EXERCISE 18.

1
PAGE NO: 18.7

Find the maximum and the minimum values, if any, without using
derivatives of the following functions:

1. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒 𝐨𝐧 𝑹
Solution:
Given, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 on 𝑅
N AT IS
= 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 + 3

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
By grouping the above equation we get,
D U AA

= (2𝑥 − 1)2 + 3
O
ED PR

Since, (2𝑥 − 1)2 ≥ 0

= (2𝑥 − 1)2 + 3 ≥ 3
T
©

1
= 𝑓(𝑥 ) ≥ 𝑓 ( )
2
1
Thus, the minimum value of 𝑓(𝑥 ) is 3 at 𝑥 =
2

Since, 𝑓(𝑥 ) can be made large. Therefore maximum value does not exist.

2. 𝒇(𝒙) = −(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟐 𝐨𝐧 𝑹

Solution:
Given, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −(𝑥 − 1)2 + 2 on 𝑅
It can be observed that (𝑥 − 1)2 ≥ 0 for every 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −(𝑥 − 1)2 + 2 ≤ 2 for every 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
The maximum value of 𝑓 is attained when (𝑥 − 1) = 0
(𝑥 − 1) = 0, 𝑥 = 1
Since, Maximum value of 𝑓 = 𝑓(1) = −(1 − 1)2 + 2 = 2
Hence, function 𝑓 does not have minimum value.

3. 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙 + 𝟐| 𝐨𝐧 𝐑
Solution:
N AT IS
Given 𝑓(𝑥 ) = |𝑥 + 2| on R

C N
PY
⇒ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ≥ 0 For all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
O C D
O IO
D U AA

So, the minimum value of 𝑓(𝑥 ) is 0, which attains at 𝑥 = −2

O
Hence, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = |𝑥 + 2| does not have the maximum values.
ED PR

4. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓 𝐨𝐧 𝐑
©

Solution:
Given 𝑓(𝑥 ) = sin 2𝑥 + 5 on R
We know that −1 ≤ sin 2𝑥 ≤ 1
⇒ −1 + 5 ≤ sin 2𝑥 + 5 ≤ 1 + 5
⇒ 4 ≤ sin 2𝑥 + 5 ≤ 6
Hence, the maximum value and minimum value of 𝑓 are 6 and 4
respectively.

5. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = |sin 4𝑥 + 3| on R
Solution:
Given, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = |sin 4𝑥 + 3| on R
We know that −1 ≤ sin 4𝑥 ≤ 1
⇒ 2 ≤ sin 4𝑥 + 3 ≤ 4
⇒ 2 ≤ |sin 4𝑥 + 3| ≤ 4
Hence, the maximum value and minimum value of 𝑓 are 4 and 2
respectively.

N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

O
ED PR

T
©
 EXERCISE 18.2
PAGE NO: 18.16

Find the points of local maxima or local minima, if any, of the

following functions, using the first derivative test. Also, find the local
maximum or local minimum values, as the case may be:

1. 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟓)𝟒
Solution: N AT IS
Given 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 5)4

C N
PY
O C D
Differentiate with respect to 𝑥
O IO
D U AA

𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 5)4
O
For local maxima and minima
ED PR

𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0
T

= 4(𝑥 − 5)3 = 0
©

=𝑥−5=0
𝑥=5
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) Changes from negative to positive as passes through 5.
So, 𝑥 = 5 is the point of local minima
Thus, local minima value is 𝑓(5) = 0

2. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙
Solution:
Given, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥
Differentiate with respect to 𝑥 then we get
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 − 3
Now, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0
3𝑥 2 − 3 ⇒ 𝑥 = ± 1
Again differentiate 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 − 3
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = 6𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (1) = 6 > 0
𝑓 ′′ (−1) = −6 < 0
N AT IS
C N
PY
By second derivative test, 𝑥 = 1 is point of local minima and local
O C D
O IO
minimum value of 𝑓 at 𝑥 = 1 is
D U AA

O
𝑓(1) = 13 − 3 = 1 − 3 = −2
ED PR

However, 𝑥 = −1 is a point of local maxima and local maxima value of

𝑓 at 𝑥 = −1 is
T

𝑓(−1) = (−1)3 − 3(−1)

©

= −1 + 3
=2
Hence, the value of minima is – 2 and maxima is 2.

3. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐
Solution:
Given, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 (𝑥 − 1)2
Differentiate with respect to 𝑥 then we get
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 1)2 − 2𝑥 3 (𝑥 − 1)
= (𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 1) + 2𝑥 3 )
= (𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 3 )
= (𝑥 − 1)(5𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 )
= 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 1)(5𝑥 − 3)
For all maxima and minima,
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0
= 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 1)(5𝑥 − 3)
N AT IS
By solving the above equation we get

C N
PY
3
O C D
𝑥 = 0, 1,
5
O IO
D U AA

3
At 𝑥 = , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) changes from negative to positive
5
3
O
ED PR

Since, 𝑥 = is a point of Minima

5
T

At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) changes from positive to negative

©

Since, 𝑥 = 1 is a point of Minima.

4. 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐

Solution:
Given, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)2
Differentiate with respect to 𝑥 then we get
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 + 2)2 − 2(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)
= (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 2 + 2𝑥 − 2)
= (𝑥 + 2)(3𝑥 )
For all maxima and minima,
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0
(𝑥 + 2)(3𝑥 ) = 0
By solving the above equation we get
𝑥 = 0, −2
At 𝑥 = −2, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) changes from positive to negative
Since, 𝑥 = −2 is a point of Maxima.
At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) changes from negative to positive
N AT IS
Since, 𝑥 = 0 is a point of Minima.

C N
PY
Hence, local min value = 𝑓(0) = −4
O C D
O IO
Local max value = 𝑓 (−2) = 0.
D U AA

O
ED PR

𝟏
5. 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟐 +𝟐
T

Solution:
©

1
Given, 𝑓(𝑥 ) =
𝑥 2 +2

Differentiating above equation with respect to 𝑥 we get,

−2𝑥
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 2
+2)2

For local minima and local maxima we must have 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0

−2𝑥
⇒ (𝑥 2 =0
+2)2

Therefore 𝑥 = 0, now for the value close to 𝑥 = 0 and to the left of 0,

𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) > 0
Also for values 𝑥 = 0 and to the right of 0, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) < 0
Therefore, by first derivative test, 𝑥 = 0 is a point of local maxima and
1
local minima value of 𝑓(𝑥 ) is .
2

6. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓
Solution:
Given, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 15
Differentiate with respect to 𝑥 then we get
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 9
= 3(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3)
N AT IS
C N
PY
= 3(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 1)
O C D
O IO
D U AA

For all maxima and minima,

𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0 O
ED PR

3(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
T

𝑥 = 3, 1
©

At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) changes from positive to negative

Since, 𝑥 = 1 is a point of Maxima.
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) changes from negative to positive
Since, 𝑥 = 3 is a point of Minima.
Hence, local min value = 𝑓(1) = (1)3 − 6(1)2 + 9(1) + 15 = 19
Local max value = 𝑓 (3) = (3)3 − 6(3)2 + 9(3) + 15 = 15.

7. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙, 𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝝅

Solution:
Given, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = sin 2𝑥
Differentiate w.r.t 𝑥, we get
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 2 cos 2𝑥 , 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
For the point of local maxima and minima,
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0
2 cos 2𝑥 = 0
cos 2𝑥 = 0
𝜋 3𝜋
2𝑥 = ,
2 2
N AT IS
𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥= ,

C N
4 4

PY
O C D
𝜋
Now, at 𝑥 = , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) changes from positive to negative
O IO
D U AA

Since, 𝑥 =
O
𝜋
4
is a point of Maxima.
ED PR

3𝜋
At 𝑥 = , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) changes from negative to positive
4
T

3𝜋
Since, 𝑥 = is a point of Minima.
©

4
𝜋
Hence, local max value = 𝑓 ( ) = 1
4
3𝜋
Local mix value = 𝑓 ( ) = −1.
4
 EXERCISE 18.3
PAGE NO: 18.31

Find the points of local maxima or local minima and corresponding

local maximum and local minimum values of each of the following
functions. Also, find the point of inflection, if any:

1.
(i) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟔𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒙 + 𝟗
Solution:
N AT IS
C N
PY
Given 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 4 − 62𝑥 2 + 120𝑥 + 9
O C D
O IO
D U AA

Differentiate with respect to 𝑥 then we get

O
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 3 − 124𝑥 + 120 = 4(𝑥 3 − 31𝑥 + 30)
ED PR

𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = 12𝑥 2 − 124 = 4(3𝑥 2 − 31)

T

For maxima and minima, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0

©

4(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 30) = 0
So roots will be 𝑥 = 5, 1, −6
Now, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = 176 > 0
𝑥 = 5 is point of local minima
𝑓 ′′ (1) = −112 < 0
𝑥 = 1 is point of local maxima
𝑓 ′′ (−6) = 308 > 0
Local max value = 𝑓 (1) = 68
Local min value = 𝑓(5) = −316 and 𝑓 (−6) = −1647
(ii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓
Solution:
Given 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 15
Differentiate 𝑓 with respect to 𝑥
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 9 = 3(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3)
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = 6𝑥 − 12 = 6(𝑥 − 2)
For maxima and minima, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0
3(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3) = 0
N AT IS
So roots will be 𝑥 = 3, 1

