[LESSON 02] PROPERTIES AND CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

GENERAL CHEMISTRY WITH ORGANIC CHEMISTRY | 1st SEM, AY 2023-2024

MATTER
YPOTHESIS
• anything that has mass (amount of matter present in
an object) and volume (the space that it occupies).
Matter and Energy – energy of matter is responsible for
all the transformation that it undergoes.

o degree of expansion when heated

CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER o density
✓ source or origin
✓ state or phase
✓ composition

• matter can exist in different phases.

• matter changes its phase from one phase to another.
• one of the most common changes in matter is the
change in the state (brought about by absorbing or
releasing an amount of energy).
• the changes between the three major state of matter
THE THREE MAIN STATE OF MATTER (solid, liquid, and gas) is also known as phase
change.
• matter can be detected using our senses—sight,
hearing, taste, touch, and smell.
• the three main states or phases of matter are:
o solid (e.g., cup, shirt, book, eraser, etc)
o liquid (e.g., maple syrup, shampoo, olive oil,
orange juice, etc)
o gas (e.g., helium in a balloon, steam from a kettle,
argon in a tank, nitrogen in a tank, etc)
• solid, liquid, and gas will be compared in terms of the
following:
o shape
o volume

o structure (arrangement of particles)

THE FOURTH & FIFTH STATE OF MATTER
Plasma
• are like gases but are ionized gases.
• fourth state of matter.
• kinetic energy is higher.
• the particles of plasma are electrically charged.
• protons, electrons, and neutrons are the sub-atomic ✓ examples: wood burning; metal rusting; food
particles. digesting; gasoline burning; cake baking
• inside an atom, there are particles smaller than the
sub-atomic particles, and we call them fundamental PROPERTIES OF MATTER
elementary particles.
• scientists have identified 10 fundamental elementary Property
particles, and one of those is the Boson, which is the • a description of an object.
focus of the fifth state of matter. • properties of matter include any traits that can be
observed or measured.
• e.g., the tree is green; the tree is tall; if struck by
Bose-Einstein Condensate lightning, the tree could catch fire (burn).
• fifth state of matter in which a cloud of bosons (a type
of elementary particle of matter) is cooled to
temperatures very close to absolute zero (T=0 K). Physical Properties
• under such conditions, a large fraction of bosons • determined by the use of the five senses.
condense or fall into the lowest quantum state. • a trait of matter that can be observed or measured
• at absolute zero temperature, the particles stop without changing the chemical composition of the
moving, therefore nothing can be colder than this matter.
temperature. • examples: color, smell, taste, hardness, state of
matter, boiling, freezing, or melting point, density,
mass, volume, malleability (the ability to be
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER BASED ON molded), solubility (the ability to be dissolved).
COMPOSITION • all measurable properties of matter fall into one of
two additional categories:
o Extensive Properties – depend on how much
matter (amount of matter) is being considered.
These properties will change if the amount of
matter changes.
▪ examples: mass, volume, length
o Intensive Properties – do not depend on how
much matter is being considered. These
properties will not change even if the amount of
• after knowing the classifications of matter based on
matter changes.
state, and composition, you must recognize that
▪ examples: boiling point and freezing point
matter can undergo changes.

Physical Changes – a change that occurs without • only extensive properties are affected when
changing the identity of the substance. you increase the amount of matter being
✓ no new substances are formed. considered.
✓ examples: change in size, shape, or color; pencil • intensive properties will not change/ will
shavings; torn paper; crushed ice; sugar dissolved in remain the same no matter how much matter
water; painting a wall is being added.

Chemical Changes – a change that occurs that causes Chemical Properties

the identity of a substance to change; something is • determined by a substance’s ability to react with other
formed. substances.
✓ new substances with new properties are formed. • characteristics of matter that can be observed with an
✓ evidence of chemical change: accompanying change in the chemical composition of
▪ new color appears a substance.
▪ bubbles or fizzing o Combustibility – does the material burn? does it
▪ precipitate forms (solid material) support combustion?
▪ heat is produced o Stability – does the substance decompose easily
▪ light is produced or with difficulty?
▪ sound is given off o Relative Activity – is the material more or less
▪ difficult or impossible to reverse active than other members of its chemical family?
o Response to Test Reactions – does it react with
test substances like litmus paper?
o Ionization – to what degree does it break into
charged particles called ions when in solution with
water?
 Evaporation
• a technique that involves the application of heat to the
solution to allow the solvent to evaporate leaving
behind the solid component as a residue.

• unlike pure substances, mixtures can be separated

through physical means.

SEPARATING MIXTURES
Magnetic Separation
• magnets may be used to separate solids with magnetic Centrifugation
properties, such as iron filling from a non-magnetic • process of separating mixtures by applying centripetal
mixture like sulfur. force to a mixture using a centrifuge machine.
• circular motion helps denser components sink to the
bottom faster.

Filtration
• separating technique that takes advantage of the
physical property of the state of matter.
• a screen lets the liquid particles through but traps the Crystallization
solid particles.
• a method to separate a soluble solid from its solution
based on the different solubility of the solid in water at
25 degrees Celsius.
• generally, the solubility of most solids increases as the
temperature increases. Therefore, when a so-called
saturated solution is cooled, the solubility of the solid
substances will decrease, and the excess solid will
crystallize.
Decantation
• process of separating a solid from a liquid.
• it is done by pouring off the liquid, leaving the solid
behind.
• e.g., separation of a mixture of oil from water.

Chromatography
• a process utilizing the strategy that lets the mixture
flow over a material that retains some components
more so different components flow over the material at
different speeds.
• it has two components: the mobile phase and the
stationary phase.
Distillation
• separating of a mixture of liquids based on the physical
property of boiling point.
• a process of boiling a liquid and condensing and
collecting the vapor.
• the liquid collected is the distillate.