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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The activity on making a mini project provided by the “Department of Computer science” JSSATE
as part of the subject “Analog and Digital Electronics”, was agreate chance for learning about the
real world application of the electronics and programming embedded with it
As a result, we think ourselves as really fortunate to have had this experience. In this particular
prohect, we develop programming in connection with electronic hardware components. We also
learned how crucial coding is to the operation of the electronical devices we use on a daily basis
Keeping in mind what was said earlier, we would want to take this opportunity to thank Mr. Niranjan
CK (Assistant professor), who despite being busy with work, took the time to inform us about the
project and assist us in getting to the target to receive output from this project.
We took advantage of this chance to learn and grow in the greatest way possible, and we intend to
keep going by working on more real-world projects to advance our careers. Hoping to work with you
in the future in the same manner.
Sincerely,
YOGESH C(1JS21CS181)
SUDEEPA D J(1JS21CS154)
TEJAS R K(1JS21CS154)
Y (1JS21CS178)
Date : 16-03-2023
Place : Bengaluru
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ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
(21CS33)
Mini Project
Soil Moisture Sensor And Water Level detector
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Soil Moisture Sensor
Intruduction :
The moisture of the soil plays an essential role in the irrigation field as well as in gardens for plants.
As nutrients in the soil provide the food to the plants for their growth. Supplying water to the plants is
also essential to change the temperature of the plants. The temperature of the plant can be changed
with water using the method like transpiration. And plant root systems are also developed better when
rising within moist soil. Extreme soil moisture levels can guide to anaerobic situations that can
encourage the plant’s growth as well as soil pathogens. Soil moisture sensor are device that measure
the amount of moisture in the soil. These sensor can be used for a variety of applications such as
agriculture, landscaping, and environmental monitoring. This is discusses an overview of the soil
moisture sensor, working and it’s applications.
What is a Soil Moisture sensor?
The soil moisture sensor is one kind of sensor used to gauge the volumetric content of water within
the soil. As the straight gravimetric dimension of soil moisture needs eliminating, drying, as well as
sample weighting. These sensors measure the volumetric water content not directly with the help of
some other rules of soil like dielectric constant, electrical resistance, otherwise interaction with
neutrons, and replacement of the moisture content.
The relation among the calculated property as well as moisture of soil should be adjusted & may
change based on ecological factors like temperature, type of soil, otherwise electric conductivity. The
microwave emission which is reflected can be influenced by the moisture of soil as well as mainly
used in agriculture and remote sensing within hydrology.
These sensor normally used to check volumetric water content, and another group of sensors
calculates a new property of moisture within soils named water potential. Generally, these sensors are
named as soil water potential sensors which include gypsum blocks and tensiometer.
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Block Diagram :
Soil Moisture Sensor Pin Configuration :
The FC-28 soil moisture sensor includes 4-pins
VCC pin is used for power
A0 pin is an analog output
D0 pin is a digital output
GND pin is a Ground
This module also includes a potentiometer that will fix the threshold value, & the value can
be evaluated by the comparator-LM393. The LED will turn on/off based on the
threshold value.
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Buzzer :
An audio signaling device like a beeper or buzzer may be electromechanical or piezoelectric or
mechanical type. The main function of this is to convert the signal from audio to sound. Generally, it
is powered through DC voltage and used in timers, alarm devices, printers, alarms, computers, etc.
Based on the various designs, it can generate different sounds like alarm, music, bell & siren
Working Principle:
This sensor mainly utilizes capacitance to gauge the water content of the soil (dielectric permittivity).
The working of this sensor can be done by inserting this sensor into the earth and the status of the
water content in the soil can be reported in the form of a percent of LED screen and moisture is not
present geve buzzer sound .
This sensor makes it perfect to execute experiments within science courses like environmental
science, agricultural science, biology, soil science, botany, and horticulture
Applications :
The applications of moisture sensor include the following.
Agriculture
Landscape irrigation
Research
Simple sensors for gardeners
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Water Level Detecter
Intruduction :
A water level detector is a device used to measure the level of water in a container or tank. It is
essential in many applications, such as in irrigation systems, water storage tanks, and fish tanks. The
HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor is an affordable and reliable sensor that can be used to measure the water
level. This report will provide a detailed explanation of how to build a water level detector using the
HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor. The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor includes a transmitter & a receiver. This
sensor is used to find out the distance from the objective. Here the amount of time taken to transmit
and receive the waves will decide the distance between the sensor and an object. This sensor uses
sound waves by using non-contact technology. By using this sensor the distance which is required for
the target can be measured without damage and provides accurate details. The range of this sensor
available between 2cms to 400cms.
Explination of Ultrasonic Sensor:
The HC-SR04 is a type of ultrasonic sensor which uses sonar to find out the distance of the object
from the sensor. It provides an outstanding range of non-contact detection with high accuracy & stable
readings. It includes two modules like ultrasonic transmitter & receiver. This sensor is used in a
variety of applications like measurement of direction and speed, burglar alarms, medical, sonar,
humidifiers, wireless charging, non-destructive testing, and ultrasonography.
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Ultrasonic Sensor Pin Configaration :
This sensor includes four pins and the pin configuration of this sensor is discussed below.
