Cambridge IGCSE™ Information and Communication Technology

Practical Workbook answers

11 File management
1 Generic file types can be used on any platform.
2 a Rich text format
b Comma separated values
c Text
d Graphics interchange format
e Joint photographic expert group
f Portable network graphics
g Portable document format
h Moving picture experts group layer 3
i Moving picture experts group layer 4
j Cascading stylesheet
k Hypertext markup language
l Zip
m Roshal archive
3 .rtf, .txt and .csv
4 .mp4, .zip and .rar
5 Two from:
• So that you can always return to a previous version …
• … in case of file loss/corruption.
• … if you need to refer back to the work at a particular point in time.
• To reduce the chance of overwriting the file and losing the data.
6 • To reduce transmission times between devices.
• To reduce storage space used for the file.
7 File C, File A, File B
8 Four from:
• To reduce the size of an image/document containing a number of images.
• It is designed to be used where the file is not to be edited.
• Sometimes the file may be placed in a container in .zip or .rar format.
• This is used for reducing transmission time …
• … and reducing storage capacity required.
• It is especially useful for archiving documents.

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12 Images
1 The aspect ratio of an image is the ratio of the width to the height.
2 Width: 3 cm
Height: 2 cm
3 a In Line with Text: This places the image as an in-line graphic and is treated as a text
character within a line of text.
b Square: This places the image on the page and the text wraps (flows) around it.
c Tight: This places the image on the page and the text wraps (flows) around it, like
Square, but you cannot control the distance of the text from the image using the top
and bottom settings.
d Through: This places the image on the page and the text wraps around the image with
pre-set values.
e Top and Bottom: This places the image with the text above and below the image, but not
wrapped to the side.
f Behind Text: This places the image behind the text.
g In Front of Text: This places an image over the top of the text.
4 Four from:
• Click on the image to select it.
• Select the Format tab.
• Open Format Picture (using Picture styles section).
• Select the paint bucket.
• Select Line.
• Select the line type and thickness.
5 a Type of transformation: Rotation
b Feature used: 3-D Rotation

6 Original image: changed into this one:

7 Cropping

8 Original image: changed into this one:

9 a Type of transformation: Reflection
b Feature used: Reflection

10 Original image: changed into this one:

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11 a Layer
b Describe how this image is created:
• The image of the trees is placed as the background layer.
• Part of the image (the body of the snowman) is the white ellipse.
• The ellipse is placed on top of the background layer.
• The image of the snowman is placed in the top layer.

12 Image is created with:

• The image of the trees is placed as the background layer.
• Part of the image of the white ellipse is placed on top of the background layer.
• The image of the snowman is placed in top layer.
13 Changing the quality …
… of an image file
14 Downsampling
Which is the reduction of picture quality so as to reduce the file size
Upsampling
Which is to increase the number of pixels used to store the image

13 Layout
1 Five from:
• What is the purpose of the document?
• Who is the target audience?
• How will I make it suitable for this audience?
• What is the appropriate medium?
• What is the appropriate package?
2 a Ctrl X
b Ctrl C or Ctrl Insert
c Ctrl V or Shift Insert
d Ctrl A
e Ctrl Z
f Ctrl Y
g Prt Scr
h Alt Prt Scr

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3 • To drag and drop is to move a selected object …

• … like an image or highlighted text …
• … to another part of the screen …
• … using a mouse or similar pointing device.
4 a Left aligned
b Centre aligned
c Right aligned
d Fully justified
5 a i Top
ii Centre
iii Bottom
b for vertical alignment within a table
6 a Borders
• the outside boundaries/edges …
• … of a cell/table/image, etc.
b Gridlines – the internal lines within a table
7 Four from:
• Click the right mouse button …
• … in a cell within the column to be deleted.
• Select the Delete Cells … option from the menu.
• Select the radio button for Delete entire column …
• Click on the OK button.
8 Merge cells
9 Four from:
• Click the right mouse button …
• … in a cell whose alignment is to be changed.
• Select the Table Properties … option from the menu.
• Select the Cell tab.
• Select the Center icon followed by the OK button.
10 a A header is the area of a document between the top of the page and the top margin.
b A footer is the area of a document between the bottom of the page and the bottom margin.
11 Two from:
• left page – name of the chapter
• right page – subsection name within the chapter
• horizontal line.
12 Page numbering

