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DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project entitled “GREEN ENERGY

BUILDING” submitted for the B. Tech. (CE) degree is our original work
and the project has not formed the basis for the award of any other degree
or any other similar titles.

Place: Dehradun Signature of the Students

Date:

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project titled “GREEN ENERGY

BUILDING” is the bona fide work carried out by AkshatDimri, Ayush,
Gyanendra Singh, Rahul Kumar, Saurabh Bisht, SaurabhNegi, Shubham
Raturi, Shubham Yadav, Varun Parmarand Vikas Singh students of
B.Tech (CE) of G.R.D. institute of management and Technology, Rajpur
(Dehradun) affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun,
Uttarakhand(India) during the academic year 2021-22, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology (Civil Engineering ) and that the project has not formed the
basis for the award previously of any other degree, diploma, fellowship or
any other similar title.

Place: Dehradun Signature of the Guide

Date:

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This is our privilege to express our deep sense of gratitude and ineptness
to our project guide
Mr. Ashutosh Sharma, HOD Civil Departmentat G.R.D. IMT with
whose valuable guidance, encouragement and practical insight ,this
project has been completed. We wish our sincere thanks to Mr. Ashutosh
Sharma, Assistant Professor and HOD of the Department for providing
us the facilities to take up the project.
We are also grateful to all our esteemed faculty of Civil Engineering
Department and the laboratory technicians of geotechnical laboratory,
surveying laboratory for their valuable suggestions and timely help in the
completion of the project.

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ABSTRACT

Essentially a Green Energy Building is one that generates as much

power as it consumes over a given period, usually one year. When it
comes to energy generation the main source today are solar, wind and
geothermal. When it comes to energy consumption there is an emphasis
on smart building techniques, materials and technologies to minimize
heat losses and improve energy efficiency.

The way the zero energy goal is defined affects the choices designers
make to achieve this goal and whether they can claim success. The
ZEB/GEB definition can emphasize demand-side or supply strategies and
whether fuel switching and conversion accounting are appropriate to meet
a ZEB goal. Four well-documented definitions—net-zero site energy, net-
zero source energy, net-zero energy costs, and net-zero energy
emissions—are studied; pluses and minuses of each are discussed. These
definitions are applied to a set of low-energy buildings for which
extensive energy data are available. This study shows the design impacts
of the definition used for ZEB and the large difference between
definitions. It also looks at sample utility rate structures and their impact
on the zero energy scenarios.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page
Declaration of the student’s ii
Certificate of the Guide iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstra v

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Compulsion of going green 14

1.2. About LEED 15

1.2.1. Green building certification 16

1.2.2. Rating 17

1.3 Whole Building Energy Optimization 18

1.3.1 Characteristic 19

1.3.2 Green Building Standards 19

1.4 Objective Of Green Building 20

1.5 Goals Of Green Building 21

1.6 Green Building Concept 22

1.6.1 Efficiency 23

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1.6.1.1 Structure Design Efficiency 23

1.6.1.2 Energy Efficiency 24

1.6.1.3 Water Efficiency 24

1.6.1.4 Materials Efficiency 25

1.6.1.5 Resource Efficiency 25

1.7 Water Reduction 26

1.8 Cost And Payoff 26

1.9 Example of green building 27

Chapter 2: Features of Green Energy Building

2.1 Use of Solar Energy 31

2.1 Rain Water Harvesting 32

2.3 Good Lighting and Proper Ventilation 32

2.4 Nature Friendly Environment 32

Chapter 3: Methodology and Analysis

3.1 Design of Green Building 33

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3.1.1 Program Planning and Site Selection 34

3.1.1.1 Selection of Design Team 34

3.1.1.2 Site Design 35

3.2 Rainwater Harvesting 38

3.2.1 Roof Catchments 39

3.2.2 Guttering Materials 40

3.3 Advantage and Disadvantage

3.4 Solar Panel

3.4.1 Type of Solar Cell

3.4.2 Solar Power Works

Chapter 4: Cost Analysis 50

4.1. Environmental parameters 54

4.1.1 Case study analysis 57

4.1.2 Factor Analysis 58

4.2 Benefits 59

4.2.1 Energy Efficiency and Water Conservation 60

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4.3 Limitation 63

Chapter 5: Conclusion 64

Chapter 6: Reference 65

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LIST OF FIGURES

Fig.1.1 Project Stages

Fig. 1.2 Green Building Certification
Fig. 1.3 Reduce Energy Requirement
Fig. 1.4 Average Saving of Green Building
Fig. 1.5 Generation of Energy
Fig. 1.6 Some Example of Green Building
Fig. 2.1Feature
Fig 2.2
Fig 3.1 Rainwater Harvesting Technique
Fig 3.2 Guttering Materials
Fig 3.3 Storage Tank
Fig.3.4 Solar Cycle
Fig 3.5 Solar Panel
Fig 3.6 Working of Solar Panel

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LIST OF TABLE

Table 1.1 Ratings

Table 4.1 Audit & maintenance Optimization
Table 4.2 Cost Impact of GRIHA Criteria

Table 4.3Average Building Conventional Cost and Green Cost

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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) .

It refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and
resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to design,
construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition.
This requires close cooperation of the design team, the architects, the engineers,
and the client at all project stages.
It reduces Green House gases and other pollutants.Although new technologies are

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constantly being developed to complement current practices in creating greener

structures, the common objective is that green buildings are designed to reduce the
overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural
environment by:
 Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources
 Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity
 Reducing waste, pollution and environmental.A similar concept is natural building,
which is usually on a smaller scale and tends to focus on the use ofnatural
materials that are available locally.
 Green construction principles can easily be applied to retrofit work as well as new
construction.
 A 2009 report by the U.S. General Services Administration found 12 sustainably
designed buildings
 Cost less to operate and have excellent energy performance.
 Green building practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of building.
 The first rule is that the greenest building is the building that doesn't get built.
 The second rule is that every building should be as small as possible.
 The third rule is not to contribute to sprawl, even if the most energy-efficient,
environmentally sound methods are used in design and construction.

Fig.1.1 Project Stages

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1.1 COMPULSIONS OF GOING GREEN

Economic activities either affect or are affected by natural and environmental

resources. Development without environmental considerations can cause serious
long term damage to the quality of life of present and future generations.
Many studies worldwide have shown that the era of global warming has been
accelerated due to human activity, a fact that is quite concisely summarized in the
following information available on the website which is climate change initiative
started by Al Gore, the Ex Vice President of United States, who set out the global
warming issues in an stupefying film called “An Inconvenient Truth”
“The evidence is overwhelming and undeniable. We're already seeing changes.
Glaciers are melting, plants and animals are being forced from their habitat, and the
number of severe storms and droughts is increasing. If the warming continues, we
can expect catastrophic consequences:

Deaths from global warming will double in just 25years-- to 300,000 people a year
 Global sea levels could rise by more than 20 feet with the loss of shelf ice in
Greenland and Antarctica, devastating coastal areas worldwide, Heat waves will
be more frequent and more intense
 Droughts and wildfires will occur more often,
 The Arctic Ocean could be ice free in summer by 2050,
 More than a million species worldwide could be driven to extinction by 2050” –

What is stated above is literally the veritable tip of the iceberg in terms of the
evidence and data depicting the scale of crisis facing our world today. The major
contributors to global warming is now well documented, and include among others
manufacturing, transportation, land use change and forestry, electricity, heat, fossil
fuel combustion and importantly construction sites as well as buildings.
There are varying estimates of the role of buildings and construction in the global
warming phenomenon. Among the ones that stand out are the facts published by the

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United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) Sustainable Building and

Construction Initiative (2006) which states the following:

“The building and construction sector represents over 111 million people directly
employed worldwide with 75% in developing countries and 90% in micro firms (less
than 10 employees). It contributes to
Approximately 10% of the global GDP with a World Wide annual investment
evaluated at US $ 3,000 Billion.…..