C N
PY
Now, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = 6 > 0
O C D
O IO
D U AA

𝑥 = 3 is point of local minima

𝑓 ′′ (1) = −6 < 0O
ED PR

𝑥 = 1 is point of local maxima

T

Local max value = 𝑓 (1) = 19

©

Local min value = 𝑓(3) = 15

(iii) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐

Solution:
Given, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)2
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 + 2)2 + 2(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)
= (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 2 + 2𝑥 − 2)
= (𝑥 + 2)(3𝑥 )
And 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = 3(𝑥 + 2) + 3𝑥
= 6𝑥 + 6
For maxima and minima, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0
(𝑥 + 2)(3𝑥 ) = 0
So roots will be 𝑥 = 0, −2
Now, 𝑓 ′′ (0) = 6 > 0
𝑥 = 0 is point of local minima
𝑓 ′′ (−2) = −6 < 0
𝑥 = −2 is point of local maxima
N AT IS
Local max value = 𝑓 (−2) = 0

C N
PY
Local min value = 𝑓(0) = −4
O C D
O IO
D U AA

(iv) 𝒇(𝒙) = −O 𝟐
𝒙
𝟐
𝒙𝟐
,𝒙 > 𝟎
ED PR

Solution:
T

2 2
Given, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = − ,𝑥 > 0
©

𝑥 𝑥2
2 4
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = − +
𝑥2 𝑥3
4 12
And, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = + 3 −
𝑥 𝑥4

For maxima and minima, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0

2 4
0− 2 + =0
𝑥 𝑥3
2(𝑥−2)
− =0
𝑥3

𝑥=2
4 12 1 3 1
Now, 𝑓 ′′ (2) = − = − =− <0
8 6 2 4 4
𝑥 = 2 is point of local maxima
1
Local minima value = 𝑓(2) =
2
2 4
− 2 + =0
𝑥 𝑥3
2(𝑥−2)
− =0
𝑥3

⇒ (𝑥 − 2) = 0
⇒𝑥=2

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 𝒆𝒙
(v)
N AT IS
C N
PY
Solution:
O C D
O IO
Given, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥
D U AA

O
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)
ED PR

𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) + 𝑒 𝑥
T

= 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 2)
©

For maxima and minima, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0

𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 = −1
1
Now, 𝑓 ′′ (−1) = 𝑒 −1 = > 0
𝑒

𝑥 = −1 is point of local minima

−1
Hence, local min = 𝑓(−1) =
𝑒

2. Find the local extremum value of the following functions:

(i) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐
Solution:
Given 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 2)2 + 2(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)
= (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 2 + 2𝑥 − 2)
= (𝑥 − 2)(3𝑥 − 4)
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = (3𝑥 − 4) + 3(𝑥 − 2)
For maxima and minima, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0
(𝑥 − 2)(3𝑥 − 4) = 0
4
𝑥 = 2,
N AT IS
3

C N
PY
O C D
Now, 𝑓 ′′ (2) > 0
O IO
D U AA

𝑥 = 2 is point of local minima

4
𝑓 ′′ ( ) = −2 < 0
O
ED PR

3
4
T

𝑥 = is point of local maxima

3
©

4 4
Hence, local min = 𝑓 ( ) =
3 27

Local minima value = 𝑓(2) = 0

(ii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙√𝟏 − 𝒙, 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏

Solution:
Given 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥
𝑥
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = √1 − 𝑥 + (−1)
2√1−𝑥
2(1−𝑥)−𝑥
=
2√1−𝑥
 2−3𝑥
=
2√1−𝑥
2−3𝑥
2√1−𝑥(−3)+
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = √1−𝑥
4(1−𝑥)

For maxima and minima, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0

2−3𝑥
=0
√1−𝑥
2
𝑥=
3
2
Now, 𝑓 ′′ ( ) > 0
3
2
N AT IS
𝑥 = is point of maxima
3

C N
PY
O C D
2 2
Hence, local min = 𝑓 ( ) =
O IO
3 3√3
D U AA

O
ED PR

(iii) 𝒇(𝒙) = −(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟑 (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐

T

Solution:
©

Given 𝑓(𝑥 ) = −(𝑥 − 1)3 (𝑥 + 1)2

𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = −3(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1)2 − 2(𝑥 − 1)3 (𝑥 + 1)
= −(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1)2 (3𝑥 + 3 + 2𝑥 − 2)
= −(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1)(5𝑥 + 1)
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 )
= −2(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(5𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥 − 1)2 (5𝑥 + 1) − 5(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1)
For maxima and minima, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0
−(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1)(5𝑥 + 1) = 0
−1
𝑥 = 1, −1,
5
Now, 𝑓 ′′ (1) = 0
𝑥 = 1 is inflection point
𝑓 ′′ (−1) = −4𝑥 − 4 = 16 > 0
𝑥 = −1 is point of Minima
−1 36 4 −144
𝑓 ′′ ( ) = −5 ( ) × = <0
15 25 5 25
−1
𝑥= is point of maxima
15
−1 3456
Hence local max value = 𝑓 ( ) =
15 3125
N AT IS
Local min value = 𝑓(−1) = 0

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
3. The function 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 + 𝒃𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 has extreme values at 𝒙 = 𝟏
D U AA

O
and 𝒙 = 𝟐. Find 𝒂 and 𝒃.
ED PR

Solution:
Given, 𝑦 = 𝑎 log 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑥
T
©

On differentiating we get
𝑑𝑦 𝑎
= + 2𝑏𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑎
And =− + 2𝑏
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦
For maxima and minima, =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑎
+ 2𝑏𝑥 + 1 = 0
𝑥

Given that extreme values exist at 𝑥 = 1, 2

𝑎 + 2𝑏 = −1 … (1)
𝑎
+ 4𝑏 = −1
2
𝑎 + 8𝑏 = −2 … (2)
Solving (1) and (2) we get
−2 −1
𝑎= ,𝑏 =
3 6

𝒙
4. Show that 𝐥𝐨𝐠 has a maximum value at 𝒙 = 𝒆.
𝒙

Solution:
log 𝑥
The given function is 𝑓(𝑥 ) =
𝑥
1
𝑥( )−log 𝑥
′(
𝑓 𝑥) =
N AT IS
𝑥
=
1−log 𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥2

C N
PY
O C D
Now 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0
O IO
D U AA

1 − log 𝑥 = 0
log 𝑥 = 1 O
ED PR

log 𝑥 = log 𝑒
T

𝑥=𝑒
©

1
𝑥 2 (−𝑥)−(1−log 𝑥)(2𝑥)
Now 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) =
𝑥4
−𝑥−2𝑥(1−log 𝑥)
=
𝑥4
−3+2 log 𝑥
=
𝑥3
−3+2 log 𝑒 −3+2 1
Now 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = = =− <0
𝑒3 𝑒3 𝑒3

Therefore, by second derivation test 𝑓 is the maximum at 𝑥 = 𝑒.

 EXERCISE 18.4
PAGE NO: 18.37

1. Find the absolute maximum and the absolute minimum values of

the following function in the given intervals:
𝒙𝟐 𝟗
(i) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝐢𝐧 [−𝟐, ]
𝟐 𝟐

Solution:
𝑥2
Given function is 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 −
N AT IS 2

On differentiation we get

C N
PY
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 4 − 𝑥
O C D
O IO
D U AA

Now, for local minima and local maxima we have 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0

4−𝑥 =0 O
ED PR

𝑥=4
T

9
Then, we evaluate of 𝑓 at critical points 𝑥 = 4 and at the interval [−2, ]
©

2
(4)2
𝑓(4) = 4(4) − =8
2
(−2)2
𝑓(−2) = 4(−2) − = −10
2
9 2
9 9 (2) 81
𝑓( ) = 4( )− = 18 − = 7.875
2 2 2 8
9
Hence, we can conclude that the absolute maximum values of 𝑓 on [−2, ]
2
9
is 8 occurring at 𝑥 = 4 and the absolute minimum value of 𝑓 on [−2, ]
2
is – 10 occurring at 𝑥 = −2
(ii) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟑 𝐨𝐧 [−𝟑, 𝟏]
Solution:
Given function is 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 1)2 + 3
On differentiation we get
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 2(𝑥 − 1)
Now, for local minima and local maxima we have 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0
2(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥=1
N AT IS
Then, we evaluate of 𝑓 at critical points 𝑥 = 1 and at the interval [−3,1]

C N
PY
𝑓(1) = (1 − 1)2 + 3 = 3
O C D
O IO
𝑓(−3) = (−3 − 1)2 + 3 = 19
D U AA

O
Hence, we can conclude that the absolute maximum values of 𝑓 on [−3,1]
ED PR

is 19 occurring at 𝑥 = −3 and the absolute minimum value of 𝑓 on [−3,1]

is 3 occurring at 𝑥 = 1.
T
©

(iii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟒 − 𝟖𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝟖𝒙 + 𝟐𝟓 𝐨𝐧 [𝟎, 𝟑]

Solution:
Given function is 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 − 48𝑥 + 25 on [0, 3]
On differentiation we get
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 12𝑥 3 − 24𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 − 48
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 12(𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 4)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 12(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 2)
Now, for local minima and local maxima we have 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0
𝑥 = 2 or 𝑥 2 + 2 = 0 For which there are no real roots.
Therefore, we consider only 𝑥 = 2 ∈ [0, 3].
Then, we evaluate of 𝑓 at critical points 𝑥 = 2 and at the interval [0,3]
𝑓(2) = 3(2)4 − 8(2)3 + 12(2)2 − 48(2) + 25
𝑓(2) = 48 − 64 + 48 − 96 + 25 = −39
𝑓(0) = 3(0)4 − 8(0)3 + 12(0)2 − 48(0) + 25 = 25
𝑓(0) = 3(3)4 − 8(3)3 + 12(3)2 − 48(3) + 25 = 16
Hence, we can conclude that the absolute maximum values of 𝑓 on [0,3]
is 25 occurring at 𝑥 = 0 and the absolute minimum value of 𝑓 on [0,3] is
N AT IS
−39 occurring at 𝑥 = 2.