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13 Four from:
• Information only has to be added/edited once and it appears on all pages …
• … therefore less work required
• … therefore less chance of errors
• Automated fields can be used to place page numbering …
• … these will change without manual updating.
• Automated file names and paths can be shown.
14 Insert tab
15 a Right tab
b Left tab
c Centre tab
d Decimal tab
16 • Select the Insert tab.
• Choose the Footer option.
17 • to identify the date and time that a document was printed (not created)
• to make it easier to identify which is the latest version of a document.
18 • enables the reader of a document to locate it easily on a storage system
• verifies that it originated in a student’s own user area on a networked system
• enables the reader to see the file type used (no marks for name or path as they are in
the question).
19 • You only have to enter the page numbers once (or twice on facing pages) with automated
page numbering whereas page numbers have to be entered on every page if done manually.
• Automatic page numbers calculate the page numbers whereas manual page numbers have
to be edited if pages are inserted or removed.
20 To display hidden characters to the user
21 Two from:
• Tab key
• Return key/Enter key
• Space bar.

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14 Styles
1 Corporate branding/a method of recognising a company through elements like its logo/colour
scheme, etc.
2 Four from:
• colour schemes
• font style
• point sizes
• logo
• styles for bullets/numbering
• paragraph style
• page layout/page formatting.
3 Four from:
• business cards
• website
• tv advertisements
• billboard/advertising hoarding
• company vehicles.
4 Four from:
• gives consistency to documents and other materials
• saves time in planning/setting up/creating/formatting documents
• creates brand recognition
• reduces the risks of mistakes in documents.
5 • Styles would be defined in a cascading stylesheet(s).
• The external stylesheet(s) would be attached …
• … to all web pages in the website.
• They would be placed so that the last stylesheet attached has priority.
6 A serif font has small strokes, called serifs at the end of individual letters.
7 A sans-serif font does not have serifs at the end of individual letters.
8 Points
9 Font face
10 • ascender
• descender.

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11 Four from:
• Select/highlight the text/numbers/cell
… that contains the style that you wish to copy.
• Select the format painter button
… from the Home tab.
• Drag the mouse over the text/numbers/cell that you wish to apply the style to.
12 • A bulleted list has a symbol in front of each list item.
• Users can select the type of bullet to be applied to the list.
• A numbered list indexes each list item with a number of letter.
• Users can select the type of 'numbering' to be applied to the list,
• … which can include numbers, letters and roman numerals.
13 • A new style can be based on an existing style to save time editing all the features of
the new style.
• If the old style is changed, the new style will be updated with those changes,
• … if they have not been redefined in the new style
• … saving time/potential errors by repeating the same changes in all related styles.

15 Proofing
1 A spell check searches through its dictionary …
… and tries to find a match with the word in the document.
If a match is not found it indicates a potential error …
… usually by underlining the word with a red wavy line.
2 Four from:
• A spell check searches through a dictionary to find a match with a word in the document.
• If a match is not found it is displayed as a potential error.
• Names of people/places may not be in the dictionary.
• Highly technical/specialist terms may not be in the dictionary.
• Newly accepted words may not be in the dictionary if it has not been recently updated.
• The dictionary may be set to the incorrect regional setting.
3 A blue wavy underline
4 Validation means checking that data entered is reasonable.

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5 True False Reason

A range check could be A range check can only be used on a numeric data
used to validate the title ✓ type and the title of the book has an alphanumeric
of the book. data type.
A length check could All modern ISBNs have 13 digits (ignoring the 4 '–'
be used to check the symbols) so a maximum field length of 17 characters
✓
number of characters would reduce the storage capacity required for the
entered in the ISBN. database.
A limit check could be The price field will have two 2 limits, one being >=0
used for the Price field. and a maximum price for a book, therefore a range
✓
check would test this whereas a limit check would
only change one of the two ends of the range.
A consistency check There is no direct relationship between the Price and
could be used with the ✓ Author fields so consistency check would be
Price and Author fields. inappropriate.
A check digit could be The ISBN field already contains a check digit so this
added to the ISBN ✓ would not be required.
field.
A format check could This field contains 13 numeric characters spaced
be used with the ISBN with four hyphens and these are consistent through
✓
field most ISBNs (older ones have ten numeric
characters) so a format check is appropriate.
A length check could The Price field has a numeric data type (probably
be used with the Price ✓ with a currency sub-type) and length checks are only
field. applied to alphanumeric fields.
6 Six from:
• the correct application of styles
• the correct margin settings
• images placed as specified
• text wraps as specified
• images are not distorted
• objects fit within the page/column margin
• objects not overlapping
• no lists split over two pages/columns
• no tables split over two pages/columns
• no blank columns/pages
• no widows/orphans.
7 Problems with gender – Mr in first sentence and She in 2nd sentence.
• FROM is upper case. Age of Mr Tanton has been transposed from 71 to 17.