Taking into account its entire lifespan, we know that the built environment is
responsible in each country for:
25 - 40% of the total energy use

 30 - 40% of solid waste generation

 30 - 40% of Global Green House Gas Emissions (CO , N 0, CH , HFC, PFC, SF)
 Going a step further on the same lines, there is a very interesting observation
mentioned in a landmark report on“People, Planet, Profit: Property” (2007)
published by Jones Lang LaSalle which states that “Commercialbuildings can
account for as much as 50% of all energy consumed within an economy,
 With air-conditioningand office equipment accounting for the majority of the
end-use energy. It also accounts for significant carbon dioxide emissions and can
use as much as one-third of all the water consumed within an economy.”

1.2 ABOUT LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)

Leed stands for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design and is an

independent, thirdparty
Verification rating system that provides a method of standardization and oversight
for
environmental performance designed for new and existing commercial, institutional
and

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residential buildings.
Performance focuses on human and environmental health in five key areas
sustainable site development, water savings, energy efficiency, materials selection
and
indoor environmental quality.
The idea for LEED was in part inspired by the desire to create a
U.S. version of the U.K.’s Building Research Establishment Environmental
Assessment Method,
or BREEAM, as well as Canada’s Building Environmental Performance Assessment
Criteria, or
BEPAC1.

1.2.1 GREEN BUILDING CERTIFICATION

Fig.1.2 Green Building Certification

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1.2.2 Ratings (Certifications) of Green Buildings in INDIA

LEED certified 23–27 points

LEED silver 28–33 points
LEED gold 34–44 points
LEED platinum 45–61 points

At World Level

Table 1.1 Ratings

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1.3 WHOLE BUILDING ENERGY OPTIMIZATION

Fig.1.2 Reduced Energy Requirements

 Though green buildings are Low Energy House and Zero-energy building,
Buildings account for a large amount of land.
 “Green” Buildings are high performance structures that also meet certain standards
 For reducing natural resource consumption.

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1.3.1 “GREEN” OR “SUSTAINABLE” BUILDINGS ARE

CHARACTERIZED BY:

 efficient management of energy and water resources

 management of material resources and waste
 restoration and protection of environmental quality
 enhancement and protection of health and indoor environmental quality
 reinforcement of natural systems
 analysis of the life cycle costs and benefits of materials and methods
 Integration of the design decision-making process.
 “Metrics” for such “green” benefits are articulated and certified by LEED,
BuiltGreen or other organizations
 Green standards measure different environmental qualities of buildings
 Each has a different emphasis and purpose.

1.3.2 GREEN BUILDING STANDARDS INCLUDE:

 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

 Green Globes
 Model Green Homebuilding Guidelines
 BuiltGreen
 Energy Star
 Living Building
Green makes business sense

 Increased flexibility to allow for longer building and TI useful life and reuse of
materials
 Improved building performance
 Increased revenue (higher rents/sales price, improved productivity, fewer/shorter
vacancies)

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 Lower cost (utilities, costs of conversion)

GOING “GREEN” IS “RIGHT THING”

 reduce carbon consumption,
 energy independence,
 encourage community,
 preserve natural systems

Buildings consume a large amount of natural resources to construct and operate

 Green building is the practice of minimizing the impact a building has on the
environment.

Fig.1.3 Average Saving of Green Buildings

1.4 OB JECTIVES OF A GREEN BUILDING:

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 Protecting occupant health

 Improving employee productivity
 Using energy, water and other resources more efficiently
 Reducing overall impact to the environment
 Optimal environmental and economic performance
 Satisfying and quality indoor spaces

1.5 GOALS OF GREEN BUILDING

 Green building brings together a vast array of practices and techniques to reduce
and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human
health. It often emphasizes taking advantage of renewable resources, e.g., using
sunlight through passive solar, active solar, and photovoltaic techniques and using
plants and trees through green roofs, rain gardens, and for reduction of rainwater
run-off. Many other techniques, such as using packed gravel or permeable concrete
instead of conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of ground
water, are used as well.

Fundamental principles:

 Structure Design Efficiency

 Energy Efficiency,
 Water Efficiency,
 Materials Efficiency
 Indoor Environmental Quality Enhancement,
 Operations and Maintenance Optimization, and
 Waste and Toxics Reduction

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1.6 GREEN BUILDING CONCEPTS

 The ‘GREEN BUILDING’ concept is gaining importance in various countries,

including India. These are buildings that ensure waste is minimized at every stage
during the construction and operation of the building, resulting in low costs,
according to experts in technology.
 A Green building is a structure that is environmentally responsible and resource
efficient throughout it’s life cycle.

1.6.1 EFFICIENCIES BY GREEN BUILDING

1.6.1.1 STRUCTURE DESIGN EFFICIENCY

 The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept and design
stages. The concept stage, in fact, is one of the major steps in a project life
cycle, as it has the largest impact on cost and performance. In designing
environmentally optimal buildings, the objective is to minimize the total
environmental impact associated with all life-cycle stages of the building
project.
 However, building as a process is not as streamlined as an industrial process,
and varies from one building to the other, never repeating itself identically. In
addition, buildings are much more complex products, composed of a multitude
of materials and components each constituting various design variables to be
decided at the design stage. A variation of every design variable may affect the
environment during all the building's relevant life-cycle stages.

1.6.1.2 ENERGYE FFICIENCY

 To reduce operating energy use, high-efficiency windows and insulation in walls,

ceilings, and floors increase the efficiency of the building envelope, (the barrier

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between conditioned and unconditioned space). Another strategy, passive solar

building design, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient
windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows and
roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition,
effective window placement (day lighting) can provide more natural light and
lessen the need for electric lighting during the day. Solar water heating further
reduces energy costs.
 Onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind power, hydro
power, or biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the
building. Power generation is generally the most expensive feature to add to a
building.

Fig.1.4 Generation of Energy

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1.6.1.3 WATER EFFICIENCY:

Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in
sustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas, the
demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum
extent feasible, facilities should increase their dependence on water that is collected,
used, purified, and reused on-site. The protection and conservation of water throughout
the life of a building may be accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles
water in toilet flushing.
Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-low
flush toilets and low-flow shower heads. Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper,
reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using water on-site. Point of use
water treatment and heating improves both water quality and energy efficiency while
reducing the amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage and greywater for
on-site use such as site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer.

1.6.1.4 MATERIALS EFFICIENCY:

Green building materials are composed of renewable, rather than nonrenewable

resources. Green materials are environmentally responsible because impacts are
considered over the life of the product. Depending upon project-specific goals, an
assessment of green materials may involve an evaluation of one or more of the criteria
listed below.
Green building material/product selection criteria:
 Resource efficiency
 Indoor air quality
 Energy efficiency
 Water conservation
 Affordability

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1.6.1.5 RESOURSE EFFICIENCY:

 Recycled Content: Products with identifiable recycled content, including

postindustrial content with a preference for post consumer content.
 Resource efficient manufacturing process: Products manufactured with resource-
efficient processes including reducing energy consumption, minimizing waste
(recycled, recyclable and or source reduced product packaging), and reducing
greenhouse gases.
 Locally available: Building materials, components, and systems found locally or
regionally saving energy and resources in transportation to the project site.
 Durable: Materials that are longer lasting or are comparable to conventional
products with long life expectancies.

INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ENHANCEMENT

Indoor Air Quality seeks to reduce volatile organic compounds, or VOCs, and other air
impurities such as microbial contaminants. Buildings rely on a properly designed
ventilation system (passively naturally- or mechanically-powered) to provide adequate
ventilation of cleaner air from outdoors or recirculated, filtered air as well as isolated
operations (kitchens, dry cleaners, etc.) from other occupancies.
Low or non-toxic: Materials that emit few or no carcinogens, reproductive toxicants, or
irritants as demonstrated by the manufacturer through appropriate testing.
Moisture resistant: Products and systems that resist moisture or inhibit the growth of
biological contaminants in buildings.
Systems or equipment: Products that promote healthy IAQ by identifying indoor air
pollutants or enhancing the air quality.