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟐)√𝒙 − 𝟏 𝐢𝐧 [𝟏, 𝟗]

(iv)
O
ED PR

Solution:
Given function is 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 2)√𝑥 − 1
T

(𝑥−2)
©

∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = √𝑥 − 1 +
2√𝑥−1

Put 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0
(𝑥−2)
⇒ √𝑥 − 1 + =0
2√𝑥−1
2(𝑥−1)+(𝑥−2)
⇒ =0
2√𝑥−1
3𝑥−4
⇒ =0
2√𝑥−1
4
⇒𝑥=
3

Now, 𝑓(1) = 0
 4 4 4 2 2√3
𝑓 ( ) = ( − 2) √ − 1 = − =−
3 3 3 3√3 9

And,
𝑓(9) = (9 − 2)√9 − 1 = 7√8 = 14√2
Hence, we can conclude that the absolute maximum values of 𝑓 is 14√2
2√3 4
occurring at 𝑥 = 9 and the minimum value of is − occurring at 𝑥 = .
9 3

2. Find the maximum value of 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎𝟕 in the interval [1, 3].
Find the maximum value of the same function in [−𝟑, −𝟏].
N AT IS
Solution:

C N
PY
O C D

Let 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3 − 24𝑥 + 107

O IO
D U AA

O
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 6𝑥 2 − 24 = 6(𝑥 2 − 4)
ED PR

Now, for local maxima and local minima we have 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0

⇒ 6( 𝑥 2 − 4) = 0
T
©

⇒ 𝑥2 = 4
⇒ 𝑥 = ±2
We first consider the interval [1, 3].
Then, we evaluate the value of 𝑓 at the critical point 𝑥 = 2 ∈ [1, 3] and at
the end point of the interval [1, 3].
𝑓(2) = 2(2)3 − 24(2) + 107 = 75
𝑓(1) = 2(1)3 − 24(1) + 107 = 85
𝑓(3) = 2(3)3 − 24(3) + 107 = 89
Hence, the absolute maximum value of 𝑓(𝑥 ) in the interval [1, 3] is 89
occurring at 𝑥 = 3.
Next, we consider the interval [−3, −1]
𝑓(−3) = 2(−3)3 − 24(−3) + 107 = 125
𝑓(−2) = 2(−2)3 − 24(−2) + 107 = 139
𝑓(−2) = 2(−1)3 − 24(−2) + 107 = 129
Hence, the absolute maximum value of 𝑓 is 139 and occurs when 𝑥 = −2.

N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

O
ED PR

T
©
 EXERCISE 18.5
PAGE NO: 18.72

1. Determine two positive number whose sum is 15 and the sum of

whose square is minimum.
Solution:
Let the two positive number be 𝑎 and 𝑏.
So we have 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 15 … (1)
Also, 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 is minima
N AT IS
Assume, S = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
(From equation 1)
D U AA

⇒ 𝑆 = 𝑎2 + (15 − 𝑎)2
O
ED PR

⇒ 𝑆 = 𝑎2 + 225 + 𝑎2 − 30𝑎 = 2𝑎2 − 30𝑎 + 225

𝑑𝑆
T

⇒ = 4𝑎 − 30
𝑑𝑎
©

𝑑2 𝑆
⇒ =4
𝑑𝑎2
𝑑2 𝑆 𝑑𝑆
Since, >0⇒ = 0 will give minimum value of S.
𝑑𝑎2 𝑑𝑎

4𝑎 − 30 = 0
𝑎 = 7.5
Hence, two number will be 7.5 and 7.5.
15 15
Which implies S is minimum when 𝑎 = and 𝑏 = .
2 2
2. Divide 64 into two parts such that the sum of the cubes of two parts
is minimum.
Solution:
Let the two positive numbers be 𝑎 and 𝑏
Given 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 64 … (1)
We have, 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 is minima
Assume, S = 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3
(From equation 1)
𝑆 = 𝑎3 + (64 − 𝑎)3
N AT IS
𝑑𝑆

C N
=0 (Condition for maxima and minima)

PY
O C D
𝑑𝑎
O IO
⇒ 3𝑎2 + 3(64 − 𝑎)2 × (−1) = 0
D U AA

O
⇒ 3𝑎2 + 3(4096 + 𝑎2 − 128𝑎) × (−1) = 0
ED PR

⇒ 3𝑎2 − 3 × 4096 − 3𝑎2 + 424𝑎 = 0

T

⇒ 𝑎 = 32
©

𝑑2 𝑆
= 6𝑎 + 6(64 − 𝑎) = 384
𝑑𝑎2
𝑑2 𝑆 𝑑𝑆
Since, >0⇒ = 0 will give minimum value of S.
𝑑𝑎2 𝑑𝑎

Hence, two number will be 32 and 32.

3. How should we choose two numbers, each greater than or equation

𝟏
to – 2, whose sum is so that the sum of the first and the cube of
𝟐
the second is minimum?
Solution:
Let 𝑎 and 𝑏 be two numbers such that 𝑎, 𝑏 ≥ −2
1
Given 𝑎 + 𝑏 =
2

Assume, S = 𝑎 + 𝑏 3
1 3
⇒ 𝑆 = 𝑎 + ( − 𝑎)
2

𝑑𝑆 1 2
= 1 + 3 ( − 𝑎) (−1)
𝑑𝑎 2

Condition maxima and minima is

𝑑𝑆
=0
𝑑𝑎
N AT IS
1 2

C N
1 + 3 ( − 𝑎) (−1) = 0

PY
O C D
2
O IO
D U AA

1 2
1 − 3 ( − 𝑎) = 0
𝑑𝑆
2
O
ED PR

=0
𝑑𝑎
T

1 2
⇒ 1 + 3 ( − 𝑎) − 1 = 0
2
©

1 2
⇒ 3 ( − 𝑎) = 1
2

1 2 1
⇒ ( − 𝑎) =
2 3

1 2 1
⇒ ( − 𝑎) = ±
2 √3
1 1
⇒𝑎= ±
2 √3
𝑑2 𝑆 1
= 6 ( − 𝑎)
𝑑𝑎2 2
𝑑2 𝑆
For S to minimum, >0
𝑑𝑎2
 1 1
⇒𝑎= −
2 √3
1 1 1
Hence, 𝑎 = − and 𝑏 =
2 √3 √3

4. Divide 15 into two parts such that the square of one multiplied with
the cube of the other is minimum.
Solution:
Let the given two numbers be 𝑥 and 𝑦. Then,
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 15 N AT IS … (1)
𝑦 = (15 − 𝑥 )

C N
PY
O C D
Now we have, 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3
O IO
D U AA

𝑧 = 𝑥 2 (15 − 𝑥 )3 (From equation 1)

⇒
𝑑𝑧 O
= 2𝑥(15 − 𝑥 )3 − 3𝑥 2 (15 − 𝑥 )2
ED PR

𝑑𝑥

For maximum or minimum values of 𝑧, we must have

T
©

𝑑𝑧
=0
𝑑𝑥

2𝑥 (15 − 𝑥 )3 − 3𝑥 2 (15 − 𝑥 )2 = 0
2𝑥 (15 − 𝑥 )3 = 3𝑥 2
30𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 = 3𝑥 2
30𝑥 = 5𝑥 2
𝑥 = 6 And 𝑦 = 9
𝑑2 𝑧
= 2(15 − 𝑥 )3 − 6𝑥 (15 − 𝑥 )2 − 6𝑥 (15 − 𝑥 )2 + 6𝑥 2 (15 − 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 2

At 𝑥 = 6:
𝑑2 𝑧
= 2(9)3 − 6𝑥 (9)2 − 6𝑥 (9)2 + 6𝑥 2 (9)
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑧
⇒ = −2430 < 0
𝑑𝑥 2

Thus, 𝑧 is maximum when 𝑥 = 6 and 𝑦 = 9

So, the required two parts into which 15 should be divided are 6 and 9.