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8 • A widow is the last line of a paragraph …

• … that appears alone at the top of a new page or column.
• An orphan is the first line of a paragraph or a heading …
• … that appears alone at the bottom of a page or column.
9 Verification is a way of preventing errors …
… when data is copied from one medium to another.
10 Visual checking/verification:
• Checking for data entry errors by manually comparing …
• … the original documents …
• … with data entered on the computer.
Double data entry:
• Data is entered into the system twice …
• … where the computer compares the two versions,
• … and differences in the data are flagged as an error.
11 If there is an error in the original source document …
… and the data is reasonable …
… then the data entered may be incorrect/inaccurate
(e.g. data expected is 1st April 2019 and data recorded and entered as 4/1/2019 – this would be
a data entry error if UK settings used, but not if US settings are used).
12 The telephone number would not get the right person/may not work.
If a simple checksum was used to verify data entry it would not find the error.
The incorrect number is likely to pass validation checks …
… such as length check, character checks, etc.
e.g. telephone number 123456 is transposed to 123465 so the correct number will not be
dialled, even though the data is likely to pass validation checks; this error can only be found
using verification if the original document contained the correct number.

16 Graphs and charts

1 a G
b B, F
c B, F, A, C, D (note: with data like this and only three different data items, either a bar chart
or pie chart is suitable for this activity)
d A, C, D
e A, C, D
f A, C, D
g E

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2 a Pie chart
b Bar chart
c Pie chart
d Line graph
3 a Line graph
b It is a line graph because the time intervals along are all the same/10 seconds …
… by using a line graph, it will allow us to see the exact distance travelled at other times
(e.g. after 17 seconds).
c Time in seconds would be plotted on the X-axis.
Distance travelled in metres would be plotted on the Y-axis.
4 a A2:B2 or B2:C2 or A2:C2
b A2 and C2
5 CTRL key
6 a Chart title
b Legend
c Segment label/segment value
7 b Legend (showing data series)
c Primary value axis title
d Secondary value axis title
e Primary value axis labels
f Category axis labels
g Secondary value axis labels
h Category axis title
8 If a graph is a comparative bar/line/combo chart …
… containing two data series which hold different types of data.
Value axis only shows one of these values.
So a secondary axis is required to allow comparisons to be easily seen/understood.
9 Maximum axis value
Minimum axis value
Axis unit value (may be called major unit or minor unit).
10 • Click the left mouse button to select ONLY the sector for engineer.
• Hold the left mouse button down and drag this sector …
• … up and to the right.

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17 Document production
1 • All three extensions are formats for text files/documents.
• .txt and .rtf are generic file formats.
• .docx is a package specific file format for Microsoft Office.
2 Four from:
• Select the Page Layout tab …
• … in the Page Layout section …
• … click on the dropdown control on the bottom right-hand side …
• … to Open the Page Setup window.
• Change the Paper size using the drop-down menu.
3 Answers in any order:
• margins
• paper
• layout.
4 It means an area outside the margins of a document …
… that is used to bind a book together.
5 Widows and orphans are both single (or partial) lines of text …
… that are not kept with the rest of the paragraph …
… as the text flows into a new page or column.
The single line of text at the top of the next page or column is called a widow.
The first line of a paragraph at the bottom of a page is called an orphan.
6 a A page break forces the text onto the start of a new page …
… leaving white space at the end of the previous page.
b A section break is used to split areas of a document into different layouts …
… these can be continuous on the same page or force a page break as well.
c A column break forces the text into the top of the next column …
… leaving white space at the end of the previous column.
7 a Orphan
b Move the cursor before the 'S' in School closures.
Insert a column break.
8 In Microsoft Word:
In the Home tab.
In the Paragraph section.
9 It aligns text to:
a the left margin …
… with a ragged right margin.
b the centre of the page …
… with ragged left and right margins.