OPERATION MAINTENANCE AND OPTIMIZATION :

No matter how sustainable a building may have been in its design and construction, it

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can only remain so if it is operated responsibly and maintained properly. Every aspect of
green building is integrated into the O&M phase of a Ensuring operations and
maintenance(O&M) personnel are part of the project's planning and development
process will help retain the green criteria designed at the onset of the project building's
life. The addition of new green technologies also falls on the O&M staff. Although the
goal of waste reduction may be applied during the design, construction and demolition
phases of a building's life-cycle, it is in the O&M phase that green practices such as
recycling and air quality enhancement take place.

1.7 WASTE REDUCTION

Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and materials used
during construction. For example, in California nearly 60% of the state's waste comes
from commercial buildings .During the construction phase, one goal should be to reduce
the amount of material going to landfills. Well-designed buildings also help reduce the
amount of waste generated by the occupants as well, by providing on-site solutions such
as compost bins to reduce matter going to landfills.
To reduce the impact on wells or water treatment plants, several options exist. "Grey
water", wastewater from sources such as dishwashing or washing machines, can be used
for subsurface irrigation, or if treated, for non-potable purposes, e.g., to flush toilets and
wash cars. Rainwater collectors are used for similar purposes.
Centralized wastewater treatment systems can be costly and use a lot of energy. An
alternative to this process is converting waste and wastewater into fertilizer, which
avoids these costs and shows other benefits.

1.8 COST AND PAYOFF

The most criticized issue about constructing environmentally friendly buildings is the
price. Photo-voltaic, new appliances, and modern technologies tend to cost more money.
Most green buildings cost a premium of <2%, but yield 10 times as much over the entire
life of the building. The stigma is between the knowledge of up-front cost vs. life-cycle

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cost. The savings in money come from more efficient use of utilities which result in
decreased energy bills. It is projected that different sectors could save $130 Billion on
energy bills. Also, higher worker or student productivity can be factored into savings
and cost deductions.
Studies have shown over a 20 year life period, some green buildings have yielded $53
to $71 per square foot back on investment. Confirming the rent ability of green building
investments, further studies of the commercial real estate market have found that LEED
and Energy Star certified buildings achieve significantly higher rents, sale prices and
occupancy rates as well as lower capitalization rates potentially reflecting lower
investment risk.

Fig. 1.5 US EPA Kansas City Center

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Fig. 1.6 Doon School- Dehradun

Fig. 1.7 ITC Green Centre Gurgaon, Wipro Development Centre Gurgaon

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Fig.1.8 ONGC Dehradun

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CHAPTER-2

FEATURES OF GREEN ENERGY BUILDING

Green building incorporates environmental considerations into every stage of the

building construction process. It focuses on the design, construction, operation, and
maintenance phases. Construction professionals work together from start to finish
optimizing buildings for environmental sustainability. Green buildings offer widespread
benefits to building occupants and society as a whole. They typically include superior
air quality, abundant natural light, access to views, and noise control making these
buildings better places to work or live.The major considerations taken into account when
designing a green building are the lot design and development, natural resource
efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and the building’s overall impact on the
environment.

Fig.2.1 Feature

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2.1 Use of Solar Energy:

More energy from the sun falls on the earth in one hour than is used by everyone in the
world in one year. A variety of technologies convert sunlight to usable energy for
buildings. The most commonly used solar technologies for homes and businesses are
solar photo voltaic for electricity, passive solar design for space heating and cooling, and
solar water heating.
Businesses and industry use solar technologies to diversify their energy sources,
improve efficiency, and save money. Energy developers and utilities use solar
photovoltaic and concentrating solar power technologies to produce electricity on a
massive scale to power cities and small towns.

2.2 Rainwater Harvesting:

Rainwater harvesting system, also called rainwater collection system or rainwater
catchment system, technology that collects and stores rainwater for human use.
Rainwater harvesting systems range from simple rain barrels to more elaborate
structures with pumps, tanks, and purification systems. The non potable water can be
used to irrigate landscaping, flush toilets, wash cars, or launder clothes, and it can even
be purified for human consumption. With water scarcity a pressing problem for many
densely populated regions, rainwater harvesting systems can supply households and
businesses with water for use in dry seasons and lessen the demand on municipal
systems.

Fig,2.2
Given that rainfall is sporadic and that only a small proportion of global precipitation is

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easily available for human use, rainwater harvesting can be an efficient means of
capturing that precious resource. In cities, much of the rain that falls on buildings, roofs,
roads, and other hard landscaping does not percolate into the soil and is instead directed
into storm sewers for disposal. Impermeable surfaces cause urban flooding in many
areas and generate contaminated unusable water that is directed away from potable
water resources. During dry months, local groundwater can be depleted, and many
localities struggle to consistently provide enough potable water to meet demand.
Rainwater harvesting for non potable functions, such as gardening and washing clothes,
significantly reduces both the demanded amount of the total fresh water and the strain
on storm water infrastructure. That saving in the demand and supply of potable fresh
water is significant in large cities. Although many localities encourage and even
subsidize rain barrels and other rainwater harvesting systems, some areas, particularly
those in the southwestern United States, view rainwater harvesting as a water rights
issue and place restrictions on such collections.

2.3 Good lighting and Proper ventilation:

Ventilation is the method to improve the indoor air quality by removing indoor polluted
air by fresh air. This is to capture idea to remove and dilute pollutants emitted in the
living space to make them up to a desired and acceptable indoor airquality level.
Sometime the materials used in a building are more important polluters than the habitant
and contribute significantly role to degrade the indoor air. The presently the focus is to
make our building more efficient and less used of the non-sustainable resources, as the
resources are limited and needs are more. To overcome this problem the todays building
are design on the basis of GREEN BUILDING criteria as prescribed by IS 3367-1977 in
which all criteria were summarized by the BUREAU OFINDIAN STANDARDS and
for the comfort for the occupant and thermal mass execution they were regulated and
maintained as per the ASHRAE STANDARD.

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CHAPTER-3

METHODOLOGY AND ANALYSIS:

To generate the weights, first the criteria have to be decided. In order to do that, rating
tools has to be studied and then, the criteria which are suitable has to be short listed and
then needs to be verified from the accredited experts of the respective rating tools. Once
criteria have been verified, comparison between these criteria has to be made to
generate weights according to the relative importance. In order to do that, we shall the
use the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) technique to make comparison between the
criteria. A questioner shall be issued to the respective experts for the comparison and
generating relative importance of the criteria. After collecting the data, using the AHP
technique, we can generate the weights for the criteria.

CRITERIA FRAMEWORK:

After studying the rating tools, a criteria framework has to be prepared by selecting the
criteria which are most suitable criteria have been selected under 7 different categories,
after the studying the rating tools. The following table shows a comparative study of the
three rating tools under each column. This gives us a brief idea about the criteria
covered under each of these rating tools. It also helps us to know which criterion has
been missed out under a particular rating.
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), since its
invention, has been a tool at the hands of decision makers and researchers; and it is one
of the most widely used multiple criteria decision-making tools. Many outstanding
works have been published based on AHP: they include applications of AHP in different
fields such as planning, selecting best alternative, resource allocations, resolving
conflict, optimization, etc., and numerical extensions of AHP. The specialty of AHP is
its flexibility to be integrated with different techniques like Linear Programming,
Quality Function Deployment, Fuzzy Logic, etc. This enables the user to extract benefits

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from all the combined methods, and hence, achieve the desired goal in a better way.
Analytic Hierarchy Process is a multiple criteria decision-making tool. It also provides a
methodology to calibrate the numeric scale for the measurement of quantitative as well
as qualitative performances. The scale ranges from 1/9 for least valued than, to 1 for
equal and to 9 for absolutely more important than covering the entire spectrum of the
comparison. Some key and basic steps involved in this methodology are:
1. State the problem.
2. Broaden the objectives of the problem or consider all actors, objectives and its
outcome.
3. Identify the criteria that influence the behavior.
4. Structure the problem in a hierarchy of different levels constituting goal, criteria, sub-
criteria and alternatives
5. Compare each element in the corresponding level and calibrate them on the numerical
scale.
This requires n (n-1)/2 comparisons, where n is the number of elements with the
considerations that diagonal
elements are equal or 1 and the other elements will simply be the reciprocals of earlier
comparisons.
6. Perform calculations to find the maximum Eigen value, consistency index CI,
consistency ratio CR, and normalized values for each criteria/ alternative.
7. If the maximum Eigen value, CI, and CR are satisfactory then decision is taken based
on the normalized values; else the procedure is repeated till these values lie in a desired
range. AHP helps to incorporate a group consensus. Generally this consists of a
questionnaire for comparison of each element and geometric mean to arrive at a final
solution. The hierarchy method used in AHP has various advantages.