5. Of all the closed cylindrical cans (right circular), which enclose a

given volume of 100 cm3, which has the minimum surface area?
Solution: N AT IS
Let 𝑟 and ℎ the radius and height of the cylinder, respectively. Then,

C N
PY
O C D
Volume (V) of the cylinder = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
O IO
D U AA

⇒ 100 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
100 O
ED PR

⇒ℎ=
𝜋𝑟 2
T
100
Surface area (S) of the cylinder = 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟 ℎ = 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟 ×
𝜋𝑟 2
©

200
⇒ 𝑆 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 +
𝑟

On differentiating we get
𝑑𝑆 200
∴ = 4𝜋𝑟 −
𝑑𝑟 𝑟2

For the maximum or minimum, we must have,

𝑑𝑆
=0
𝑑𝑟
200
⇒ 4𝜋𝑟 − =0
𝑟2

⇒ 4𝜋𝑟 3 = 200
 1
50 3
⇒𝑟= ( )
𝜋

Now,
𝑑2 𝑆 400
= 4𝜋 +
𝑑𝑟 2 𝑟3
1
𝑑2 𝑆 50 3
⇒ > 0 When 𝑟 = ( )
𝑑𝑟 2 𝜋
1
50 3
Thus, the surface area is minimum when 𝑟 = ( )
𝜋
1
50 3
At 𝑟 = ( )
𝜋
N AT IS
C N
PY
1
O C D
100 50 3
ℎ= = 2( )
O IO
1
𝜋
D U AA

50 3
𝜋( )
𝜋

O
ED PR

6. A beam is supported at the two ends and is uniformly loaded. The

T

bending moment M at a distance 𝒙 from one end is given by

©

𝑾𝑳 𝑾
(i) M= 𝒙− 𝒙𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝑾𝒙 𝑾 𝒙𝟑
(ii) M= −
𝟑 𝟑 𝑳𝟐

Find the point at which M is maximum in each case.

Solution:
𝑑𝑀 𝑑2 𝑀
Condition for maxima and minima is = 0 and for M to maxima <
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
0.
𝑊𝐿 𝑊
(i) M= 𝑥− 𝑥2
2 2
𝑑𝑀
=0
𝑑𝑥
 𝑊𝐿
⇒ − 𝑊𝑥 = 0
2
𝑊𝐿
⇒ = 𝑊𝑥
2
𝐿
⇒𝑥=
2
𝑑2 𝑀
= −𝑊 < 0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝐿
Hence, for 𝑥 = , 𝑀 will be maximum.
2

𝑊𝑥 𝑊 𝑥3
(ii) M= −
N AT IS 3 3 𝐿2

C N
𝑥2

PY
𝑑𝑀 𝑊
O C D
= −𝑊 =0
𝑑𝑥 3 𝐿2
O IO
D U AA

𝑊 𝑥2
⇒
3
−𝑊
O
𝐿2
=0
ED PR

𝑊 𝑥2
⇒ =𝑊
3 𝐿2
T

2 𝐿2
⇒𝑥 =
©

3
𝐿
⇒𝑥=±
√3
𝑑2 𝑀 𝑥
= −2𝑊
𝑑𝑥 2 𝐿2

So,
𝐿 𝑑2 𝑀 2𝑊
For 𝑥 = ⇒ =
√3 𝑑𝑥 2 √3𝐿
𝑑2 𝑀
⇒ >0 (Condition for maximum value)
𝑑𝑥 2
𝐿 𝑑2 𝑀 2𝑊
For 𝑥 = − ⇒ =
√3 𝑑𝑥 2 √3𝐿
 𝑑2 𝑀
⇒ >0 (Condition for minimum value)
𝑑𝑥 2
𝐿
Therefore, for 𝑥 = , M will have maximum value.
√3

7. A wire of length 28 m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the pieces

is to be made into a square and the other into a circle. What should
be the lengths of the two pieces so that the combined area of the
circle and the square is minimum?
Solution:
Suppose the given wire, which is to be made into a square and a circle is
N AT IS
cut into two pieces of length 𝑥 and 𝑦 m respectively. Then,

C N
PY
O C D
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 28 ⇒ 𝑦 = (28 − 𝑥 )
O IO
D U AA

We know that perimeter of square, 4 (Side) = 𝑥

𝑥 O
ED PR

Side =
4
T

𝑥 2 𝑥2
Area of square = ( ) =
4 16
©

Circumference of circle = 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝑦

𝑦
⇒𝑟=
2𝜋

𝑦 2 𝑦2
2
Area of circle = 𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋 ( ) =
2𝜋 4𝜋

Now z = Area of square + area of circle

𝑥2 𝑦2
⇒𝑧= +
16 4𝑥
𝑥2 (28−𝑥)2
⇒𝑧= +
16 4𝑥
𝑑𝑧 2𝑥 2(28−𝑥)
⇒ = −
𝑑𝑥 16 4𝜋
For maximum or minimum values of z, we must have
𝑑𝑧
=0
𝑑𝑥

From equation 1 we have

2𝑥 2(28−𝑥)
⇒ − =0
16 4𝜋
𝑥 (28−𝑥)
⇒ − =0
4 𝜋
𝑥𝜋
⇒ −𝑥 =0
4
𝜋
⇒ 𝑥 ( + 1) = 28
4
N AT IS
28
⇒𝑥=

C N
PY
𝜋
O C D
( 4 +1)
O IO
D U AA

112
⇒𝑥=
𝜋+4
O
Again from equation 1 we have
ED PR

112
⇒ 𝑦 = 28 −
T

𝜋+4
©

28𝜋
⇒𝑦=
𝜋+4
𝑑2 𝑧 1 1
= + >0
𝑑𝑥 2 8 2𝜋
112 28𝜋
Thus, 𝑧 is minimum when 𝑥 = and 𝑦 =
𝜋+4 𝜋+4
112 28𝜋
Hence, the length of the two pieces of wire are 𝑚 and 𝑚
𝜋+4 𝜋+4
respectively.

8. A wire of length 20 m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the pieces

will be bent into shape of a square and the other into shape of an
 equilateral triangle. Where the wire should be cut so that the sum
of the areas of the square and triangle is minimum?
Solution:
Suppose the wire, which is to be made into a square and a triangle is cut
into two piece of length 𝑥 and 𝑦 respectively. Then,
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 20 ⇒ 𝑦 = (20 − 𝑥 ) … (1)
We know that perimeter of square, 4 (side) = 𝑥
𝑥
Side =
4

𝑥 2 𝑥2
Area of square = ( ) =
N AT IS 4 16

C N
PY
O C D
Again we know that perimeter of triangle, 3 (Side) = y.
O IO
𝑦
D U AA

Side =
3
O √3
× (Side)2 =
√3 𝑦 2 √3𝑦 2
ED PR

Area of triangle = ×( ) =
4 4 3 36
T

Now,
©

z = Area of square + Area of triangle

𝑥2 √3𝑦 2
⇒𝑧= +
16 36

From equation 1 we have

𝑥2 √3(20−𝑥)2
⇒𝑧= +
16 36
𝑑𝑧 2𝑥 2√3(20−𝑥)
⇒ = −
𝑑𝑥 16 36

For maximum and minimum values of z, we have

𝑑𝑧
=0
𝑑𝑥
 2𝑥 2√3(20−𝑥)
⇒ − =0
16 36
9𝑥
⇒ = √3(20 − 𝑥 )
4
9𝑥
⇒ + 𝑥 √3 = 20√3
4
9
⇒ 𝑥 ( + √3) = 20√3
4
20√3
⇒𝑥= 9
(4+√3)

80√3
⇒𝑥=
9+4√3
N AT IS
From equation 1 we have

C N
PY
O C D
80√3
O IO
⇒ 𝑦 = 20 −
D U AA

9+4√3

⇒𝑦=
180
9+4√3 O
ED PR

𝑑2 𝑧 1 √3
= + >0
T

𝑑𝑥 2 8 18
©

80√3 180
Thus, 𝑧 is minimum when 𝑥 = and 𝑦 =
9+4√3 9+4√3

Hence, the wire of length 20 cm should be cut into two pieces of lengths
80√3 180
𝑚 and 𝑚.
9+4√3 9+4√3

9. Given the sum of the perimeters of a square and a circle, show that
the sum of their areas is least when one side of the square is equal
to diameter of the circle.
Solution:
Let us say the sum of perimeter of square and circumferences of circle be
L
Given sum of the perimeters of a square and a circle.
Assuming, side of square = a and radius of circle = r
(𝐿−2𝜋𝑟)
Then, L = 4𝑎 + 2𝜋𝑟 ⇒ 𝑎 = … (1)
4

Let the sum of area of square and circle be S

So, S = 𝑎2 + 𝜋𝑟 2
𝐿−2𝜋𝑟 2
⇒𝑆=( ) + 𝜋𝑟 2
4
N AT IS
Condition for maxima and minima

C N
PY
O C D
𝑑𝑆
=0
O IO
D U AA

𝑑𝑟

⇒ (2)(−2𝜋) ( O 𝐿−2𝜋𝑟
4
) + 2𝜋𝑟 = 0
ED PR

𝐿−2𝜋𝑟
⇒ (2)(2𝜋) ( ) = 2𝜋𝑟
T
4

⇒ 𝐿 − 2𝜋𝑟 = 8𝑟
©

(8 + 2𝜋)𝑟 = 𝐿
𝐿
⇒𝑟=
8+2𝜋
𝐿 𝑑2 𝑆 𝜋2
So, for 𝑟 = ⇒ = + 2𝜋 > 0
8+2𝜋 𝑑𝑟 2 2

This is the condition for minima

From equation 1, we have
𝐿−2𝜋𝑟
𝑎=
4

Substituting from equation 2

 𝐿
𝐿−2𝜋 8+2𝜋
⇒𝑎=
4
8𝐿+2𝜋𝐿−2𝜋𝐿
⇒𝑎=
4(8+2𝜋)
8𝐿
⇒𝑎=
4(8+2𝜋)

𝑎 = 2𝑟
Side of square = diameter of the circle.
Hence, proved.

