic athletics.

Certain sports are mixed-gender, allowing (or even

requiring) men and women to play on the same team. One International level female athletes at ISTAF
example of this is Baseball5, which is the first mixed- Berlin, 2006
gender sport to have been admitted into an Olympic
event.[24]

Youth participation

Youth sport presents children with opportunities for fun, socialisation, forming peer relationships, physical
fitness, and athletic scholarships. Activists for education and the war on drugs encourage youth sport as a
means to increase educational participation and to fight the illegal drug trade. According to the Center for
Injury Research and Policy at Nationwide Children's Hospital, the biggest risk for youth sport is death or
serious injury including concussion. These risks come from running, basketball, association football,
volleyball, gridiron, gymnastics, and ice hockey.[25] Youth sport in the US is a $15 billion industry
including equipment up to private coaching.[26]

Disabled participation
Disabled sports also adaptive sports or parasports, are sports
played by people with a disability, including physical and
intellectual disabilities. As many of these are based on existing
sports modified to meet the needs of people with a disability, they
are sometimes referred to as adapted sports. However, not all
disabled sports are adapted; several sports that have been
specifically created for people with a disability have no equivalent
in able-bodied sports.
A runner gives a friendly tap on the
shoulder to a wheelchair racer during
Spectator involvement the Marathon International de Paris
(Paris Marathon) in 2014.
The competition element of sport, along with the aesthetic appeal of
some sports, result in the popularity of people attending to watch
sport being played. This has led to the specific phenomenon of
spectator sport.

Both amateur and professional sports attract spectators, both in

person at the sport venue, and through broadcast media including
radio, television and internet broadcast. Both attendance in person
and viewing remotely can incur a sometimes substantial charge,
such as an entrance ticket, or pay-per-view television broadcast. Spectators at the 1906 unofficial
Sports league and tournament are two common arrangements to Olympic Games
organise sport teams or individual athletes into competing against
each other continuously or periodically.

It is common for popular sports to attract large broadcast audiences, leading to rival broadcasters bidding
large amounts of money for the rights to show certain events. The football World Cup attracts a global
television audience of hundreds of millions; the 2006 final alone attracted an estimated worldwide audience
of well over 700 million and the 2011 Cricket World Cup Final attracted an estimated audience of
135 million in India alone.[27]

In the United States, the championship game of the NFL, the Super Bowl, has become one of the most
watched television broadcasts of the year.[28][29] Super Bowl Sunday is a de facto national holiday in
America;[30][31] the viewership being so great that in 2015, advertising space was reported as being sold at
$4.5m for a 30-second slot.[28]

Amateur and professional

Sport can be undertaken on an amateur, professional or semi-
professional basis, depending on whether participants are
incentivised for participation (usually through payment of a wage
or salary). Amateur participation in sport at lower levels is often
called "grassroots sport".[2][32]

The popularity of spectator sport as a recreation for non-participants

has led to sport becoming a major business in its own right, and this
has incentivised a high paying professional sport culture, where Women's volleyball team of a U.S.
high performing participants are rewarded with pay far in excess of university
average wages, which can run into millions of dollars.[33]
Some sports, or individual competitions within a sport, retain a policy of allowing only amateur sport. The
Olympic Games started with a principle of amateur competition with those who practised a sport
professionally considered to have an unfair advantage over those who practised it merely as a hobby.[34]
From 1971, Olympic athletes were allowed to receive compensation and sponsorship,[35] and from 1986,
the IOC decided to make all professional athletes eligible for the Olympics,[35][36] with the exceptions of
boxing,[37][38] and wrestling.[39][40]

Technology
Technology plays an important part in modern sport. It is a
necessary part of some sports (such as motorsport), and it is used in
others to improve performance. Some sports also use it to allow off-
field decision making.

Sports science is a widespread academic discipline, and can be

applied to areas including athlete performance, such as the use of
video analysis to fine-tune technique, or to equipment, such as
improved running shoes or competitive swimwear. Sports
engineering emerged as a discipline in 1998 with an increasing These lights at the Melbourne
focus not just on materials design but also the use of technology in Cricket Ground indicate the decision
sport, from analytics and big data to wearable technology. [41] In the third umpire makes following a
order to control the impact of technology on fair play, governing review.
bodies frequently have specific rules that are set to control the
impact of technical advantage between participants. For example,
in 2010, full-body, non-textile swimsuits were banned by FINA, as they were enhancing swimmers'
performances.[42][43]