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c the right margin …

… with a ragged left margin.
d both margins …
… leaving two straight margins and no ragged margins.
10 Single line spacing
11 a 1.5 line spacing
b Single
c Double
d Multiple (or 3 × line spacing)
12 Ruler
13 a It sets the left alignment …
… of the first line of a paragraph.
b It sets the left alignment …
… of all lines in a paragraph except for the first line.
c It sets a left tab stop …
… which left aligns all text/numbers to it when the tab key is pressed.
d It sets a decimal tab stop …
… which aligns numbers using the position of the decimal point when the tab key
is pressed.
e It sets a right tab stop …
… which right aligns all text/numbers to it when the tab key is pressed.
14 a Hanging paragraph
b Indented paragraph
c Normal paragraph

18 Databases
1 A database is an organised collection of data.
A database program is software that it stores the data and the links between the data items.
It stores data using files, records and fields.
2 a A flat-file database stores its data in one table, which is organised by rows and columns.
b A relational database stores the data in more than one linked table, stored in the file.
c A record contains data about one person or item.
d Each column in a database table contains a field that has been given a field name.
3 a Field name
b Record
c Field
4 Primary key

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5 1 Alphanumeric
2 Numeric
3 Boolean
6 It is so that duplicate data is not stored and …
… therefore the amount of internal memory and external storage space required is reduced.
7 It is stored as alphanumeric when the data will not be used to perform a calculation
(e.g. telephone number).
8 a Date and time
b Integer
c Currency
d Decimal/real
e Date and time
9 Foreign key
10 Data types cannot be defined.
Relationships cannot be established between tables/sheets.
11 Four from:
• Open the data table in Design View.
• Select the required field.
• In the General tab …
• … Select Format.
• Use the drop-down list to select On/Off.
12 Method: visual verification/checking
Description: manually compare data from the original document to that entered into
the database.
Method: double entry
Description: data is keyed in twice and computer compares both sets of data entry, flagging
differences to the user.
13 Four from:
• A form allows a user to enter/amend data in a database.
• A form can make data more accessible because:
• it can be created/tailored for different users
• it can display questions in full rather than just shortened fieldnames
• it can include instructions on how to add the data
• it can be used to create a menu/switchboard.
14 Closed questions
15 b Option group with radio (option) buttons
c List box (drop down list) with limit to list
e Tick box (Check box)

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16 Four from:
• Navigation buttons allow the user to move to the …
• first record
• previous record
• next record
• last record,
in the current data set (do not allow table/database as form may be built on a query).
17 Four from:
• Similar fields grouped but not crowded together/ should not look overcrowded.
• White space between each data entry box.
• Title/text stating what data will be entered.
• Instructions on how to fill in the form.
• Worded questions (not just field names).
• Each field has appropriate space for the data that will be added.
• The form should be filled without large areas of white space.
• Option groups/radio buttons/list boxes/tick boxes should be used where possible.
• Navigation buttons are present.
18 Databases like Access search for data using a query. The easiest method it to use the query
wizard.
19 *
20 <=5000,
21 Profit: [Sales_Price] − [Purchase_Price]
22 a This data is not sorted into any order.
b This data is sorted into ascending order of …
First name
c This data is sorted into descending order …
… of Tutor group …
… then into descending order …
… of Surname
d This data is sorted into ascending order
… Surname.
23 It means document that gives information.
24 a Report Header: data is displayed only once at the start of a document.
b Page Header: data is displayed at the top of every page.
c Detail: data about each selected record is displayed in this section. This fits between the
page header and page footer.
d Page Footer: data is displayed at the bottom of every page.
e Report Footer: data is displayed only once at the end/bottom of a document.
25 Shift/CTRL