N AT IS
10. Find the largest possible area of a right angled triangle whose

C N
PY
hypotenuse is 5 cm long.
O C D
O IO
D U AA

Solution:

O
Let the base of the right angled triangle be 𝑥 and its height be 𝑦. then,
ED PR

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 52
T

𝑦 2 = 25 − 𝑥 2
©

⇒ 𝑦 = √25 − 𝑥 2
1
As, the area of the triangle, 𝐴 = × 𝑥 × 𝑦
2
1
⇒ 𝐴(𝑥 ) = × 𝑥 × √25 − 𝑥 2
2

𝑥√25−𝑥 2
⇒ 𝐴(𝑥 ) =
2

On differentiating, we get
√25−𝑥 2 𝑥(−2𝑥)
⇒ 𝐴′ (𝑥 ) = +
2 4√25−𝑥 2

′( √25−𝑥 2 𝑥2
⇒ 𝐴 𝑥) = +
2 2√25−𝑥 2
 ′( 25−𝑥 2 −𝑥 2
⇒ 𝐴 𝑥) =
2√25−𝑥 2

′( 25−2𝑥 2
⇒ 𝐴 𝑥) =
2√25−𝑥 2

For maxima or minima, we must have 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0

𝐴′ (𝑥 ) = 0
25−2𝑥 2
⇒ =0
2√25−𝑥 2

25 − 2𝑥 2 = 0
2𝑥 2 = 25 N AT IS
5
⇒𝑥=
√2

C N
PY
O C D

Therefore,
O IO
D U AA

𝑦 = √25 − O
25
2
ED PR

50−25
T

=√
2
©

25
=√
2

5
=
√2

Again differentiating A, we get

(25−2𝑥2 )(−2𝑥)
[−4𝑥√25−𝑥 2 − ]
2√25−𝑥2
Also, 𝐴′′ (𝑥 ) =
25−𝑥 2
−4𝑥(25−𝑥2 )+(25−2𝑥2 )
[ ]
√25−𝑥2
=
25−𝑥 2
 −100𝑥+4𝑥 3 +25𝑥−2𝑥 3
=
(25−𝑥 2 )√25−𝑥 2

−75𝑥+2𝑥 3
=
(25−𝑥 2 )√25−𝑥 2
5
So, 𝑥 = ( ) is a point of maxima.
√2
5 5 3
5 −75( )+2( )
⇒ 𝐴′′ ( ) = √2 √2
3 <0
√2
5 2 2
(25−( ) )
√2

Therefore the largest possible area of the triangle

1 5 5 25
= ×( )×( )=
N AT IS square units.
2 √2 √2 4

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

11. Two sides of a triangle have length ‘a’ and ‘b’ and the angle
O
between them is 𝜽. what value of 𝜽 will maximize the area of the
ED PR

triangle? Find the maximum area of the triangle also.

Solution:
T
©

It is given that two sides of a triangle have lengths a and b and the angle
between them is 𝜃.
Let the area of triangle be A
 1
Then, A = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃
2
𝑑𝐴 1
⇒ = 𝑎𝑏 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 2

Condition for maxima and minima is

𝑑𝐴
=0
𝑑𝜃
1
⇒ 𝑎𝑏 cos 𝜃
2
𝜋
⇒𝜃=
2
𝑑2 𝐴 1
= − 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃
N AT IS
𝑑𝜃 2 2

C N
So, for A to be maximum,

PY
O C D
O IO
𝑑2 𝐴
D U AA

<0
𝑑𝜃 2

For 𝜃 =
𝜋
⇒O 𝑑2 𝐴
<0
ED PR

2 𝑑𝜃 2
𝜋 1
T

Hence, 𝜃 = will give maximum area and minimum area will be A = 𝑎𝑏

2 2
©

12. A square piece of tin of side 18 cm is to be made into a box

without top by cutting a square from each comer and folding up
the flaps to form a box. What should be the side of the square to be
cut off so that the volume of the box is maximum? Also, find this
maximum volume.
Solution:
Given side length of big square is 18 cm
Let the side length of each small square be 𝑎.
N AT IS
C N
If by cutting a square from each corner and folding up the flaps we will

PY
O C D
get a cuboidal box with
O IO
D U AA

Length, L = 18 – 2𝑎
O
Breadth, B = 18 – 2𝑎 and
ED PR

Height, 𝐻 = 𝑎
T

Assuming, volume of box, V = LBH = 𝑎(18 − 2𝑎)2

©

Condition for maxima and minima is

𝑑𝑉
=0
𝑑𝑎

⇒ (18 − 2𝑎)2 + (𝑎)(−2)(2)(18 − 2𝑎) = 0

⇒ (18 − 2𝑎)[(18 − 2𝑎) − 4𝑎] = 0
⇒ (18 − 2𝑎)[18 − 6𝑎] = 0
⇒ 𝑎 = 3, 9
𝑑2 𝑉
= (−2)(18 − 6𝑎) + (−6)(18 − 2𝑎)
𝑑𝑎2
𝑑2 𝑉
= 24𝑎 − 144
𝑑𝑎2
𝑑2 𝑉 𝑑2 𝑉
For 𝑎 = 3, = −72 ⇒ <0
𝑑𝑎2 𝑑𝑎2
𝑑2 𝑉 𝑑2 𝑉
For 𝑎 = 9, = 72 ⇒ >0
𝑑𝑎2 𝑑𝑎2

So for A to maximum
𝑑2 𝑉
<0
𝑑𝑎2

Hence, 𝑎 = 3 will give maximum volume.

And maximum volume, V = 𝑎(18 − 2𝑎)2 = 432 cm3
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
13. A rectangular sheet of tin 45 cm by 24 cm is to be made into a
O IO
D U AA

box without top, by cutting off squares from each corners and
O
folding up the flaps. What should be the side of the square to be
ED PR

cut off so that the volume of the box is maximum possible?

T

Solution:
©

Given length of rectangle sheet = 45 cm

Breath of rectangle sheet = 24 cm
Let the side length of each small square be 𝑎.
If by cutting a square from each corner and folding up the flaps we will
get a cuboidal box with
Length 𝐿 = 45 − 2𝑎
Breadth 𝐵 = 24 − 2𝑎 and
Height, 𝐻 = 𝑎
Assuming, volume of box, V = LBH = (45 − 2𝑎)(−2)(𝑎) = 0
Condition for maxima and minima is
N AT IS
𝑑𝑉
=0

C N
PY
O C D
𝑑𝑎
O IO
(45 − 2𝑎)(24 − 2𝑎) + (−2)(24 − 2𝑎)(𝑎) + (45 − 2𝑎)(−2)(𝑎) = 0
D U AA

O
4𝑎2 − 138𝑎 + 1080 + 4𝑎2 − 48𝑎 + 4𝑎2 − 90𝑎 = 0
ED PR

12𝑎2 − 276𝑎 + 1080 = 0

T

𝑎2 − 23𝑎 + 90 = 0
©

𝑎 = 5, 18
𝑑2 𝑉
= 24𝑎 − 276
𝑑𝑎2
𝑑2 𝑉 𝑑2 𝑉
For 𝑎 = 5, = −156, ⇒ <0
𝑑𝑎2 𝑑𝑎2
𝑑2 𝑉 𝑑2 𝑉
For 𝑎 = 18, = +156, ⇒ >0
𝑑𝑎2 𝑑𝑎2

So for A to maximum
𝑑2 𝑉
<0
𝑑𝑎2

Hence, 𝑎 = 5 will give maximum volume and maximum volume V =

(45 − 2𝑎)(24 − 2𝑎)(𝑎) = 2450 cm3
14. A tank with rectangular base and rectangular sides, open at the
top is be constructed so that its depth is 2 m and volume is 8 m3. If
building of tank cost Rs 70 per square metre for the base and Rs
45 per square metre for sides, what is the cost of least expensive
tank?
Solution:
Let the length, breath and height of tank be 𝑙, 𝑏 and ℎ respectively.
Also, assume volume of tank as V
ℎ = 2𝑚 (Given)
𝑉 = 8 𝑚3
N AT IS
𝑙𝑏ℎ=8