The increase in technology has also allowed many decisions in sports matches to be taken, or reviewed,
off-field, with another official using instant replays to make decisions. In some sports, players can now
challenge decisions made by officials. In Association football, goal-line technology makes decisions on
whether a ball has crossed the goal line or not.[44] The technology is not compulsory,[45] but was used in
the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil,[46] and the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup in Canada,[47] as well as
in the Premier League from 2013–14,[48] and the Bundesliga from 2015–16.[49] In the NFL, a referee can
ask for a review from the replay booth, or a head coach can issue a challenge to review the play using
replays. The final decision rests with the referee.[50] A video referee (commonly known as a Television
Match Official or TMO) can also use replays to help decision-making in rugby (both league and
union).[51][52] In international cricket, an umpire can ask the Third umpire for a decision, and the third
umpire makes the final decision.[53][54] Since 2008, a decision review system for players to review
decisions has been introduced and used in ICC-run tournaments, and optionally in other matches.[53][55]
Depending on the host broadcaster, a number of different technologies are used during an umpire or player
review, including instant replays, Hawk-Eye, Hot Spot and Real Time Snickometer.[56][57] Hawk-Eye is
also used in tennis to challenge umpiring decisions.[58][59]

Sports and education

Research suggests that sports have the capacity to connect youth to positive adult role models and provide
positive development opportunities, as well as promote the learning and application of life skills.[60][61] In
recent years the use of sport to reduce crime, as well as to prevent violent extremism and radicalization, has
become more widespread, especially as a tool to improve self-esteem, enhance social bonds and provide
participants with a feeling of purpose.[61]
There is no high-quality evidence that shows the effectiveness of interventions to increase sports
participation of the community in sports such as mass media campaigns, educational sessions, and policy
changes.[62] There is also no high-quality studies that investigate the effect of such interventions in
promoting healthy behaviour change in the community.[63]

Politics
Benito Mussolini used the 1934 FIFA World Cup, which was held in Italy, to showcase Fascist Italy.[64][65]
Adolf Hitler also used the 1936 Summer Olympics held in Berlin, and the 1936 Winter Olympics held in
Garmisch-Partenkirchen, to promote the Nazi ideology of the superiority of the Aryan race, and inferiority
of the Jews and other "undesirables".[65][66] Germany used the Olympics to give off a peaceful image
while secretly preparing for war.[67]

When apartheid was the official policy in South Africa, many sports people, particularly in rugby union,
adopted the conscientious approach that they should not appear in competitive sports there. Some feel this
was an effective contribution to the eventual demolition of the policy of apartheid, others feel that it may
have prolonged and reinforced its worst effects.[68]

In the history of Ireland, Gaelic sports were connected with cultural nationalism. Until the mid-20th century
a person could have been banned from playing Gaelic football, hurling, or other sports administered by the
Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) if she/he played or supported Association football, or other games seen
to be of British origin. Until recently the GAA continued to ban the playing of football and rugby union at
Gaelic venues. This ban, also known as Rule 42,[69] is still enforced, but was modified to allow football
and rugby to be played in Croke Park while Lansdowne Road was redeveloped into Aviva Stadium. Until
recently, under Rule 21, the GAA also banned members of the British security forces and members of the
RUC from playing Gaelic games, but the advent of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998 led to the eventual
removal of the ban.[70]

Nationalism is often evident in the pursuit of sport, or in its reporting: people compete in national teams, or
commentators and audiences can adopt a partisan view. On occasion, such tensions can lead to violent
confrontation among players or spectators within and beyond the sporting venue, as in the Football War.
These trends are seen by many as contrary to the fundamental ethos of sport being carried on for its own
sake and for the enjoyment of its participants.

Sport and politics collided in the 1972 Olympics in Munich. Masked men entered the hotel of the Israeli
Olympic team and killed many of their men. This was known as the Munich massacre.

A study of US elections has shown that the result of sports events can affect the results. A study published
in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences showed that when the home team wins the game
before the election, the incumbent candidates can increase their share of the vote by 1.5 per cent. A loss had
the opposite effect, and the effect is greater for higher-profile teams or unexpected wins and losses.[71]
Also, when Washington Redskins win their final game before an election, then the incumbent president is
more likely to win, and if the Redskins lose, then the opposition candidate is more likely to win; this has
become known as the Redskins Rule.[72][73]

As a means of controlling and subduing populations

Étienne de La Boétie, in his essay Discourse on Voluntary Servitude describes athletic spectacles as means
for tyrants to control their subjects by distracting them.
 Do not imagine that there is any bird more easily caught by decoy, nor any fish sooner fixed
on the hook by wormy bait, than are all these poor fools neatly tricked into servitude by the
slightest feather passed, so to speak, before their mouths. Truly it is a marvellous thing that
they let themselves be caught so quickly at the slightest tickling of their fancy. Plays, farces,
spectacles, gladiators, strange beasts, medals, pictures, and other such opiates, these were for
ancient peoples the bait toward slavery, the price of their liberty, the instruments of tyranny. By
these practices and enticements the ancient dictators so successfully lulled their subjects under
the yoke, that the stupefied peoples, fascinated by the pastimes and vain pleasures flashed
before their eyes, learned subservience as naïvely, but not so creditably, as little children learn
to read by looking at bright picture books.[74]

During the British rule of Bengal, British and European sports began to supplant traditional Bengali sports,
resulting in a loss of native culture.[75][76]

Religious views
Sport was an important form of worship in Ancient Greek religion.
The ancient Olympic Games were held in honour of the head deity,
Zeus, and featured various forms of religious dedication to him and
other gods.[77] As many Greeks travelled to see the games, this
combination of religion and sport also served as a way of uniting
them.