Pin1 (Vcc): This pin provides a +5V power supply to the sensor.
Pin2 (Trigger): This is an input pin, used to initialize measurement by transmitting ultrasonic waves
by keeping this pin high for 10us.
Pin3 (Echo): This is an output pin, which goes high for a specific time period and it will be equivalent
to the duration of the time for the wave to return back to the sensor.
Pin4 (Ground): This is a GND pin used to connect to the GND of the system.
Arduino Nano :
Arduino Nano is one type of microcontroller board, and it is designed by Arduino.cc. It can be built
with a microcontroller like Atmega328. This microcontroller is also used in Arduino UNO. It is a
small size board and also flexible with a wide variety of applications. Other Arduino boards mainly
include Arduino Mega, Arduino Pro Mini, Arduino UNO, Arduino YUN, Arduino Lilypad, Arduino
Leonardo, and Arduino Due. And other development boards are AVR Development Board, PIC
Development Board, Raspberry Pi, Intel Edison, MSP430 Launchpad, and ESP32 board.
This board has many functions and features like an Arduino Duemilanove board. However, this Nano
board is different in packaging. It doesn’t have any DC jack so that the power supply can be given
using a small USB port otherwise straightly connected to the pins like VCC & GND. This board can
be supplied with 6 to 20volts using a mini USB port on the board.
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Bread Board :
wire-wrap technique is used for designing, building, and testing the electronic circuits and prototypes.
Then, the larger boards (like wooden boards used for bread slicing) were used onto which the
components (huge electronics elements) were connected using wires, pins or thumbtacks. Hence,
these are called as breadboards but, technical name of these circuit boards is solderless breadboards.
These solderless breadboards consist of holes which are used for placing the component terminals and
then these holes are connected to each other using various wires.
Working Principle :
The HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensor comes with four pins namely Vcc pin, Trigger pin, Echo pin, &
Ground pin. This sensor is used to measure the accurate distance between the target and the sensor.
This sensor mostly works on the sound waves.
When the power supply is given to this module, it generates the sound waves to travel throughout the
air to hit the necessary object. These waves strike and come back from the object, then collects by the
receiver module.
Here both the distance as well as time has taken is directly proportional because the time taken for
more distance is high. If the trigger pin is kept high for 10 µs, then the ultrasonic waves will be
generated which will travel at the sound speed. So it creates eight cycles of sonic burst that will be
gathered within the Echo pin. This ultrasonic sensor is interfaced with Arduino to gauge the necessary
distance between sensor & object. The distance can be calculated using the following formula.
S = (V x t)/2
Where the ‘S’ is the required distance
‘V’ is the sound’s speed
‘t’ is the time taken for sound waves to return back after striking the object.
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The actual distance can be calculated by dividing its value with 2 as the time will be twice once the
waves travel and get back from the sensor.
Block Diagram And Arduino Code :
int Water_Level_Sensor_Pin = A5;
int Water_Level_Sensor_Value;
int Soil_Moiture_Sensor_Pin = 4;
int Soil_Moisture_Sensor_Value;
int Buzzer_Pin = 5;
int trig = 6;
int echo = 7;
float t;
float distance;
void setup()
Serial.begin(9600); // put your setup code here, to run once:
pinMode(echo,INPUT);
pinMode(trig,OUTPUT);
pinMode(Water_Level_Sensor_Pin,INPUT);
pinMode(Soil_Moiture_Sensor_Pin,INPUT);
pinMode(Buzzer_Pin,OUTPUT);
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}
void loop()
Water_Level_Sensor_Value = digitalRead(Water_Level_Sensor_Pin); // put your setup code
Soil_Moisture_Sensor_Value = digitalRead(Soil_Moiture_Sensor_Pin); here, to run once:
digitalWrite(trig,0);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trig,1);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trig,0);
float t1 = pulseIn(echo,1);
distance = (0.034*t1)/2;
Serial.println("Water Level = " + String(distance));
if (distance > 10)
Serial.println("LOW WATER LEVEL");
digitalWrite(Buzzer_Pin,HIGH);
else
Serial.println("FULL");
digitalWrite(Buzzer_Pin,LOW);
if (Water_Level_Sensor_Value == 1)
Serial.println("Water is present in the pound");
else
Serial.println("Water is not present in the pound");
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if (Soil_Moisture_Sensor_Value == 0)
Serial.println("Soil have moisture content in it");
else
Serial.println("Soil dosen't have moisture content in it");
digitalWrite(Buzzer_Pin,HIGH);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(Buzzer_Pin,LOW);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(Buzzer_Pin,HIGH);
Serial.println("");
delay(500);
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Conclusion :
Volumetric water control and distribution uniformity, particularly in surface irrigation, are essential
factors in achieving accurate water applications.
· Performance of sprinkler and drip irrigation systems prove strongly dependent on the quality of
design and materials selected. Inadequate management and variations in pressure are other main
causes of low performance of these potentially efficient methods.
Uniformity in field water distribution needs to be considered in irrigation scheduling, and should be
adequately evaluated in relation to design, equipment and management.
· Developing programmes for field evaluation of on-farm systems is relevant for improving both
irrigation scheduling and water application methods.
In surface irrigation, the introduction of volumetric control at field level may result in considerable
water savings
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