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
2 𝑙𝑏 = 8 (Given)
D U AA

𝑙𝑏 = 4
O
ED PR

4
𝑏= … (1)
𝑙
T

Cost for building base = Rs 70/𝑚2

©

Cost for building sides = Rs 45/𝑚2

Cost for building the tank, 𝐶 = Cost for base + cost for sides
𝐶 = 𝑙𝑏 × 70 + 2(𝑙 + 𝑏)ℎ × 45
4 4
𝐶 = 𝑙 ( ) × 70 + 2 (1 + ) (2) × 45 [Using (1)]
𝑙 𝑙
4
= 280 + 180 (1 + )
𝑙

Condition for maxima and minima

𝑑𝐶
=0
𝑑𝑙
 4
⇒ 180 (1 − 2 ) = 0
1
4
⇒ =1
12

⇒ 𝑙2 = 4
⇒ 𝑙 = ±2 cm
Since, l cannot be negative
So, l = 2 cm
𝑑2 𝐶 8
= 180 ( 2 )
𝑑𝑙 2 𝑙
𝑑2 𝐶
For l = 2
N AT IS = 180
𝑑𝑙 2

C N
PY
O C D
𝑑2 𝐶
⇒ >0
O IO
D U AA

𝑑𝑙 2

O
Therefore, cost will be minimum for l = 2
ED PR

From equation 2
T
4
C = 280 + 180 (𝑙 + )
𝑙
©

4
C = 280 + 180 (2 + )
2
8
C = 280 + 180 ( )
2

C = 280 + 180(4)
C = 280 + 720
C = 1000
15. A window in the form of a rectangle is surmounted by a semi –
circular opening. The total perimeter of the window is 10 m. find
the dimensions of the rectangular part of the window to admit
maximum light through the whole opening.
Solution:

N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

O
ED PR

Let the radius of semicircle, length and breadth of rectangle be 𝑟, 𝑥 and 𝑦

©

respectively
AE = 𝑟
AB = 𝑥 = 2𝑟 (Semicircle is mounted over rectangle) …1
AD = 𝑦
Given Perimeter of window = 10 m
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝜋𝑟 = 10
2𝑟 + 2𝑦 + 𝜋𝑟 = 10
2𝑦 = 10 − (𝜋 + 2). 𝑟
 10−(𝜋+2)𝑟
⇒𝑦= …2
2

To admit maximum amount of light, area of window should be maximum

Assuming area of window as A
𝜋𝑟 2
𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦 +
2
10−(𝜋+2)𝑟 𝜋𝑟 2
⇒ 𝐴 = (2𝑟) ( )+
2 2
𝜋𝑟 2
⇒ 𝐴 = 10𝑟 − 𝜋𝑟 2 − 2𝑟 2 +
2

2 𝜋𝑟 2
⇒ 𝐴 = 10𝑟 − 2𝑟 +
N AT IS 2

C N
Condition for maxima and minima is

PY
O C D
O IO
𝑑𝐴
D U AA

=0
𝑑𝑟

⇒ 10 − 4𝑟 − 𝜋𝑟 = 0 O
ED PR

10
⇒𝑟=
T
4+𝜋
𝑑2 𝐴
©

= −4 − 𝜋 < 0
𝑑𝑟 2
10
For 𝑟 = A will be maximum.
4+𝜋
20
Length of rectangular part = 𝑚 (From equation 1)
4+𝜋
10−(𝜋+2)𝑟
Breadth of rectangular part = 𝑚 (From equation 2)
2
(𝜋+2)10
10− 4+𝜋
⇒𝑦=
2
10
⇒𝑦=
4+𝜋
16. A large window has the shape of a rectangle surmounted by an
equilateral triangle. If the perimeter of the window is 12 metres
find the dimensions of the rectangle that will produce the largest
area of the window.
Solution:
Let the dimensions of the rectangle be 𝑥 and 𝑦.
Therefore, the perimeter of window = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 12
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 12
(12−3𝑥)
𝑦= … (1)
2 N AT IS
Now,

C N
PY
O C D
√3 2
Area of the window = 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥
O IO
D U AA

⇒ 𝐴 = 𝑥( O
12−3𝑥
2
)=
√3 2
4
𝑥
ED PR

3𝑥 2 √3 2
⇒ 𝐴 = 6𝑥 − = 𝑥
T

2 4
©

𝑑𝐴 6𝑥 2√3
⇒ =6− + 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 2 4
𝑑𝐴 √3 2
⇒ = 6 − 3𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝐴 √3
⇒ = 6 − 𝑥 + (3 − )
𝑑𝑥 2

For maximum and minimum values of A, we must have

𝑑𝐴
=0
𝑑𝑥

√3
⇒ 6 = 𝑥 (3 − )
2
12
⇒𝑥=
6−√3
Substituting the values of 𝑥 in equation 1 we get
12
12−3( )
6−√3
𝑦=
2
18−6√3
⇒𝑦=
6−√3

Now,
𝑑2 𝐴 √3
= −3 + <0
𝑑𝑥 2 2
12 18−6√3
Thus, the area is maximum when 𝑥 = and 𝑦 = .
6−√3 6−√3
N AT IS
C N
PY
17. Show that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume that
O C D
𝟐𝑹
O IO
can be inscribed in as sphere of radius R is .
D U AA

√𝟑

Solution: O
ED PR

T
©

Let the radius, height and volume of cylinder be 𝑟, ℎ and V respectively

Radius of sphere = R (Given)
Volume of cylinder, V = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ …1
 ℎ
OB =
2

OC = R and BC = r
In triangle OBC,
ℎ 2
( ) + 𝑟 2 = 𝑅2
2

ℎ 2
⇒ 𝑟 2 = 𝑅2 − ( ) …2
2

Replacing equation 2 in equation 1, we get

ℎ 2 ℎ3
V = 𝜋 (𝑅 2 − ( ) ) ℎ = 𝜋𝑅 2 ℎ − 𝜋
2 4
N AT IS
C N
Condition for maxima and minima is

PY
O C D
O IO
𝑑𝑉
=0
D U AA

𝑑ℎ

⇒ 𝜋𝑅 2 − 𝜋 O
3ℎ2
=0
ED PR

4
3ℎ2
⇒ 𝜋𝑅 2 = 𝜋
T

4
©

4
ℎ2 = 𝑅 2
3
2
⇒ℎ=± 𝑅
√3

Since, ℎ cannot be negative

2
Hence, ℎ = 𝑅
√3
𝑑2 𝑉 6ℎ
= −𝜋
𝑑ℎ2 4
2 𝑑2 𝑉
For ℎ = 𝑅 <0
√3 𝑑ℎ2
2
V will be maximum for ℎ = 𝑅
√3
18. A rectangle is inscribed in a semi – circle of radius r with one of
its sides on diameter of semi – circle. Find the dimension of the
rectangle so that its area is maximum. Find also the area.
Solution:

N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D

Let the length and breadth of rectangle ABCD be 2𝑥 and 𝑦 respectively.

O IO
D U AA

O
Radius of semicircle = 𝑟 (Given)
ED PR

In triangle OBA, where is the centre of the circle and mid – point of the
side AC
T

𝑟2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 (Pythagoras theorem)
©

𝑦2 = 𝑟2 − 𝑥 2
⇒ 𝑦 = √𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 … (1)
Let us say, area of rectangle = 𝐴 = 𝑥𝑦
⇒ 𝐴 = 𝑥(√𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 ) (From equation 1)
Condition for maxima and minima is
𝑑𝐴
=0
𝑑𝑥
1 1
⇒ √𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 ( ) ( . (−2𝑥 )) = 0
√𝑟 2 −𝑥 2 2
 𝑥2
⇒ √𝑟 2 − 𝑥2 −( )=0
√𝑟 2 −𝑥 2
𝑥2
⇒ √𝑟 2 − 𝑥2 =
√𝑟 2 −𝑥 2

⇒ 𝑟2 − 𝑥2 = 𝑥2
⇒ 2𝑥 2 = 𝑟 2
𝑟
⇒𝑥=±
√2

Since, 𝑥 cannot be negative

𝑟
Hence, 𝑥 = N AT IS √2
−2𝑥
2𝑥√𝑟 2 −𝑥 2 −𝑥 2 2

C N
PY
(√𝑟2 −𝑥2 )
O C D
𝑑2 𝐴 −2𝑥
= −( 2 )
O IO
𝑑𝑥 2 √𝑟 2 −𝑥 2 (√𝑟 2 −𝑥 2 )
D U AA

For 𝑥 =
𝑟 O,
𝑑2 𝐴
<0
ED PR

√2 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑟
T

⇒ A will be maximum for 𝑥 =

√2
©

From equation 1
𝑟
𝑦 = √𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 = [Since, 𝑙 = 2𝑥]
√2

Length of rectangle = √2𝑟

𝑟
Breadth of rectangle =
√2

Area of rectangle = 𝑟 2

19. Prove that a conical tent of given capacity will require the least
amount of canvas when the height is √𝟐 times the radius of the
base.
Solution:

Let the radius and height of cone be 𝑟 and ℎ respectively

N AT IS
It is given that volume of cone is fixed.