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26 a Report footer
b Page header
c Report footer
27 Four from:
• enlarge/stretch the box for the Extras field/data …
• … in the detail row of the report
• select Design View
• drag down the page footer to create more space for the control
• click the cursor on the lower edge of the Extras control
• drag this down to make the box twice as deep/high.
28 Two from:
• to manipulate the data in another applications package
• to add it to a word-processed document
• to use the data to create a graph or chart
• to be included as part of a presentation.
29 In any order:
• Select the control to be hidden in the Design View of the report.
• Use the properties window to …
• … set the foreground and background colours to be same colour …
• … change the Visible setting to No.
30 It is when the same report template/document is to be used for two different purposes …
… for example an invoice and a delivery note …
… where the prices of the goods are hidden on the delivery note …
… where the prices of the goods are shown on the invoice.
31 Open (the report) in Design View and select the required control …
… in the Detail section (of the report).
Select the properties pane.
Change/set the Format section to Percent.
32 a =AVG([Profit])
b Label
33 a Data is unsorted.
b Ascending order of 'First_Name'
c Ascending order of 'Roll_Number'
d Descending order of 'Roll_Number'
e Descending order of Surname, then descending order of 'First_Name'
f Ascending order of Surname, then ascending order of 'First_Name'

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19 Presentations
1 Four from:
• A presentation is a series of (linked) slides …
• … used to present to a (pre-defined) audience.
• Can be used to teach/inform …
• … promote/advertise.
• It may be presented as a visual aid in a lecture.
• It may be presented as an on-screen carousel.
2 .rtf or .txt
3 Four from:
• It is used to ensure consistency of presentation between all slides.
• It is used to place common items on all slides of the same type …
• … so it is much quicker to develop each slide …
• … as all the common elements are placed only once on each slide master.
• It holds the information on colours, fonts, effects …
• … and the positioning of objects on the slides.
4 a Primary Master Slide
b They are copied onto all the other sub-types of master slides in the presentation.
5 Four from:
• It is the relationship between the width and height of the presentation …
• … when displayed through the projector.
• The ratio is shown as (width:height)
• The most common aspect ratio for projected presentations is 4:3 …
• … but can also be set to 16:9.
6 • Select the Insert tab.
• Click on the Header and Footer icon (in the Text section) to open the Header and Footer
window.
• In this window tick the check box next to Header and Footer.
• Click on the Apply to All button.
7 b Import/open the data from a generic text file then set up your master slide(s).
8 Four from:
• In a spreadsheet like Excel create the chart using the Insert tab …
• … then in the Charts section, select the type of chart required …
• … and highlight the appropriate data and labels.
• Fully label the chart.
• Copy the chart into the clipboard.
• In a presentation authoring package like PowerPoint, select slide 5 …
• … and paste the chart into the slide.

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9 Eight from:
• Audience notes are the handouts …
• … given to the class/students/delegates …
• … containing the slide contents
• … to save students from making lots of notes
• … which sometimes have space for class/students/delegates to write their own notes.
• Presenter notes are a copy of the slides …
• … that contain prompts/key facts …
• … that need to be told to the audience.
• Presenter notes can be on paper or on screen
• They can be seen by the presenter but not the audience.
10 Audio clip – for example, music to introduce presentation/soundbite from computer ‘expert’.
Video clip – for example, short case study video/video of presenter demonstrating how to
increase your security settings.
11 Transitions are the methods used to introduce a slide/ways of moving from one slide to
another/are between slides.
Animations are how bullets/objects appear within a slide.
12 Four from:
• Select the Slide Show tab.
• Click on the icon for Set Up Slide Show.
• From the Set Up Show window …
• … click to put a tick in the ‘Loop continuously until Esc’ check box.
• Click the OK button.

20 Spreadsheets
1 Four from:
• Using a spreadsheet model, you change spreadsheet data …
• … to explore different possible answers.
• Data models are often financial, mathematical or scientific.
• This is sometimes called the ‘what if’ modelling/scenario.
• It allows you to change variables and get answers without doing the real thing.
2 A spreadsheet is a two-dimensional table split into rows and columns. It is made up of a
number of individual cells. Each cell has an address, for example: E9. A spreadsheet is
sometimes called a sheet or even a worksheet. In Excel, many sheets can be held within a
single workbook.
('Rows' and 'columns' are interchangeable. 'Sheet' and 'worksheet' are interchangeable.)