3.1 DESIGN OF GREEN BUILDING:

3.1.1 PROGRAM PLANNING AND SITE SELECTION

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A. Set preliminary environmental perform All the building owner sets preliminary
performance targets at the outset of the project.
These should be appropriate to the site and program, and should cover the following
areas:

 Energy: Energy Use, Energy Source, Clean Energy Transport

 Water: Water Use, Water Filtration, Ground Water Recharge, Human Waste
 Landscape: Integrated Pest Management, Green Space, Native Plantings and
Wildlife Habitat
 Materials: Recycled Materials, Efficient Materials, Salvaged Materials, Local
Materials, Durable and Low Maintenance v. Waste: Recycling and Composting
Facilities
 Construction Practices: Construction Waste, Reuse Topsoil, Vegetation and
Watercourse Protection
 Indoor Environmental Quality: Air Pollutant Emissions, Ventilation
Effectiveness and Air Filtration, System Commissioning and Cleaning,
delighting viii. Economic Performance: Life-Cycle Assessment, Capital Cost
Accounting

B. There are many financial and supporting resources to support green buildings.
The application to these programs should be made as soon as possible.

C. Reuse existing buildings

Reuse an existing building as much as possible through renovation or

redevelopment. Roughly 80% of an average building’s environmental impact is
from its operations and maintenance over its lifetime, and only 20% from the
embodied energy of materials. Therefore, the trade-offs and life-cycle costs of
building new must be done carefully.

D. Start early to source salvaged materials

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Early on, look for appropriate salvageable materials from demolition contractors,
specialty suppliers, salvaged building material suppliers, or buildings that are being
deconstructed. All consultants should be ready to specify salvaged materials. When a
source has been identified, the availability, quality of material, timing and storage
should be confirmed.

E. Select appropriate land

Select land that:
 Is a short walk from public transit, pedestrian and bicycle routes
 Exists in an already-urbanized area
 Is walking distance from amenities
 Is already serviced by the requisite urban infrastructure (roads, utilities, etc.)

3.1.1. STAGE IN THE PROCESS : SELECTION OF DESIGN TEAM

A. Select a design team with experience or interest in green and integrated design
Ensure that knowledge; skills and experience with green design are criteria for the
selection of architects, landscape architects, engineers and other members of the
design team. All applicants should be asked to provide proof of their knowledge of
and / or previous experience with green design principles and practices.

B. Select appropriate professionals for the expanded design team

Ensure that the following skills are available among team members:
i. Facilitation: Having someone with experience in both green and integrated
design can help the team make the best use of time at the first few design
meetings. An experience facilitator can also help to steer the team in the
right direction, and provide information on green design issues.
ii. Energy Simulation: This is indispensable for significant building energy
conservation. Energy engineers specialize in analysis, research and
engineering of energy conservation and renewable energy methods. They

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are best involved early during schematic and early design development
and later at or near completion to verify the actual energy performance.
iii. Green Expertise: A professional with expertise in green design practices
will stimulate the group to go beyond current practice. In addition, they
will provide some 12 reassurance to an inexperienced team about the best
strategies to investigate given the specifics of the project.
iv. Value /Cost Analysis: The role of this person (or people) is vital to the
success of the project. The cost consultant must be involved very early in
the process and must understand the process and the objectives / targets of
the project.

C. Set environmental performance targets

the integrated design team sets performance targets. The team, including the
owner, further develops the performance targets set by the owner. These
targets should be appropriate to the site and program, and should deal with the
all the sets of preliminary performance targets.

1.3.1 SITE DESIGN

A. Protect or enhance site’s ecological integrity and biodiversity

i. Minimize the development footprint: This includes parking, building, roads, and
Cluster buildings together.
ii. Locate building to preserve the site’s natural areas. Do an inventory of the site’s
ecology.
If there are concerns, send in a map of the site to the Conservation Data Centre to
have it assess More energy from the sun falls on the earth in one hour than is used by
everyone in the world in one year. A variety of technologies convert sunlight to
usable energy for buildings. The most commonly used solar technologies for homes
and businesses are solar photo voltaic for electricity, passive solar design for space
heating and cooling, and solar water heating.

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Businesses and industry use solar technologies to diversify their energy sources,
improve efficiency, and save money. Energy developers and utilities use solar
photovoltaic and concentrating solar power technologies to produce electricity on a
massive scale to power cities and small towns. ed for
Endangered species. Avoid making major changes to sensitive landscapes, wildlife
habitat, or topography.
iii. Re-establish: damaged native ecosystems: Plant native species and take out
ecologically harmful non-native or invasive species. Plant native species along
streams to act as buffers. Use landscaping to control erosion.
iv. Preserve, establishes, or re-establish native biodiversity (diversity of native plant
and animal species) during construction, salvage native plants to be replanted on
the site or elsewhere.
v. Make connections between the natural ecology of the site and natural systems
both within and beyond the site.
vi. Build support for urban greenways that can be used by wildlife, pedestrians,
cyclists, and others.
This can be done by working with the relevant local or regional government
agencies to help you establish, connect with or further develop a greenway.

B. Reduce or eliminate disturbance to water system

i. Minimize storm water runoff. Increase site infiltration where soil

conditions allow by maintaining the natural pervious landscape or
designing a pervious landscape. Use 13 pervious surfaces (e.g. ones which
allow water to penetrate) for as much as possible of the surfaces that are
usually paved (e.g.: roads, parking, courtyards and pathways), where soil
conditions permit.
ii. Use organic storm water management features like vegetative swales,
filter strips, vegetative buffers, infiltration basins, or drywells instead of
subsurface storm drains to treat storm water runoff from fields, roofs and
roads, where soil conditions permit.

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3.2 RAINWATER HARVESTING

 Where there is no surface water, where groundwater is deep or inaccessible due to

hard ground conditions, or where it is too salty, acidic or otherwise unpleasant or
unfit to drink, another source must be sought. In areas that have regular rainfall,
the most appropriate alternative is the collection of rainwater, called ‘rainwater
harvesting’.
 Falling rain can provide some of the cleanest naturally occurring water that is
available anywhere. This is not surprising, as it is a result of a natural distillation
process that is at risk only from airborne particles and from man-made pollution
caused by the smoke and ash of fires and industrial processes, particularly those
that burn fossil fuels.
 Most modern technologies for obtaining drinking water are related to the
exploitation of surface water from rivers, streams and lakes, and groundwater from
wells and boreholes. However, these sources account for only 40% of total
precipitation.
 The term ‘rainwater harvesting’ is usually taken to mean the immediate collection
of rainwater running off surfaces upon which it has fallen directly. This definition
excludes run-off from land watersheds into streams, rivers, lakes, etc. WaterAid is
concerned primarily with the provision of clean drinking water; therefore, the
rainwater harvesting projects we support are mainly those where rainwater is
collected from roofs, and only to a lesser extent where it is collected from small
ground, or rock, catchment

Fig. 3.1 Rainwater Harvesting Technique

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3.2.1 ROOF CATCHMENTS:

 Rainwater can be collected from most forms of roof. Tiled roofs, or roofs sheeted
with corrugated mild steel etc are preferable, since they are the easiest to use and
give the cleanest water. Thatched or palm leafed surfaces are also feasible,
although they are difficult to clean and can often taint the run-off. Asbestos
sheeting or lead-painted surfaces should be avoided.
 The rainwater is collected in guttering placed around the eaves of the building.
Low cost guttering can be made up from galvanised mild steel sheeting (a
thickness of around 22 gauge), bent to form a ‘V’ and suspended by galvanised
wire stitched through the thatch or sheeting, as shown in Figure 1.
 The guttering drains to a down-pipe, which discharges into a storage tank. The
down-pipe should be made to swivel so that the collection of the first run-off can
be run to waste (the first foul flush), preventing accumulated bird droppings,
leaves, twigs and other vegetable matter, as well as dust and debris, from entering
the storage tank. Sometimes a collecting box with a mesh strainer (and sometimes
with additional filter media) is used to prevent the ingress of potential pollutants.