C N
PY
O C D
1
O IO
Volume of cone, V = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
D U AA

⇒ℎ=
3𝑉
𝜋𝑟 2
O …1
ED PR

Curved surface area of cone, S = 𝜋𝑟 𝑙 (𝑙 is slant height)

T

Since, 𝑙 = √𝑟 2 + ℎ2
©

3𝑉 2
⇒ 𝑙 = √𝑟 2 + ( )
𝜋𝑟 2

𝜋2 𝑟 6 +9𝑉 2
⇒𝑙=√
𝜋2 𝑟 4

√𝜋2 𝑟 6 +9𝑉 2
⇒𝑙=
𝜋𝑟 2

√𝜋2 𝑟 6 +9𝑉 2
So, S = 𝜋𝑟
𝜋𝑟 2
√𝜋2 𝑟 6 +9𝑉 2
⇒𝑆=
𝑟

Condition for maxima and minima is

𝑑𝑆
=0
𝑑𝑟
3𝜋2 𝑟5
.𝑟−√𝜋2 𝑟 6 +9𝑉 2
√𝜋2 𝑟6 +9𝑉2
⇒ =0
𝑟2
3𝜋2 𝑟 6 −𝜋2 𝑟 6 −9𝑉 2
=0
𝑟 2 √𝜋2 𝑟 6 +9𝑉 2

⇒ 2𝜋 2 𝑟 6 − 9𝑉 2 = 0
⇒ 2𝜋 2 𝑟 6 = 9𝑉 2 …2
1
9𝑉 2 6
⇒𝑟=( )
2𝜋2
N AT IS
1
2
9𝑉 6 𝑑2 𝑆

C N
For 𝑟 = ( ) , >0

PY
O C D
2𝜋2 𝑑𝑟 2
O IO
D U AA

1
2
9𝑉 6

O
⇒ S will be minimum for 𝑟 = (
2𝜋2
)
ED PR

From equation 1
T

3 √2𝜋𝑟 3
ℎ= 2. (From equation 3)
𝜋𝑟 3
©

ℎ = √2𝑟

20. Show that the cone of the greatest volume which can be
𝟐
inscribed in a given sphere has an altitude equal to of the
𝟑
diameter of the sphere.
Solution:
Let the radius and height of cone be 𝑟 and ℎ respectively
N AT IS
Radius of sphere = R

C N
PY
O C D

𝑅 2 = 𝑟 2 + (ℎ − 𝑅 )2
O IO
D U AA

𝑟 2 = 2ℎ𝑅 − ℎ2
O
𝑅 2 = 𝑟 2 + ℎ2 + 𝑅 2 − 2ℎ𝑅
… (1)
ED PR

Assuming volume of cone be V

T

1
©

Volume of cone, V = 𝜋(2ℎ𝑅 − ℎ2 )ℎ (From equation 1)

3
1
⇒ V = 𝜋(2ℎ2 𝑅 − ℎ3 )
3

Condition for maxima and minima is

𝑑𝑉
=0
𝑑ℎ
1
⇒ 𝜋(4ℎ2 𝑅 − 3ℎ2 ) = 0
3

⇒ 4ℎ2 𝑅 − 3ℎ2 = 0
4𝑅
⇒ℎ=
3
 4𝑅 𝑑2 𝑉
For ℎ = , =0
3 𝑑ℎ2
4𝑅
⇒ V will be maximum for ℎ =
3
2
ℎ = (2𝑅 )
3

21. Prove that the semi – vertical angle of the right circular cone of
given volume and curved surface is 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 √𝟐.
Solution:
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

O
ED PR

T
©

Let 𝑟 be the radius of the base circle of the cone and 𝑙 be the slant length
and ℎ be the height of the cone
Let us assume 𝛼 be the semi – vertical angle of the cone.
We know that Volume of a right circular cone is given by:
𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
⇒𝑉=
3

Let us assume 𝑟 2 ℎ = 𝑘 (constant) … (1)

 𝜋𝑘
⇒𝑉=
3
𝑘
⇒ℎ= … (2)
𝑟2

We know that surface area of a cone is

⇒ 𝑆 = 𝜋𝑟𝑙 … (3)
From the cross – section of cone we see that,
⇒ 𝑙 2 = 𝑟 2 + ℎ2
⇒ 𝑙 = √𝑟 2 + ℎ2 … (4)
Substituting (4) in (3), we get
N AT IS
⇒ 𝑆 = 𝜋𝑟√𝑟 2 + ℎ2

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
From (2)
D U AA

𝑘
⇒ 𝑆 = 𝜋𝑟√𝑟 2 + ( 2 ) O 2
ED PR

𝑘2
T

⇒ 𝑆 = 𝜋𝑟 (√𝑟 2 + )
𝑟4
©

√𝑟 6 +𝑘 2
⇒ 𝑆 = 𝜋𝑟 ( )
𝑟4

√𝑟 6 +𝑘 2
⇒ 𝑆 = 𝜋𝑟 ( )
𝑟2

𝜋×√𝑟 6 +𝑘 2
⇒𝑆=( )
𝑟

Let us consider S as a function of R and we find the value of ‘r’ for its
extremum,
Differentiating S with respect to r we get
𝑑𝑆 𝑑 𝜋×√𝑟 6 +𝑘 2
⇒ = ( )
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟
 𝑈
Differentiating using rule
𝑉

𝑑(√𝑟6 +𝑘2 ) 𝑑𝑟
𝜋(𝑟× 𝑑𝑟
−(√𝑟 6 +𝑘 2 )𝑑𝑟)
𝑑𝑆
⇒ =
𝑑𝑟 𝑟2

1 𝑑(√𝑟6 +𝑘2 )
𝜋(𝑟× × 𝑑𝑟
−(√𝑟 6 +𝑘 2 )×1)
𝑑𝑆 2√𝑟6 +𝑘2
⇒ =
𝑑𝑟 𝑟2

𝑟×6𝑟5
𝜋( −(√𝑟 6 +𝑘 2 ))
𝑑𝑆 2√𝑟6 +𝑘2
⇒ =
𝑑𝑟 𝑟2

3𝑟6
𝜋(
N AT IS
√𝑟6 +𝑘2
−(√𝑟 6 +𝑘 2 ))
𝑑𝑆
⇒ =

C N
PY
𝑑𝑟 𝑟2
O C D
O IO
3𝑟6 −(√𝑟6 +𝑘2 )
D U AA

𝜋( )
⇒
𝑑𝑆
𝑑𝑟
=
O
√𝑟6 +𝑘2

𝑟2
ED PR

𝑑𝑆 𝜋(2𝑟 6 −𝑘 2 )
⇒ =
𝑑𝑟 𝑟 2 √𝑟 6 +𝑘 2
T

Equating differentiate to zero to get the relation between ℎ and 𝑟.

©

𝑑𝑆
⇒ =0
𝑑𝑟
𝜋(2𝑟 6 −𝑘 2 )
⇒ =0
𝑟 2 √𝑟 6 +𝑘 2

Since the remainder is greater than zero only the remainder gets equal to
zero
⇒ 2𝑟 6 = 𝑘 2
From (1)
⇒ 2𝑟 6 = (𝑟 2 ℎ)2
⇒ 2𝑟 6 = 𝑟 4 ℎ2
⇒ 2𝑟 2 = ℎ2
Since height and radius cannot be negative,
⇒ ℎ = √2𝑟 … (5)
From the figure
ℎ
⇒ cot 𝛼 =
𝑟

From (5)
⇒ cot 𝛼 = √2
⇒ 𝛼 = cot −1 √2
N AT IS
∴ Thus proved.