The practice of athletic competitions has been criticised by some

Christian thinkers as a form of idolatry, in which "human beings
extol themselves, adore themselves, sacrifice themselves and
reward themselves." [78] Sports are seen by these critics as a
manifestation of "collective pride" and "national self-deification" in
which feats of human power are idolised at the expense of divine
worship.[78]

Tertullian condemns the athletic performances of his day, insisting

The foot race was one of the events
"the entire apparatus of the shows is based upon idolatry." [79] The
dedicated to Zeus. Panathenaic
shows, says Tertullian, excite passions foreign to the calm
amphora, Kleophrades painter,
temperament cultivated by the Christian: c. 500 BC, Louvre museum.

God has enjoined us to deal calmly, gently, quietly,

and peacefully with the Holy Spirit, because these
things are alone in keeping with the goodness of His
nature, with His tenderness and sensitiveness. ... Well,
how shall this be made to accord with the shows? For
the show always leads to spiritual agitation, since
where there is pleasure, there is keenness of feeling
giving pleasure its zest; and where there is keenness of
feeling, there is rivalry giving in turn its zest to that.
Then, too, where you have rivalry, you have rage,
bitterness, wrath and grief, with all bad things which
flow from them – the whole entirely out of keeping
with the religion of Christ.[80]
Christian clerics in the Wesleyan-Holiness movement oppose the viewing of or participation in professional
sports, believing that professional sports leagues profane the Sabbath as in the modern era, certain
associations hold games on the Lord's Day.[81] They also criticise professional sports for its fostering of a
commitment that competes with a Christian's primary commitment to God in opposition to 1 Corinthians
7:35, what they perceive to be a lack of modesty in the players' and cheerleaders' uniforms (which are not
in conformity with the Methodistic doctrine of outward holiness), its association with violence in opposition
to Hebrews 7:26, what they perceive to be the extensive use of profanity among many players that
contravenes Colossians 3:8–10, and the frequent presence of gambling, as well as alcohol and other drugs
at sporting events, which go against a commitment to teetotalism.[81]

Popularity
Popularity in 2018 of major sports by size of fan base:[7]

Estimated Global
Rank Sport Sphere of Influence
Following

Association football
1 4 billion Globally
(Soccer)
primarily UK and Commonwealth, South Asia
2 Cricket 2.5 billion
(Indian subcontinent)

3 Hockey (Ice and Field) 2 billion Europe, North America, Africa, Asia and Australia

4 Tennis 1 billion Globally

Volleyball (along with
5 900 million Americas, Europe, Asia, Oceania
Beach Volleyball)

6 Table tennis 875 million Mainly East Asia

7 Basketball 825 million Globally

8 Baseball 500 million primarily United States, Caribbean and East Asia

primarily UK, Ireland, France, Italy, Oceania, South

9 Rugby (League and Union) 475 million
Africa, Argentina, and Japan.

primarily Western Europe, East Asia and North

10 Golf 450 million
America

See also
Sports portal

Outline of sports
List of sports
List of sportspeople
List of sports attendance figures
List of professional sports leagues
New Media and Sports

Related topics

Athletic sports
Animals in sport
 Combat sport
Disabled sports
Electronic sports
Fan (person)
Game
Handedness#Advantage in sports
International sport
Lawn game
Mind sport
Motor sports
Multi-sport events
National sport
Nationalism and sports
Olympic Games
Paralympic Games
Physical education
Physical fitness
Spalding Athletic Library
Sponsorship
Sport in film
Sport psychology
Sports club
Sports coaching
Sports commentator
Sports entertainment
Sports equipment
Sports fan
Sports governing body
Sports injuries
Sports league attendances
Sports marketing
Sports nutrition
Sports terms named after people
Sports trainer
Sportsperson
Sportswear
Sunday sporting events
Team sport
Underwater sports
Women's sports
Water sports
Winter sport

Sources
 This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken
from Strengthening the rule of law through education: a guide for policymakers​ (https://unesdoc.unesco.or
g/ark:/48223/pf0000366771), UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.

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79. Tertullian, De spectaculis, Chapter 4.
80. De spectaculis Chapter 15.
81. Handel, Paul S. (2020). Reasons Why Organized Sports Are Not Pleasing to God. Immanuel
Missionary Church. p. 4.

Sources
European Commission (2007), The White Paper on Sport.
Council of Europe (2001), The European sport charter.

Further reading
The Meaning of Sports by Michael Mandel (PublicAffairs, ISBN 1-58648-252-1).
 Journal of the Philosophy of Sport (https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/rjps20)
Sullivan, George. The Complete Sports Dictionary. New York: Scholastic Book Services,
1979. p. 199. ISBN 0-590-05731-6.

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