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3 In any order:
• Number
• Label
• Formula.
4 =
5 a The contents of A3 are too large to fit into the cell/column width.
b Move the cursor to the end of the column heading for column A.
Double click the left mouse button to expand the column/drag the cursor to the right by
clicking and dragging.
6 Four from:
• Absolute referencing for a cell will fix that cell name/address and not change it.
• Relative referencing will allow cell names/addresses to be changed …
• … when the formula is replicated.
• A $ symbol represents absolute referencing
• A good example of absolute referencing, such as: $A$1 will not change when replicated.
• A good example of relative referencing, such as: A1 will change to A2 when
replicated down.
7 Select the Formulas tab.
In the Formula auditing section.
Click on the Show Formulas icon.
8 Four from:
• Operator: + Name: Addition
• Operator: − Name: Subtraction
• Operator: * Name: Multiplication
• Operator: / Name: Division
• Operator: ^ Name: Indices/Powers
9 Four from:
A range/array of cells …
• … given a pre-defined name …
• … which is short and meaningful …
• … which is understood by the spreadsheet to refer to those cells.
• It is easier to remember and use this name (e.g. VAT) than the cell references
(e.g. $F$14:$G$16).
10 A function has a pre-defined name (built into the spreadsheet) …
… which performs a calculation/operation.

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11 Either:
The contents of cell A6 …
… are truncated to 0 decimal places …
… and displayed in this cell/cell A4.
Or:
The integer/whole number part …
… of cell A6 is extracted …
… and displayed in this cell/cell A4.
12 a i SUM
ii AVERAGE
iii MAX
iv MIN
b i = $B$1 * B4
ii =SUM(B4:B8)
iii =MIN(B4:B8) or =MIN($B$4:$B$8)
c Either:
Select and hold the drag handle in bottom right of cell C4 …
… drag this down to cell C8.
Or:
Copy contents of cell C4.
Paste into cells C5 to C8.
13 a i Rounds the contents of A1 to 2 decimal places/to the nearest hundredth.
ii 64.55
b i Rounds the contents of A1 to 0 decimal places. (If the contents have a decimal value
>=0.5 then the value is rounded up; if the decimal value <0.5 then the value is
rounded down.)
ii 65
c i Rounds the contents of A1 to the nearest ten.
ii 60
d i Truncates/removes all of the decimal part of the contents of cell A1.
ii 64
14 The COUNT function counts the number of numeric values (within a specified range of cells).
THE COUNTA function counts the number of alphanumeric values (within a specified range
of cells).
15 The formula counts the number of people in the list.
It counts the number of alphanumeric values/cells containing a label or value in the list …
… and subtracts from it the number of numeric values/numbers.
It displays the number of cells that contain only text.

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16 It counts the number of times the text “Master craftsman” …

… is stored in the cells between F16 and F26.
17 It counts the number of times the text “Master craftsman” …
… is stored in the named range JobDescription, …
… which has already been defined by the user.
18 a It counts the number of times the contents of cell D3 …
… is stored in the named range JobDescription, …
… which has already been defined by the user.
b $D$3 is an absolute cell reference.
This cell reference will not change when the cell is replicated/copied. If a relative cell
reference like D3 was used, the reference would change when it was replicated/copied.
19 =COUNTIF($A$2:$A$20, C2)
20 =IF(A3<=3, "Low", IF(A3>7, "High", "Medium"))
21 It looks through the contents of cells F3 to F23 …
… to see which are equal to the content of cell A3 (which is the text "AF").
It then adds up the contents of the corresponding cells from G3 to G23.
22 HLOOKUP performs a horizontal look up of data …
… where the data in the lookup array is held in rows. …
VLOOKUP performs a horizontal look up of data …
… where the data in the lookup array is stored/held in columns.
23 Four from:
• Performs a vertical lookup …
• … to compare and match the contents of cell D3 …
• … with the first cell it finds in the range F2 to F16/left column of the range.
• When a match is made it returns the value held in the same row in the second column of
the range, i.e. G2 to G16.
• It will only accept an exact match (because of, 0).
24 Four from:
• This parameter determines the type of lookup performed.
• The value of 0 is the same as 'false' …
• … this forces an exact match between the cell and the values in the array/range.
• The value of 1 is the same as 'true' …
• … this forces an approximate match between the cell and the values in the array/range.
• If the data in the array/range is not sorted using a value of 1 gives errors.