3.2.2 GUTTERING MATERIALS

Fig. 3.2 Guttering Materials

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Possible guttering to tank connection:

 Alternatively, a foul flush box, which can be drained separately, may be fitted
between the down-pipe and the storage tank.
 The run-off from a roof is directly proportional to the quantity of rainfall and the
plan area of the roof. For every one millimetre of rain, a square metre of roof area
will yield one litre of water (disregarding evaporation, spillage losses and wind
effects). The guttering and down-pipes should be sized so as to be capable of
carrying peak volume of run-off; in the tropics this can occur during high intensity
storms.

Fig. 3.3 Storage Tank

 The capacity of the storage tank is based upon several design criteria: rainfall
patterns and volume, the duration of the dry period and the estimate of demand.
Sometimes sophisticated calculations are involved, but these tend not to take into
account human behavior and the willingness to use water if it is available and not
conserve it for future use, in the hope that the dry spell will soon be over.
 The following simple calculation can be used to approximate the potential supply
of rainwater from a collecting surface. This can help to determine the capacity of
storage tanks:

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S = R x A x Cr

S = Mean rainwater supply in m3

R = Mean annual rainfall in mm/year
A = Surface area of catchment in m2
Cr = Run-off coefficient

The run-off coefficient accounts for losses due to splashing, evaporation, leakage
and overflow and is normally taken to be 0.8 (80%).

 The provision of the storage tank is the most costly element of a rainwater
harvesting project, usually about 90% of the total cost. Storage can range from
small containers made for other purposes, for example oil drums, food cans etc, up
to large tanks of 150 cubic meters or more, at ground level, or sometimes beneath
it. These larger tanks are made of concrete or fibrocement and are used as storage
for schools, clinics or other institutions with large areas of roof.

3.3 ADVANTAGES OF RAINWATER HARVASTING:

 Relatively cheap materials can be used for construction of containers and

collecting surfaces
 Construction methods are relatively straightforward
 Low maintenance costs and requirements
 Collected rainwater can be consumed without treatment, if a clean collecting
surface has been used
 Provides a supply of safe water close to homes, schools or clinics, encourages
increased consumption, reduces the time women and children spend collecting
water, reduces back strain or injuries from carrying heavy water containers

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DISADVANTAGEOF RAINWATER HARVESTING:

Supplies can be contaminated by bird/animal droppings on catchment surfaces and
guttering structures unless they are cleaned/flushed before use
Poorly constructed water jars/containers can suffer from algal growth and invasion
by insects, lizards and rodents. They can act as a breeding ground for disease
vectors if they are not properly maintained.

Renewable Energy

 Renewable energy is any technology that exclusively relies on an energy source

that is naturally regenerated over a short time and derived directly from the sun,
indirectly from the sun, or from moving water or other natural movements and
mechanisms of the environment. Renewable energy technologies include those that
rely on energy derived directly from the sun, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric,
wave or tidal energy, or on biomass or biomass based waste products, including
landfill gas.

Solar Energy

 Solar energy is the energy derived from the sun through the form of solar
radiation. Solar powered electrical generation relies on photo voltaics or heat
engines. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or
active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar
energy.

3.4 SOLAR PANNEL

SOLAR POWER HISTORY

 Solar power first came into being in 1958 with its use on the Vanguard I satellite.
Using solar power cells as a back-up power source, the Vanguard was ale to
continue transmitting for over a year after its chemical battery ran out of power.

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Because of this achievement, many American and Soviet satellites began using
solar power cells as well. However, due to the high prices of creating these cells,
solar power was not widely available until the early 1970s. By thenm, however,
solar power had become an established source of power for many
telecommunications satellites around the world.
 Due to the 1973 oil crisis, a rapid rise in solar power production was marked
throughout the 1970s and 1980s. This higher demand, along with a decrease in
production costs, brought down the costs of solar power cells for home and
commercial use. Between 1984 through 1996, growth of solar power cells stayed
at a moderate 15 percent per year.

INTRODUCTION

 Solar energy is quite simply the energy produced directly by the sun and collected
elsewhere, normally the Earth. The sun creates its energy through a thermonuclear
process that converts about 650,000,0001 tons of hydrogen to helium every second.
The process creates heat and electromagnetic radiation. The heat remains in the
sun and is instrumental in maintaining the thermonuclear reaction. The
electromagnetic radiation (including visible light, infra-red light, and ultra-violet
radiation) streams out into space in all directions.
 Only a very small fraction of the total radiation produced reaches the Earth. The
radiation that does reach the Earth is the indirect source of nearly every type of
energy used today. The exceptions are geothermal energy, and nuclear fission and
fusion. Even fossil fuels owe their origins to the sun; they were once living plants
and animals whose life was dependent upon the sun.
 Much of the world's required energy can be supplied directly by solar power. More
still can be provided indirectly. The practicality of doing so will be examined, as
well as the benefits and drawbacks. In addition, the uses solar energy is currently
applied to will be noted.
 Due to the nature of solar energy, two components are required to have a
functional solar energy generator. These two components are a collector and a

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storage unit. The collector simply collects the radiation that falls on it and converts
a fraction of it to other forms of energy (either electricity and heat or heat alone).
The storage unit is required because of the non-constant nature of solar energy; at
certain times only a very small amount of radiation will be received. At night or
during heavy cloudcover, for example, the amount of energy produced by the
collector will be quite small. The storage unit can hold the excess energy produced
during the periods of maximum productivity, and release it when the productivity
drops. In practice, a backup power supply is usually added, too, for the situations
when the amount of energy required is greater than both what is being produced
and what is stored in the container.
 Methods of collecting and storing solar energy vary depending on the uses planned
for the solar generator. In general, there are three types of collectors and many
forms of storage units.
 The three types of collectors are flat-plate collectors, focusing collectors, and
passive collectors.
 Flat-plate collectors are the more commonly used type of collector today. They are
arrays of solar panels arranged in a simple plane. They can be of nearly any size,
and have an output that is directly related to a few variables including size, facing,
and cleanliness. These variables all affect the amount of radiation that falls on the
collector. Often these collector panels have automated machinery that keeps them
facing the sun. The additional energy they take in due to the correction of facing
more than compensates for the energy needed to drive the extra machinery.
 Focusing collectors are essentially flat-plane collectors with optical devices
arranged to maximize the radiation falling on the focus of the collector. These are
currently used only in a few scattered areas. Solar furnaces are examples of this
type of collector. Although they can produce far greater amounts of energy at a
single point than the flat-plane collectors can, they lose some of the radiation that
the flat-plane panels do not. Radiation reflected off the ground will be used by flat-
plane panels but usually will be ignored by focusing collectors (in snow covered
regions, this reflected radiation can be significant). One other problem with
focusing collectors in general is due to temperature. The fragile silicon

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components that absorb the incoming radiation lose efficiency at high

temperatures, and if they get too hot they can even be permanently damaged. The
focusing collectors by their very nature can create much higher temperatures and
need more safeguards to protect their silicon components.
 Passive collectors are completely different from the other two types of collectors.
The passive collectors absorb radiation and convert it to heat naturally, without
being designed and built to do so. All objects have this property to some extent,
but only some objects (like walls) will be able to produce enough heat to make it
worthwhile. Often their natural ability to convert radiation to heat is enhanced in
some way or another (by being painted black, for example) and a system for
transferring the heat to a different location is generally added.
 People use energy for many things, but a few general tasks consume most of the
energy. These tasks include transportation, heating, cooling, and the generation of
electricity. Solar energy can be applied to all four of these tasks with different
levels of success.
 Heating is the business for which solar energy is best suited. Solar heating requires
almost no energy transformation, so it has a very high efficiency. Heat energy can
be stored in a liquid, such as water, or in a packed bed. A packed bed is a container
filled with small objects that can hold heat (such as stones) with air space between
them. Heat energy is also often stored in phase-changer or heat-of-fusion units.
These devices will utilize a chemical that changes phase from solid to liquid at a
temperature that can be produced by the solar collector. The energy of the collector
is used to change the chemical to its liquid phase, and is as a result stored in the
chemical itself. It can be tapped later by allowing the chemical to revert to its solid
form. Solar energy is frequently used in residential homes to heat water. This is an
easy application, as the desired end result (hot water) is the storage facility. A hot
water tank is filled with hot water during the day, and drained as needed. This
application is a very simple adjustment from the normal fossil fuel water heaters.
 Swimming pools are often heated by solar power. Sometimes the pool itself
functions as the storage unit, and sometimes a packed bed is added to store the
heat. Whether or not a packed bed is used, some method of keeping the pool's heat