C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

22. An isosceles triangle of vertical angle 𝟐𝜽 is inscribed in a circle

O
of radius a. Show that the area of the triangle is maximum when
ED PR

𝝅
𝜽= .
𝟔
T

Solution:
©
∆ ABC is an isosceles triangle such that AB = AC.
The vertical angle BAC = 2𝜃
Triangle is inscribed in the circle with center O and radius a.
Draw AM perpendicular to BC.
Since, ∆ ABC is an isosceles triangle, the circumcenter of the circle will
lie on the perpendicular from A to BC.
Let O be the circumcenter.
BOC = 2 × 2𝜃 = 4𝜃 (Using central angle theorem)
COM = 2𝜃 N AT IS(Since, ∆ OBB and ∆ OMC are congruent triangles)
OA = OB = OC = a (Radius of the circle)

C N
PY
O C D

In ∆ OMC,
O IO
D U AA

CM = 𝑎 sin 2𝜃
O
ED PR

OM = 𝑎 cos 2𝜃
T
BC = 2CM (Perpendicular from the center bisects the chord)
©

BC = 2𝑎 sin 2𝜃
Height of ∆ ABC = AM = AO + OM
AM = 𝑎 + 𝑎 cos 2𝜃
1
Area of ∆ ABC = × AM × BC
2

Differentiation this equation with respect to 𝜃

1
𝑑𝐴 𝑑[2×(𝑎+𝑎 cos 2𝜃)×(2𝑎 sin 2𝜃)]
=
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝐴
= (2𝑎 sin 2𝜃 )(−2𝑎 sin 2𝜃 ) + (𝑎 + 𝑎 cos 2𝜃 )(𝑎 + 𝑎 cos 2𝜃 )
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝐴
= (−2𝑎2 sin2 2𝜃 ) + (2𝑎2 cos 2𝜃 + 2𝑎2 cos2 2𝜃 )
𝑑𝜃
 𝑑𝐴
⇒ = 2𝑎2 (cos2 2𝜃 − sin2 2𝜃 ) + 2𝑎2 cos 2𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝐴
⇒ = 2𝑎2 (cos 4𝜃 ) + 2𝑎2 cos 2𝜃 (cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥 = cos 2𝑥 )
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝐴
⇒ = −2 × 4 × 𝑎2 (sin 4𝜃 ) + (−4𝑎2 sin 2𝜃 )
𝑑𝜃

Maxima or minima exists when:

𝑑𝐴
=0
𝑑𝜃

Therefore,
2𝑎2 (cos 4𝜃 ) + 2𝑎2 cos 2𝜃 = 0
N AT IS
⇒ cos 4𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 = 0

C N
PY
O C D
⇒ 2 cos2 𝜃 − 1 + cos 2𝜃 = 0
O IO
D U AA

⇒ (2 cos 2𝜃 − 1)(cos 2𝜃 + 1) = 0
O
Therefore, ⇒ cos 2𝜃 =
1
ED PR

2
𝜋
⇒ 2𝜃 = And cos 2𝜃 = −1
T

3
©

⇒ 2𝜃 = 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
𝜃= ,
6 2

To check whether which point has a maxima, we have to check the double
differentiate.
𝜋
Therefore, at 𝜃 = ;
6
𝑑2 𝐴 𝜋 𝜋
= −2 × 4 × 𝑎2 (sin 4 × ) + (−4𝑎2 sin 2 × )
𝑑𝜃 2 6 6
𝑑2 𝐴 2𝜋 𝜋
= −2 × 4 × 𝑎2 (sin ) + (−4𝑎2 sin )
𝑑𝜃 2 3 3
Both the sin values are positive. So the entire expression is negative.
Hence there is a maxima at this point.
𝜋
𝜃= Will not form a triangle. Hence it is discarded.
2

Therefore the maxima exits at:

𝜋
𝜃=
6

23. Prove that the least perimeter of an isosceles triangle in which a

circle of radius 𝒓 can be inscribed is 𝟔√𝟑𝒓.
Solution:
N AT IS
C N
PY
O C D
O IO
D U AA

O
ED PR

T
©
QR at X and PR at Z.
OZ, OX, OY are perpendicular to the sides PR, QR, PQ
Here PQR is an isosceles triangle with sides PQ = PR and also from the
figure.
⇒ 𝑃𝑌 = 𝑃𝑍 = 𝑥
⇒ 𝑌𝑄 = 𝑄𝑍 = 𝑍𝑅 = 𝑅𝑍 = 𝑦
From the figure we can see that,
⇒ Area (∆ 𝑃𝑄𝑅 ) = Area (∆ 𝑃𝑄𝑅 ) + Area (∆ 𝑃𝑄𝑅 ) + Area (∆ 𝑃𝑄𝑅 )
1
We know that area of a triangle = × base × height
N AT IS 2

C N
1

PY
⇒ × 𝑄𝑅 × 𝑃𝑋
O C D
2
O IO
D U AA

1 1 1
= ( × 𝑂𝑍 × 𝑃𝑅) + ( × 𝑂𝑌 × 𝑃𝑄) + ( × 𝑄𝑅 × 𝑂𝑋)
2
O 2 2
1
ED PR

× 2𝑦(𝑟 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑟 2 )
2
T

1 1 1
= ( × 𝑟 × (𝑥 + 𝑦)) + ( × 𝑟 × (𝑥 + 𝑦)) + ( × 2𝑦 × 𝑟)
2 2 2
©

⇒ 𝑦(𝑟 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑟 2 ) = 𝑟 × (𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑦𝑟

⇒ 𝑦(√𝑥 2 + 𝑟 2 ) = 𝑟(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑟(𝑥+𝑦)
⇒ √𝑥 2 + 𝑟 2 =
𝑦

𝑟 2 (𝑥+𝑦)2
⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑟2 =
𝑦2

𝑟2𝑥 2 𝑟 2 (2𝑥𝑦)
⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑟2 = 𝑟2 + +
𝑦2 𝑦2

2 𝑟2 𝑟 2 (2𝑥𝑦)
⇒ 𝑥 (1 − )− =0
𝑦2 𝑦2
 𝑟2 𝑟 2 (2𝑦)
⇒ 𝑥 (𝑥 (1 − )− )=0
𝑦2 𝑦2

2𝑟 2 𝑦
⇒𝑥= … (1)
𝑦 2 −𝑟 2

We know that perimeter of the triangle is PER = PQ + QR + RP

⇒ PER = (𝑥 + 𝑦) + (𝑥 + 𝑦) + 2𝑦
⇒ PER = 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 … (2)
From (1)
4𝑟 2 𝑦
⇒ PER = + 4𝑦
𝑦 2 −𝑟 2
N AT IS
4𝑦(𝑟 2 +𝑦 2 −𝑟 2 )
⇒ PER =

C N
PY
𝑦 2 −𝑟 2
O C D
O IO
4𝑦 3
D U AA

⇒ PER =
𝑦 2 −𝑟 2
O
We need perimeter to be minimum and let us PER as the function of y,
ED PR

𝑑(PER)
We know that for maxima and minima =0
T

𝑑𝑦
©

4𝑦3
𝑑(PER) 𝑑( 2 2 )
𝑦 −𝑟
⇒ =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑟

𝑑(4𝑦)3 𝑑(𝑦2 −𝑟2 )

𝑑(PER) (𝑦 2 −𝑟 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 −(4𝑦3 ) 𝑑𝑦
⇒ = (𝑦 2 −𝑟 2 )2
𝑑𝑦

𝑑(PER) ((𝑦 2 −𝑟 2 )(12𝑦2 ))−((4𝑦 3 )(2𝑦))

⇒ = (𝑦 2 −𝑟 2 )2
𝑑𝑦

𝑑(PER) 4𝑦64−12𝑦 2 𝑟 2
⇒ = (𝑦 2 −𝑟 2 )2
𝑑𝑦

⇒ 4𝑦 4 − 12𝑦 2 𝑟 2 = 0
⇒ 4𝑦 2 (𝑦 2 − 3𝑟 2 ) = 0
⇒ 𝑦 = √3𝑟
Differentiating PER again,
𝑑2 (PER) 𝑑 6𝑦 4 −12𝑦2 𝑟 2
⇒ = ( )
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 (𝑦 2 −𝑟 2 )2

𝑑(6𝑦4 −12𝑦2 𝑟2 ) 4 −12𝑦2 𝑟 2 ) 𝑑 ((𝑦 2 −𝑟 2 )2 )

𝑑2 (PER) 𝑦 2 −𝑟 2 𝑑𝑦
−(6𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ =
𝑑𝑦 2 2 2
(𝑦 −𝑟 ) 4

2
𝑑2 (PER) ((𝑦 2 −𝑟 2 ) (24𝑦 3 −24𝑦𝑟 2 ))−((6𝑦 4 −12𝑦 2 𝑟 2 )(2(𝑦 2 −𝑟 2 )(2𝑦))
⇒ =
𝑑𝑦 2 (𝑦 2 −𝑟 2 )4

𝑑2 (PER)
⇒ |𝑦=√3𝑟
𝑑𝑦 2
N AT IS
2
((3𝑟 2 −𝑟 2 ) (72√3𝑟 3 −24√3𝑟 3 ))−((54𝑟 4 −36𝑟 4 )(2(3𝑟 2 −𝑟 2 )(2√3𝑟))

C N
PY
O C D
= (3𝑟 2 −𝑟 2 )4
O IO
D U AA

((4𝑟 4 )(48√3𝑟 3 ))−((18𝑟 4 )(8√3𝑟 3 ))

⇒
𝑑2 (PER)
𝑑𝑦 2 O
|𝑦=√3𝑟 =
16𝑟 8
ED PR

𝑑2 (PER) 48√3𝑟 7
⇒ |𝑦=√3𝑟 =
T

𝑑𝑦 2 16𝑟 8
©

𝑑2 (PER) 3√3
⇒ |𝑦=√3𝑟 = >0 (Minima)
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑟

We got minima at 𝑦 = √3𝑟.

Let’s find the value of 𝑥,
2𝑟 2 (√3𝑟)
⇒𝑥= 2
(√3𝑟) −𝑟 2

⇒ 𝑥 = √3𝑟
⇒ PER = 2(√3𝑟) + 4(√3𝑟)

⇒ PER = 6√3𝑟
∴ Thus proved.