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25 Four from:
• Highlight the cells from which the data is to be extracted …
• … as well as an extra row above the data.
• Find the Sort & Filter section within the data tab.
• Click on the Filter icon.
• Select the dropdown arrow in the top cell of the column to be filtered.
• Select the type of filter required/text filter/number filter/custom filter/untick the
check boxes.
26 In any order:
• Highlight all related data before performing the sort.
• Make sure that data highlighted to be sorted does not include hidden rows.
27 Four from:
• embolden/make text bold
• underscore/underline text
• italicise/make text italic
• highlight text/use highlighter tool
• change font colour
• change background colour of the cell using Fill.
28 This is to make sure that all the data in a cell is fully visible …
… without making the column width larger …
… without making the font size smaller …
… so that data fits on the page/window/screen.
29 a The number held in the cell does not change.
The way this number is displayed does change.
b i 44
ii 43.7
iii 43.65
iv 43.652
30 Portrait
Landscape
31 a Right mouse click on the letter C at the top of the column.
Select Hide from the dropdown menu.
b All numeric cells in column D should be formatted in sterling (£).
All numeric cells in column E should be formatted in euros (€).
All numeric cells in column F should be formatted in yen (¥).
All numeric cells in column G should be formatted as percentages (%) to 0 or
1 decimal places.

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32 Two from:
• Conditional formatting is used to change the display format …
• … often the font/background colour within a cell …
• … depending upon the contents of the cell.

21 Website authoring
1 Two from:
• A collection of individual but related web pages …
• … that are often stored together …
• and hosted by a web server.
2 Three from:
• text
• sound
• video
• still images.
3 In any order:
• content layer
• presentation layer
• behaviour layer.
4 a Behaviour
b Content
c Content
d Content
e Presentation
f Behaviour
g Content
h Content
i Presentation
j Content
5 a Hyper Text Markup Language.
A text-based language.
It is used to develop the content layer/structure of websites.
b Cascading Stylesheet.
Two from:
• is a text-based language …
• … used to develop the presentation layer of websites.
• can be embedded in the HTML or attached to a web page.

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6 a .htm
b .css
7 Two from:
• It tells the browser …
• … that the markup following this tag …
• … will be written in hypertext markup language.
8 In any order:
1 Head section, two from:
• starts with <head> and closes with </head>
• objects in the head section are not usually displayed by the web browser
• tags accepted by most browsers are: <base>, <link>, <meta>, <title>,
<style> and <script>
• should always contain a title.
2 Body section:
• starts with <body> and closes with </body>
• objects in the body section will usually be displayed in the web page.
9 <! Your name here -->
10 a Defines the text that follows as a list. This may be a numbered, lettered or bulleted list.
b Defines the text that follows as paragraph style.
One from:
• This is the text used for most body text in the web page.
• This is the default style for text if no style is specified.
c Defines the text that follows as heading style 2.
One from:
• This is the second of six pre-defined heading styles.
• This is usually the second largest style.
11 a This adds a label to a table. It is placed just above the table on the web page.
b This defines the text/image/object that follows as a piece of table data/the contents of
one cell in a table.
c This defines the start of a table row.
d This defines the end of a table row.
e This defines the start of a table.
f This defines the start of the table header section.
g This defines the start of the table footer section.
12 a <table border="1">
b <table border="">
c The table border may not be visible/be hidden in the stylesheet attached to the web page.

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13 <table border="1" style="width:90%; margin-left:auto;

margin-right:auto;">
(Attributes may be in any order and final; is not required in the CSS.)
14 • Cell A <td style="text-align:justify;"
• Cell B <td style="text-align:center;"
• Cell C <td style="text-align:left;"
• Cell D <td style="text-align:right;"
15 • Cell A <td style="vertical-align:top;"
• Cell B <td style="vertical-align:middle;"
• Cell C <td style="vertical-align:bottom;"
16 Six from:
• The browser searches for the image source …
• … in the current folder/same storage location as the webpage
• … which is the file 'whale1.png'.
• The browser sets a placeholder with a width of 300 pixels …
• … and calculates the height using the aspect ratio of the image
• … and places the image in this placeholder.
• The browser sets alternate text to "whale image" …
• … so that this is displayed if the image is not available
• … so this is read if a text reader is being used to describe the page.