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for longer than normal periods (like a cover) is generally employed to help keep
the water at a warm temperature when it is not in use.
 Solar energy is often used to directly heat a house or building. Heating a building
requires much more energy than heating a building's water, so much larger panels
are necessary. Generally a building that is heated by solar power will have its
water heated by solar power as well. The type of storage facility most often used
for such large solar heaters is the heat-of-fusion storage unit, but other kinds (such
as the packed bed or hot water tank) can be used as well. This application of solar
power is less common than the two mentioned above, because of the cost of the
large panels and storage system required to make it work. Often if an entire
building is heated by solar power, passive collectors are used in addition to one of
the other two types. Passive collectors will generally be an integral part of the
building itself, so buildings taking advantage of passive collectors must be created
with solar heating in mind.
 Of all the energy sources available, solar has perhaps the most promise.
Numerically, it is capable of producing the raw power required to satisfy the entire
planet's energy needs. Environmentally, it is one of the least destructive of all the
sources of energy. Practically, it can be adjusted to power nearly everything except
transportation with very little adjustment, and even transportation with some
modest modifications to the current general system of travel. Clearly, solar energy
is a resource of the future.

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Fig. 3.4 Solar Cycle

3.4.1 TYPES OF SOLAR CELL

Active Solar
Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels to harness the
energy.

Photovoltaic
Photovoltaic (PV) systems use solar electric panels to directly convert the sun's
energy into electricity. This conversion of sunlight to electricity occurs without
moving parts, is silent and pollution free in its operation.
The solar electricity fed through electronic equipment is converted to utility grade
electricity for use directly in the home. The solar electricity can be used to offset

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the need for purchased utility electricity or, if the PV electricity exceeds the
home's requirements, the excess electricity can be sent back to the utility, typically
for credit. (toolbase.org)
Different types of photovoltaic products are available today from numerous
manufacturers. The supply of PV collectors worldwide has increased from 20 to 30
percent annually to keep up with the demand for this renewable Energy
technology. PV modules (or solar electric collectors) are different from solar
thermal collectors (that convert the sun's energy into thermal (typically hot water)
energy. Photovoltaic modules are usually rigid, rectangular devices ranging in size
from 2’ by 4’ to as large as 4’ by 8’. Some PV module technologies are flexible
and as large as 2’ by about 20’ or even larger. Rigid PV modules typically have a
glass cover while the flexible modules have a very durable film cover. Both types
of PV module construction have been rigorously tested to survive storm and hail
damage and are resistant to degradation from ultra-violet rays. (toolbase.org)
Most residential PV systems are used in conjunction with utility supplied power.
Excess power produced during daylight hours can be fed back into the utility's
lines, while utility electricity is used in the home when the house demand is greater
than can be supplied by the PV roofing. Typical residential PV systems commonly
have a peak power production of between 1,200 and 5,000 watts, AC requiring
from between 150 to over 1,000 square feet of installed area depending on the
efficiency of the PV technology used. (toolbase.org)
Most often, PV panels are installed on roofs, but they can also be installed as free
standing units, on a pole on the ground, or even on complex tracking structures
that change with the sun's angle during the day. (toolbase.org).

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Fig. 3.5 Solar Panel

3.4.2 SOLAR POWER WORKS

 Solar power works in an interesting way. It begins with sunlight, a naturally

available and powerful resource that we tap into. Sunlight is one of the best
sources of power because the sun creates more each day than we can use. It is
readily available around the globe and does not deminish from pollution or use.
Solar power cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, convert this energy into
electricity for our use.
 Solar panels work similarly to large semiconductors. When the polar panels are
exposed to sunlight, the junction diodes convert the energy into usable electricity.
Photons from the sun’s light strike the solar cells, releasing electrons. Then, the
electric fields in the solar cells pull these electrons in a directional current. From
here, metal contacts in the solar cells turn the flowing electrons into electricity.
The more solar cells, and the higher queality of the cells, the more electricity can
be produced.
 Outside factors can affect how well the solar panels work. Shade, cloud cover, and
other obstructions and decrease the amount of energy put out by the solar cells.
Angle and degree can also affect how much energy the cells are able to use and

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convert into electricity. This is why many solar panels have dynamic mounts,
which allow the panels to move and follow the sun across the sky. Doing this
allows the cells to get the maximum exposure to sunlight at each moment of the
day.
 Solar power is a growing trend in many parts of the world, as the prices to create
and install solar cells continues to decrease. More and more homes and businesses
are utilizing solar power for their energy needs. Using solar power decreases the
amount of carbon used for traditional power sources, and can lower energy costs.

Fig.3.6 Working of Solar Panel

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CHAPTER-4

COST ANALYSIS

This study will enlist the parameters responsible for cost incremental or decremental
factors which are additionally associated due to a green rating. The post occupancy or
operational stage is not considered for study.

4.1 Environmental parameters

A brief: 2000 – 2013 The parameters for environment friendly constructional practices
have been always a part of the bye laws and the literature of corporations. The
environmental status reports have been a strong proof for the same. The parameters were
never highlighted as a separate entity but always a part of the integrated construction
process. The need for a recognized methodology and degree of greenness was realized
and so the concept of green ratings was introduced in the country. International
protocols and growing awareness in the global scenario also created the need in the
Indian market. The rating tool offered a similar concept which was associated with
project branding and measurement of green status. The concept of green buildings
picked up pace after year 2000 in India.

The authority organizations presented their voluntary assessment systems to the citizens
which were propagating the green construction practices from design to operational
phase. For its proliferation several offers and benefits including monetary benefits were
attached to the rating systems. The globally recognized rating LEED made a way in
India with its Green Homes rating which was further modified to Indian context by
Confederation Of Indian Industry [CII]. The rating was termed as IGBC Green Homes,
where IGBC is Indian Green building Council clearly highlighting the localized sense.
Eco Housing India, IGBC Green Homes and Griha are the ratings that were presented to
the city of Pune during the past decade. Environmental parameters influence the
distribution, abundance and activity of animals and plants. Local meteorological
conditions such as air temperature, rainfall or sunlight may affect the behavior of
terrestrial organisms, and water current, dissolved oxygen, suspended material and river

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bed topography may influence aquatic species. Green building rating systems In India,
there are rating systems like LEED, IGBC, Eco Housing and GRIHA.

They have a predefined set of criteria that have intent towards direct applicable
environment aspect with points against each of them. Few points are mandated while
others are voluntary as per the choice of the project. Buildings are required to fulfill the
defined criteria and achieve a certain number of points to be certified. In addition to
these rating systems, there are codes that are applicable to defined projects. These codes
are not mandated till date but might be a mandate to go with in near future.

Energy Consumption Building Code [ECBC] has a direct implication with measurable
energy savings. With all these guidelines there is National Building Code [NBC] which
provide instructions on the energy consumption of buildings. All buildings in India need
to comply with the guidelines set uby ECBC and the NBC.