17 Image is suitable Suitable for

File type Image file Bitmap image
for web authoring moving images
.bmp Yes Yes No No
.gif Yes Yes Yes Yes
.jpg Yes Yes Yes No
.htm No No No No
.tif Yes No No No
.css No No No No
.png Yes Yes Yes No

18 • First tag: <video>. Two attributes from: width, height, controls.

• Second tag: <source>. Attributes: src, type.
• Third tag: </video>
19 RGB: Red, Green, Blue
20 a ff
b 255
21 #

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22 # 004fff
23 Four from:
• The syntax of the html and embedded css is correct.
• The background is a bright blue colour.
• The text color for style h1 is a very slightly darker blue …
• … and there is no contrast with the background colour.
• This would make the text unreadable.
24 <h1>Fruit</h1>
<ol>
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Pear</li>
<li>Banana</li>
<li>Lemon</li>
</ol>

25 Four from:
• <ul> and </ul> define an unordered list.
• Unordered lists have bullet points …
• … which can be different shapes (e.g. round, square, solid, outline, etc.).
• <ol> and </ol> define an ordered list.
• Ordered lists can be numbered.
• Ordered lists can be lettered.
• The style of the bullets/numbering is defined in the CSS.
26 Four from:
• It is a method of accessing a document or resource from your current application.
Hyperlinks do not just relate to webpages.
• Hyperlinks can be used to create menu options with web pages.
• They are accessed by clicking on objects, often text or images.
• They can be used to open other web pages or websites.
• They can be used to open an email editor to send messages.
• They can be used to move to different parts of the current web page …
• … and are often used to return the user to the top of the page/move the user to a bookmark
within the page.
27 Two from:
• The <a> and </a> tags …
• … are used to define the object used for the hyperlink …
• … which may be text or an image.

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28 a Two from:
• To bookmark/set a placeholder at this point in the web page …
• … that is called MantaRay.
• So that a hyperlink can be used …
• … to move the user to this place.
b <h3>If you see a <a href=”#MantaRay”>manta ray</a>then
please …
29 a Opens the web page in the current window.
b Opens the web page in a new window called _blank.
30 Four from:
• When the text "Click here to contact us" is clicked on …
• … it opens an email editor ready to send an email.
• The address line of the email will contain [email protected].
• The subject line of the email will contain "New Workbook".
• The %20 is replaced with a single space.
31 A <meta> tag defines metadata about a web page …
… It is not displayed on the web page.
Metadata is 'data about data'.
The meta tag is placed in the head section of a web page.
32 In any order:
1 Charset
2 Content
33 In any order:
• 1 Description
• 2 Keywords
• 3 Author
• 4 Viewport
34 Two from:
• One stylesheet can be developed and used on many web pages.
• Using stylesheets makes web pages consistent in the way the pages look.
• Corporate house styles can easily be applied.
• Applying one stylesheet is much quicker and easier than applying individual styles to
each tag.
35 It is the head section.
36 The last/lowest stylesheet attached has priority.
37 It is the style attribute.
38 ; (semi-colon)
39 /* Your name here */

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40 a Body
b Background-color:
c #ff0000
41 a Centre has incorrect spelling, it should be center.
b The sans-serif should not be in speech marks as it is a generic font type, not the name of
a font.
c Font-weight is incorrect for italic; it should be font-style:italic.
d The browser will not look for the font Times or Abril; it will select its default serif font.
(Font family should be listed after the preferred fonts.)
e The hexadecimal colour cannot contain the letter h.
f The font Arial MT Bold should have speech marks around it. This will not work in
all browsers.
g This should be justify not justified.
h There is no semi-colon between the declarations.
42 body {background-position: right top}
43 . (full stop/dot)
44 • Line 1: Sets the background colour of the table to blue.
• Line 2: Collapses the two borders between cells into a single border.
• Line 3: Sets the border style of the table to solid lines (not dotted, dashed or double).
• Line 4: Sets the width of the external table border to 4 pixels wide.

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