We can define Green Buildings as structures that ensure efficient use of natural
resources in construction. Use of ecofriendly building materials, savings in water &
energy and other resources with minimal generation of non-degradable waste are key
parameters for green buildings. Further to the basic systems in the defined green way,
technology support enhances the greenness quotient of the project. Technologies prove
very helpful to help measure the actual savings that reflect in the system. Examples like
efficient cooling systems with sensors that can sense the heat generated from human
body and automatically adjust the room temperature, prove much more beneficial than
only limiting to system installations, further saving energy. The same applies to the
lighting systems too resulting in saving of energy against lighting. Green buildings have
a smarter lighting system that automatically switches off when no one is present inside
the rooms. Simple technologies like air based flushing system in toilets that avoids water
use by 100%, use of energy efficient LED’s and CFL’s instead of conventional
incandescent lamp, new generation appliances that consume less energy, and many other
options help in making the buildings green and make them different from conventional
ones. In Pune city, all the four rating systems are predominantly noted. Due to the

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applicable benefits to the region, the city experiences a large green building footprint in
the country with LEED, IGBC and GRIHA combined footprint.

i. Green building parameters: There are several parameters on which a building is

evaluated before being awarded with a final certification. The overall
parameters can be categorized as following major heads:

ii. Efficiency of site selection and planning: The site selection and planning section
addresses the ecology and environment concerns related to residential construction and
site development activities including the design of landscape.

iii. Water management: Efficient water and waste water management for reducing water
usage demand on fresh water sources is the prime focus. The residential sector is one of
the significant water consumers, after agriculture. The certification parameters
encourage water usage in a self-sustainable manner through reduce-recycle-reuse
concept.

Energy efficiency: Reducing demand of conventional energy by optimization of

building design and structure is the prime focus. Incorporating renewable sources of
energy and renewable energy based systems such as solar water heater to reduce the use
of conventional energy are evaluated and applied in the project under this head.

v. Materials: Efficiency in selection of sustainable materials for construction and the

technologies considered is evaluated.

vi. Indoor environmental quality: Enhancement of indoor environment quality like

indoor air and thermal quality is evaluated including daylight parameters.

vii. Innovation: The credits that are performing exemplary in few of the above
criteria can avail additional points under innovations. Also if the project attempts
any beneficial activity that is not mentioned in the rating but that can help to
prove positive benefit to the environment they can claim additional points under
this head.

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Table 4.1 Audit & maintenance Optimization

4.1.1 CASE STUDY ANLYSIS:

A brief survey was carried out for a sample of 150 where the preference of the
developers and buyers was asked for the rating to be opted for while doing a green
building. Looking at the popularity of the ratings in the building sector in private and
government sector both, IGBC and GRIHA prove to make a mark in the Indian industry.
Similarly for the city of Pune both these ongoing ratings are prominent and exceed the
footprint than other ratings. We can thus study the two prominent ratings in Pune, i.e.
IGBC and GRIHA; for the preferential weight age catered to each of the criteria as
defined by Green norms. As per the defined categories of the ratings, the following table
is identified with the weight age in terms of points given to each criterion under that
category.

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From the above tables it can be realized that the prevalent rating systems in India give
most priority to the Building design and comfort parameters. Average high priority is for
the materials and water and waste management is given considerable weight age.
Significant points lie with the 33 main credits but the supporting credits are designed in
such ways that they have great influence on main points. With their minor number they
can assume greater impact on main points further adding green quotient to the project.
Further detailed analysis for these parameters is carried out on the basis of their cost
impact against each of the criteria. Cost impactive parameters for green and
conventional buildings.

Table 4.2 Cost Impact of GRIHA Criteria

In residential sector for most preferred ratings of IGBC & GRIHA many projects can be
identified that have reached a benchmark for study. Considering the parameters of
conventional and green buildings, a detailed study is carried out for GRIHA and IGBC
criteria to understand the impactive credits for the entire project. The cost impact shall
only be considered for first costs impact, either increasing or decreasing cost for
conventional against green building. The overall study has been divided in two parts.
The first part of the study is the identification of the variables of the cost parameters for

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conventional against green. Whilst the second part is the actual set of certified buildings
are studied for the impacted cost.

Here the detailed checklist for both rating systems is analyzed for the first cost impact
that is probable for both the conventional and green. Below analyses helps us to identify
how the cost increment or decrement is impacting the green against the conventional
case. This analysis is made against each sub part of the criteria for both ratings and
segregated under heads as mentioned in the figures below. It is noted that the parameters
related to site and energy show a significant increase in cost parameters with green
attempted criteria whilst there is also a significant decrease observed with the
parameters of materials specifically under the structural head. With the increase in cost
there is a high scope for cost decrease also with the attempt of right technology and
correct material selection. Simultaneous decrease is also observed under the water and
site credit with the responsible parameter of landscape.

COST ANALYSIS CASE STUDIES:

The identified variables in the above study were further applied to a group of certified
buildings which were studied for comparison of their own conventional and green case
for cost impacts. As a standard the conventional case was considered as the case without
the green implication for the same project in similar situation. Thus cost impact was
taken nullified for that particular credit and the cost for conventional was considered less
than the value against the green case. Similarly the cost positive areas were considered
for the value which was reduced from the conventional case. The overall impact is the
resultant value that is notified in the table. The cost data collected for 15 sites were
analyzed in great detail to understand the difference in conventional and green cost of
the construction. Also, the activities which contribute in these differences were studied
and presented in the following section.

4.1.2 FACTOR ANALYSIS:

The opinions of the buyers about the green buildings were collected using 24 items
questionnaire. The response format for each statement was the standard Likert 5-point

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scale. A factor analysis with varimax rotation was used to create the factor structure of
the 24 items included in the questionnaire. Factor analysis was carried out using the
maximum likelihood method with pair wise deletion. Data adequacy for the spiritual
climate inventory was checked with the KMO test, the value of which is 0.675. A value
is higher than 0.5 which indicated that the data is sufficient for factor analysis.

Chi square value 2798.714 at 276 degrees of freedom was significant at less than 0.0001
level of significance. The significant value of Chi Square test indicates the acceptability
of eight factor solution. The eight factor solution proposed by them holds valid on the
current sample. The factors were rotated by an orthogonal transformation (varimax) to
achieve a simpler structure with greater interpretability. Data were aggregated in three
factors with Eigen values greater than 2 and explained about 47.7 % of the variance.
Items with Factor loadings > 0.55 were used to define factors. The factor score
coefficients were estimated by the regression method, which produces uncorrelated
scores with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.

4.2 BENIFITS:

Environmental and economic performance:

Green construction methods when integrated while design and construction provide
most significant benefits. Benefits of green building include many of the following.

Environmental Benefits:
a. Reduce wastage of water
b. Conserve natural resources
c. Improve air and water quality
d. Protect biodiversity and ecosystems

Economic Benefits:

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i. Reduce operating costs

ii. Improve occupant productivity
iii. Create market for green product and services.

Social Benefits:
i. Improve quality of life
ii. Minimize strain on local infrastructure
iii. Improve occupant health and comfort

4.2.1 Energy Efficiency & Water Conservation

i. Optimizing energy and water resources will not only decrease the use of natural resources but
will also decrease your water and electric bills.
ii. Improved Indoor Air Quality
Breathe easy with fresh air indoors. We believe in helping to bring refreshing breaths of
air to you, your children, employees, as well as elderly or sick members through
upholding our mantra of separate, ventilate and filtrate.

Reduced Carbon Footprint

i. Keep your project and the environment clean and green by producing less waste
and reducing the release of harmful gasses.
ii. ii. Increased Property Values Green built properties are in demand for their
sustainable components that lower maintenance costs and keep those within it
smiling, feeling guilt-free, and healthy. So go green, and then get the green in
return!

Increased Employee Productivity

With clean air to breath, natural light flowing in, and energy resources being put to good
use, those working in green built properties can better focus on their work and become

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more productive.

Improved Employee Attendance

An environmentally friendly workplace creates positive vibes, while the natural
resources increase the health benefits for those within the property. Employees stay
happy, healthy, and excited to go to work every day.

Environmental
One of the most important types of benefit green buildings offer is to our climate and the
natural environment. Green buildings can not only reduce or eliminate negative impacts
on the environment, by using less water, energy or natural resources, but they can - in
many cases - have a positive impact on the environment (at the building or city scales)
by generating their own energy or increasing biodiversity.

At a global level:

i. The building sector has the largest potential for significantly reducing
greenhouse gas emissions compared to other major emitting sectors – UNEP,
2009.
ii. This emissions savings potential is said to be as much as 84 gigatonnes of CO2
(GtCO2) by 2050, through direct measures in buildings such as energy
efficiency, fuel switching and the use of renewable energy – UNEP, 2016.
iii. The building sector has the potential to make energy savings of 50% or more in
2050, in support of limiting global temperature rises to 2°C (above pre-industrial
levels) – UNEP, 2016.
iv. At a building level:
v. Green buildings achieving the Green Star certification in Australia have been
shown to produce 62% fewer greenhouse gas emissions than average Australian
buildings, and 51% less potable water than if they had been built to meet
minimum industry requirements.

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vi. Green buildings certified by the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) results
in energy savings of 40 - 50% and water savings of 20 - 30% compared to
conventional buildings in India.
vii. Green buildings achieving the Green Star certification in South Africa have
been shown to save on average between 30 - 40% energy and carbon emissions
every year, and between 20 - 30% potable water every year, when compared to
the industry norm.
viii. Green buildings achieving the LEED certification in the US and other countries
have been shown to consume 25 per cent less energy and 11 per cent less water,
than non-green buildings

Economic

Green buildings offer a number of economic or financial benefits, which are relevant to
a range of different people or groups of people. These include cost savings on utility
bills for tenants or households (through energy and water efficiency); lower construction
costs and higher property value for building developers; increased occupancy rates or
operating costs for building owners; and job creation. Since the publication of World
GBC’s groundbreaking 2013 report, The Business Case for Green Building, we have
sought to strengthen the link between green buildings and the economic benefits they
can offer.

At a global level:
i. Global energy efficiency measures could save an estimated €280 to €410
billion in savings on energy spending (and the equivalent to almost double
the annual electricity consumption of the United States) – European
Commission, 2015.
ii. At a country level:
iii. Canada’s green building industry generated $23.45 billion in GDP and
represented nearly 300,000 full-time jobs in 2014 – Canada Green Building
Council / The Delphi Group, 2016.

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iv. Green building is projected to account for more than 3.3 million U.S. jobs by
2018 – US Green Building Council / Booz Allen Hamilton, 2015.
v. At a building level:
vi. Building owners report that green buildings - whether new or renovated -
command a 7 per cent increase in asset value over traditional buildings –
Dodge Data & Analytics, 2016.

4.3 LIMITATION:

The majority of our experts do not look at going green as something that limits a
homeowner. 65% of our experts believe there are an equal number of eco-alternatives
for any home project. Some even went as far to say that green options offer new
opportunities, rather than hinder existing options. These experts believe manufacturers
are creating eco-alternatives at a fast pace, so there should be no limitations on what
green options homeowners can use in their homes. Some manufacturers are even
creating new possibilities as they uncover more sustainable ways to build and maintain
our homes.
“In the past, going green meant sacrificing design, function and price,” explained
Jennifer Dusina of freedom Rail closet solutions. “But today builders are reacting to the
new demands of home buyers for greener choices. They’re working towards making
green homes more obtainable for the masses.”
One of the main concerns our experts have is that the phrase “going green” is becoming
trendy, and, as a result, devaluing the reasons for joining the green movement in the first
place. A few experts even claimed the term “green” should be eliminated from
homeowners’ vocabulary.
”The term green should seriously be banished; we’re far too into the mixed messaging
for society to ever get on the same page,” said Kelly Fallis, interior designer and owner
of Remote Stylist, a website offering online interior design services.
Regardless of how the terminology evolves, most of our experts think going green is
here to stay. Some even said sustainability has been around for centuries, but it was in
the form of reusing pass-alongs and hand-me-downs. The “newness” associated with the

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green movement has to do with the fact that manufacturers are catching on and starting
to make new products that are sustainable.

The Expert Opinion:

Going Green Imposes Limitations Among the 35% of responses that indicated going
green requires a sacrifice from the homeowner, there was a predominant theme in what
exactly was considered a limitation. Though some experts said there were limitations
when it comes to choices and availability, all of them mentioned price as a restraining
factor. “I do believe going green constrains homeowners, but not because of design or
product limitations,” said Chris Rodenius of Tool Rank, a site dedicated to tool reviews.
“I believe the constraint has to do with the price of going green. If you want to go 100%
green, it is going to cost you big time.

Major limitations

1. Cost: Sustainable options will cost more because they cost manufacturers more to
produce. Thus, there will always be a large initial investment when choosing a green
component for your home.
2. Materials: Sustainable materials are not always as readily available as their less
ecofriendly alternatives. Thus, green materials may need to be custom ordered for a
remodeling project. That is, if a sustainable material is even an option (in terms of both
affordability and availability).
3. Options: Some experts believe there are still not enough green alternatives for the
endless remodeling possibilities available to homeowners. They see limitations in
colors, fixtures, fabrics, and more.
4. Time: Going green usually takes time. Time to pay off the investment, time to redeem
tax rebates, time to gather the appropriate materials required.

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CHAPTER - 4
CONCLUSION

This research identified the exciting developments taking place on the technology front
and analyzes their implications for intelligent and green buildings, highlighting
examples of “best in class” buildings employing green and intelligent technologies.
These buildings are dynamic environments that respond to their occupants‟ changing
needs and lifestyles. This research provided documented evidence to educate and
influence end-users, building owners, architects, and contractors that a “greener
building” can be achieved using intelligent technology and that this “greening” will
provide a tangible and significant return on investment. Green buildings have greater
payoffs than the cost to construct them making them a good investment over using
standard building sites and materials. Many components play into the construction and
design of a green building including location and building materials. Green buildings,
whether they are homes, offices, or schools, are built to reduce pollution, conserve
energy used, and to more efficiently use renewable resources. Several practices that are
now used by those “going green” were used long ago. Ancient Greeks built homes
structured to attract solar heat during the winter months. Green buildings (aka
sustainable buildings) ideas became much more popular during the 1990s. In 1992 the
first green building program began in Austin, Texas, the following year the U.S. Green
Building Council (USGBC) was founded and in 1998 they launched the Leadership in
Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) which is a green building rating system and
certification program that is nationally accepted. Location is important when
constructing a green building and many factors are to be considered when choosing a
construction site. Environmentally sensitive areas are not most desirable when searching
for a location. The most beneficial spots to build upon are former parking lots, shopping
centers, and/or factories. Buildings should be constructed within easy walking distance
from public transportation, schools, and stores so that bicycles or walking can be used as
opposed to driving your car (which emits pollution into the air).

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CHAPTER - 5
REFERENCES

 Cost of Green Revisited : Davis Langdon, Reexamining the Feasibility and

Cost Impact of Sustainable Design in the Light of Increased Market
Adoption, (July 2007)
 The Economics of Green Building: Piet Eichholtz, Nils Kok, John M.
Quigley, USGBC LEED Journal, (August 2010)
 What Does Green Really Cost: Peter Morris, Davis Langdon, The Green
issue Feature, PREA Quarterly, (Summer 2007)
 Managing Costs of Green Buildings: GeofSyphers, Mara Baum, Darren
Bouton, Wesley Sullens, State of California’s Sustainable Building Task
Force, the California State and Consumer Services Agency and the Alameda
County Waste Management Authority, (October 2003)
 Costing Green: A Comprehensive Cost Database and Budgeting
Methodology, Lisa Fay Matthiessen, Peter Morris, Davis Langdon, (July
2004)
 Environment report highlights the negative side of Pune growth story
 RadheshyamJadhav, TNN, 04.58am IST (Jul 27, 2011)
 Tradition and modernity subtlysynchronised in Pune
 Presidency Pune District, XVIII, Parts I, II, III, Pune.
 Government of India, Gazetteer of Bombay State – District(1954)
 "Green Building -US EPA".
 Asdrubali, G. Baldinelli*, F. Bianchi, S. Sambuco, “A comparison between
environmental sustainability rating systems LEED and ITACA for residential
buildings” , Building and Environment 86 (2015) 98e108, Accepted 3
January 2015 Available online 10 January 2015

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